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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Racial differences in the anterior circulation in cerebrovascular disease. How much can be explained by risk factors?

The entry characteristics of 1367 patients enrolled into the Extracranial/Intracranial Bypass Study were examined to determine if site differences in intracranial and extracranial arterial lesions among racial groups could be explained by differences in risk factors. Blacks were more often hypertensive, diabetic, or cigarette smokers, while whites had higher systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin values. Orientals had the lowest prevalence of vascular risk factors. Despite these differences in risk factors, multivariate analysis showed race to be an independent and strong predictor of the location of cerebrovascular lesions. To our knowledge, this study is unique in documenting risk factors prospectively and systematically in three racial groups simultaneously. Although generalization is limited by possible biases related to patient selection, the results affirm previous tentative conclusions about the role of race in determining the location of cerebrovascular disease.

Asian People↗
PubMed2026

Assessment of Methodological Bias in Studies Reporting Racial Differences in Retinopathy of Prematurity in the United States.

PURPOSE: To assess methodological biases in studies reporting racial and ethnic differences in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Systematic review of peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2024 that reported on ROP outcome measures by race, ethnicity, or social determinants of health (SDOH). Three reviewers independently assessed each observation for selection and collider bias using definitions derived from perinatal epidemiology literature. Findings were also compared using a structured comparative synthesis between studies with and without identified methodological bias. RESULTS: A structured PubMed search identified 78 articles; 13 met inclusion criteria, with one study contributing two distinct analytical approaches, yielding 14 total observations. Survivorship bias was identified in 6 of 14 observations (42.9%), primarily due to the exclusion of infants who died prior to ROP screening. Potential collider bias was most common, found in 9 of 14 observations (64.3%), and was introduced through adjustment or stratification by gestational age and/or birthweight. Three studies did not exhibit either assessed biases. Among studies with identified bias, 8 of 10 observations reported lower ROP risk among Black versus White infants, whereas 3 of 4 observations without identified bias reported higher ROP risk or incidence among Black infants. CONCLUSION: Methodological biases in ROP studies investigating race or ethnicity are prevalent. Adjustment for gestational age or birthweight may introduce spurious race-ROP associations and contribute to paradoxical findings. Further exploration of the impact of SDOH on disease outcomes may reduce the misattribution of race as a biological risk factor and improve the interpretation of ROP disparities.

Collider bias↗
PubMed2006

Racial differences in marijuana-users' risk of arrest in the United States.

A recent study of arrest data show that African Americans are 2.5 times more likely to be arrested for marijuana possession offences than Whites, even though general prevalence estimates show that they are no more likely to be using. The current study investigates the purchase patterns of marijuana users from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to evaluate whether differences in purchasing behaviors exist across racial groups. Although in general people who purchase marijuana are more likely to buy in private settings and from someone they know, this analysis shows that African Americans are statistically more likely to engage in risky purchasing behaviors that increase their likelihood of arrest. Using trivariate probit regression with demographic, drug use, and drug market covariates, analyses reveal that African Americans are nearly twice as likely to buy outdoors (0.31 versus 0.14), three times more likely to buy from a stranger (0.30 versus 0.09), and significantly more likely to buy away from their homes (0.61 versus 0.48). These results provide an additional explanation for the differential in arrest rates between African Americans and Whites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Racial differences in effectiveness of alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis.

alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is frequently used as a diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Most available data concerning AFP come from studies of patients with chronic hepatitis B or other chronic liver diseases of mixed etiologies. Limited data concerning the diagnostic value of AFP for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC have to date come only from Asian and European studies, and results are conflicting. There may be significant differences in AFP levels depending on racial backgrounds and etiologies of primary liver disease. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study of 163 HCC patients with HCV infection and 149 control patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. The positive likelihood ratios for AFP at 0 to 20, 21 to 50, 51 to 100, and 101 to 200 ng/mL were 0.46, 1.31, 1.15, and 6.90, respectively. No controls had AFP greater than 200 ng/mL. The sensitivity of AFP for the diagnosis of HCC in African Americans with HCV infection was lower than that of patients of all other ethnic groups combined (57.1% vs. 81.6% for AFP > 10 ng/mL, P =.02, and 42.9% vs. 66.0% for AFP > 20 ng/mL, P =.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.81 for non-African Americans but only 0.56 for African Americans. In conclusion, AFP greater than 200 ng/mL can be used to confirm HCC in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis and a hepatic mass. However, AFP is insensitive for the diagnosis of HCC in African Americans.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Racial differences in cellular composition of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to compare the cellular composition of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Caucasian-American (CA), African-American (AA), and Japanese (JP) men. METHODS: Biopsy specimens of the prostate were obtained from 15 men of each racial group with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 4.1-10.0 ng/mL. The stained cores were quantitatively analyzed for the percentage of the area with different cellular composition (stroma (S), epithelium (E), epithelial lumen (L), and glandular component (E + L = G)), using computer-assisted color imaging. RESULTS: The mean percent area density of S, E, and L in the prostate of CA men was 84.2, 12.1, and 3.8%, respectively; for AA, 84.4, 12.4, and 3.2%; for JP, 77.4, 15.2, and 7.5%. The S/E ratio is significantly lower in JP than in CA men. The S/G ratio is significantly lower in JP than in CA and AA men. Overall, JP contained more glandular lumen and less stromal component than that of CA and AA. CA and AA showed no significant difference in cellular composition. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated the differences in cellular composition of BPH among the three races. This cellular composition divergence may account for previously observed racial differences in PSA, PSA density, and the incidence of clinical BPH.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Racial differences in Urban children's environmental exposures to lead.

OBJECTIVES: This study explored whether differences in environmental lead exposures explain the racial disparity in children's blood lead levels. METHODS: Environmental sources of lead were identified for a random sample of 172 urban children. RESULTS: Blood lead levels were significantly higher among Black children. Lead-contamination of dust was higher in Black children's homes, and the condition of floors and interior paint was generally poorer. White children were more likely to put soil in their mouths and to suck their fingers, whereas Black children were more likely to put their mouths on window sills and to use a bottle. Major contributors to blood lead were interior lead exposures for Black children and exterior lead exposures for White children. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in housing conditions and exposures to lead-contaminated house dust contribute strongly to the racial disparity in urban children's blood lead levels.

Black People↗
PubMed1995

Quantitative differences in CD8+ lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio, NK cells, and HLA-DR(+)-activated T cells of racially different male populations.

In an attempt to establish the reference ranges for lymphocyte subsets the distribution of lymphocyte-population-bearing surface markers such as CD3 (T cells), CD19 (B cells), CD4 (T helper/inducer cells), CD8 (T suppressor/cytotoxic cells), HLA-DR on CD3+ cells (activated T cells), and CD16 and/or CD56 on CD3- cells (NK cells) has been studied among normal male Saudi blood donors. Anticoagulated peripheral blood was stained with monoclonal antibodies and the lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry for the expression of the above markers. Reference ranges were as follows: CD3+ (61 to 87%), CD19+ (5 to 27%), CD4+ (31 to 55%), CD8+ (24 to 56%), CD4+/CD8+ ratio (0.5 to 1.8), CD3+ HLA-DR+ (4 to 29%), and CD3- CD16+/CD56+ (4 to 29%). Furthermore, the absolute cell numbers for each lymphocyte subset are reported here for the first time for the Saudi male population. The most significant finding of the present study is the presence of a higher percentage and number of CD8+ T cells (P < 0.01) and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio (P < 0.02) compared with the Caucasian controls. In addition, the Saudi male population has a significantly lower percentage and number of activated T cells (P < 0.05 and < 0.01, respectively) and a lower number of NK cells (P < 0.001).

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed1995

Relative frequencies of the two O alleles of the histo-blood ABH system in different racial groups.

O blood group results from the absence of glycosyltransferase activity, which is due most commonly to a single nucleotide deletion in the glycosyltransferase gene. A second type of O allele resulting from three nucleotide substitutions in the glycosyltransferase gene had its frequency recently determined in a Danish population. However, its frequency among different human populations is not known. The frequencies of the two types of O alleles were determined by DNA analysis of the glycosyltransferase gene of group O individuals of three racial groups (Caucasians, blacks and Amerindians). The mean frequency of carriers of the three-base mutation group O gene among blacks and Caucasians is 4.7%; the mutation was not observed among 100 Amerindian chromosomes. The data reveal the relative frequencies of O alleles in different racial groups, and demonstrate that the origin of this variant predates racial divergence, since it is found equally among blacks and whites.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Racial differences in allelic distribution at the human pulmonary surfactant protein B gene locus (SP-B).

Variable numbers of composite repetitive motifs are found in different individuals within intron 4 of the surfactant protein B (SP-B) gene (Biochem J. 1995;305:583). This study tests the hypothesis that the distribution of SP-B alleles differs among racial/ethnic groups. A total of 412 SP-B alleles were analyzed: 206 from Caucasian, 68 from African-American, and 138 from Nigerian individuals. Twelve groups of alleles (A-L) carrying 3 to 18 motifs were found. The distribution of the 12 alleles in the Caucasian group differs from that found in the Nigerian (p < .001) and African-American (p < .001) populations. The overall distribution of alleles between the African-American and the Nigerian populations were not statistically different. Specific alleles were also present in different proportions among the groups studied. For example, the most common allele (allele E) in all three populations is present at a significantly higher frequency in Caucasians than in the other two populations, but its frequency does not differ from the Nigerian and African-American groups. A less frequent allele, H, also differs significantly when Caucasians are compared with each of the other two populations, but the frequency of this allele is comparable between the African-American and Nigerian populations. To assess the importance of having comparable racial composition between the control and the case groups, a group of African-Americans with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (n = 40) was compared with the African American and the Caucasian groups studied above. No significant difference was observed between the racially matched groups but a significant difference (p = .006) was observed between the racially mixed groups. The results indicate that the distribution of SP-B alleles differs between the racial groups but not between the ethnic groups studied. Thus, racial composition of the groups under study is important when considering whether particular alleles at this locus predispose to inherited disorders.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Racial differences in T-lymphocyte response to glucocorticoids.

BACKGROUND: Asthma morbidity and mortality is increased in blacks. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine if blacks, asthmatic or nonasthmatic, displayed diminished T-lymphocyte response to glucocorticoids in vitro compared to their white counterparts. If differences were noted, this would suggest a racial predisposition to decreased glucocorticoid responsiveness among blacks. METHODS: Asthmatic (n = 395, 27% blacks) and control (n = 202, 52% blacks) subjects recruited from National Jewish Medical and Research Center and from the surrounding community participated in the study. In vitro glucocorticoid responsiveness was determined by assessing the log-transformed concentration of dexamethasone required to suppress phytohemagglutinin-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation by 50% (log(10) IC(50)). Asthma medication history, atopic status, and spirometric lung function measures corrected for race were collected. RESULTS: Black and white asthmatic subjects had similar FEV(1) percentage of predicted values and inhaled and oral glucocorticoid requirements. Black asthmatic subjects displayed significantly diminished glucocorticoid responsiveness compared to white asthmatic subjects, as follows: median (first, third quartile) log(10) IC(50) values of 1.00 nmol (0.48, 1.83) vs 0.78 nmol (0.29, 1.45) [p = 0.028]. Similar results were found between black and white control subjects, as follows: median, 1.26 nmol (0.70, 2.14) vs 0.95 nmol (0.55, 1.48) [p = 0.01]. Age, race, and basal T-lymphocyte activity were significantly positively correlated to the log(10) IC(50) values. CONCLUSION: Our observation that black asthmatic subjects and non-asthmatic control subjects require greater concentrations of glucocorticoid in vitro to suppress T-lymphocyte activation suggests that blacks have a racial predisposition to diminished glucocorticoid responsiveness, which may contribute to their heightened asthma morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Racial differences in dimensional traits of the human face.

1. Race is difficult to define at best and references to groups are more accurately made on the basis of ethnic groups that are bound by some common bond, such as Swedish Whites, American Whites, etc. 2. The quantifiable differences in the somatic craniofacial region of ethnic groups residing for several generations in the same or similar geographic areas are small. 3. The evidence supports a geographical effect on the most frequently used quantifiable angular measurements of the somatic facial profile of the major racial groups. 4. Cephalofacial morphology is affected by many factors including genetics, function and temperature. 5. There are mean differences in the quantifiable traits of the face of some ethnic groups. The differences in means within ethnic or racial groups are often greater than the differences in means among ethnic or racial groups. 6. The differences in means of traits of the somatic facial skeleton among or between ethnic groups are usually very small with an enormous degree of overlap. 7. The parameters of the face that are closer to the alveolar and dental areas show the greatest differences among ethnic and racial groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Systemic lupus erythematosus in Malaysia: a study of 539 patients and comparison of prevalence and disease expression in different racial and gender groups.

The aims of this study were to examine the clinical and laboratory features of Malaysian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to identify any difference in disease expression between the different genders and among the three major ethnic groups of Malaysia. Retrospective analysis of all patients with SLE admitted to and followed-up at University Hospital Kuala Lumpur from 1974-90 was undertaken. Ethnic Chinese had the highest prevalence of SLE compared to other ethnic groups. There was a high incidence of renal disease, 74% of patient had significant proteinuria and half of these had associated nephrotic syndrome. Indian patients had significantly less incidence of skin manifestation compared to other racial groups. No difference in disease expression was detected between the ethnic Chinese and Indians and between the male and female patients. The overall 5 y and 10 y survival rates were 82% and 70% respectively. Indian patients had the poorest survival rates. Survival rates are similar among the Chinese and Malay patients. Our findings are in broad agreement with those previously reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Sensitivity to penicillin of gonococci in different racial groups.

The distribution of the sensitivity to penicillin of gonococci isolated from 631 men and 290 women was analysed in relation to the racial origin of the patients and the type of source contact alleged by the men. No difference in the sensitivity patterns was found between strains from white patients from the United Kingdom and those from immigrants from the Caribbean area. Asian men harboured significantly more insensitive strains than men of other racial groups. Men of Caribbean stock who had been born in this country had significantly more infections due to fully sensitive strains. The reasons for these variations are not known, but one contributory factor may be differences within the racial groups in the proportions of infections contracted from prostitutes.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1988

[Color and morphological characteristics of the skin in people of different racial groups].

A complex colorimetric, spectrometric and morphological research of race-dependent differences in skin colour and structure has been carried out. Certain regularities in the quantity, distribution and morphological composition of melanin-containing structures and Hb pigment have been revealed in the Russians, Vietnamese, Angolans and Mulattoes. The study has shown that sex differences in skin color depend on hemoglobin concentration--in people of the Caucasian race; both on melanin and hemoglobin concentration--in people of the Mongolian race and only on melanin concentration--in people of the Negroid race.

Asian People↗
PubMed1997

African-Americans on maintenance dialysis: a review of racial differences in incidence, treatment, and survival.

African-Americans are the fasting growing racial minority with end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. Currently, African-Americans comprise approximately 31% of the ESRD population. African-Americans are almost a decade younger than their white (referring to non-Hispanic white) counterparts with ESRD with a mean age of 58 years old. Although African-Americans systematically receive less dialysis than whites (Kt/V of 1.05 versus 1.18, respectively), their survival is higher. The 2-year survival probability of African-Americans is 66.2% in comparison with 59.8% for whites. This improved survival with ESRD is accompanied by an improved quality of life for African-Americans. Their enhanced quality of life is reflected by a greatly decreased frequency of withdrawing from dialysis treatments. In this article, we will examine the reasons why African-Americans have an excessive incidence of selective diseases that culminate in ESRD. We will explore the factors that influence the difference in dialysis modality selection between African-Americans and whites. Lastly, we will pose and judge several hypotheses that may account for the improved survival enjoyed by African-Americans with ESRD. We contend that research to clarify the basis for these differences between African-Americans and whites with ESRD will improve outcomes for both populations and is fiscally sound health policy.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1979

Racial differences in melanoma incidence.

The incidences of malignant melanoma recorded by 59 population-based cancer registries were investigated to determine the effects of racial and skin-colour differences. White populations exhibited a wide range of melanoma incidences and females commonly, though not invariably, had a higher incidence than males. Non-white populations experienced in general a much lower incidence of melanoma although there was some overlap of white and non-white rates. No predominant sex difference emerged among non-whites. Populations of African descent were found to have a higher incidence than those of Asiatic origin, but it was concluded that this was due largely to the high frequency of tumours among Africans on the sole of the foot. A clear negative correlation between degree of skin pigmentation and melanoma incidence emerged for the exposed body sites. These data provide strong support for the hypotheses that UV radiation is a major cause of malignant melanoma and that melanin pigmentation protects against it. Further research is required to elucidate the aetiology of melanoma of the sole of the foot.

Arm↗
PubMed2006

"Keep your eyes on the prize": reference points and racial differences in assessing progress toward equality.

White Americans tend to perceive greater progress toward racial equality than do ethnic minorities. Correlational evidence (Study 1) and two experimental manipulations of framing (Studies 2 and 3) supported the hypothesis that this perception gap is associated with different reference points the two groups spontaneously use to assess progress, with Whites anchoring on comparisons with the past and ethnic minorities anchoring on ideal standards. Consistent with the hypothesis that the groups anchor on different reference points, the gap in perceptions of progress was affected by the time participants spent deliberating about the topic (Study 4). Implications for survey methods and political conflict are discussed.

Civil Rights↗