Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “peer functioning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The adolescent outcome of hyperactive girls: self-report of psychosocial status.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to clarify the developmental risk associated with hyperactive behaviour in girls in a longitudinal epidemiological design. METHODS: This was investigated in a follow-up study of girls who were identified by parent and teacher ratings in a large community survey of 6- and 7-year-olds as showing pervasive hyperactivity or conduct problems or the comorbid mixture of both problems or neither problem. They were later investigated, at the age of 14 to 16 years, with a detailed self-report interview technique. RESULTS: Hyperactivity was a risk factor for later development, even allowing for the coexistence of conduct problems. Hyperactivity predicted academic problems and interpersonal relationship problems. Relationships with parents, by contrast, were not portrayed to be as problematic as relationships with peers and the opposite sex. Their psychological, social and occupational functioning was objectively rated to be more deviant and their self-report showed them to be more ambivalent about their future. There was a trend for hyperactivity to be self-reported as a risk for the development of continuing symptomatology but neither hyperactivity nor conduct problems were self-reported to be a risk for antisocial behaviour, substance misuse or low self-esteem in adolescence. However, they were at risk for the development of state anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested girls' pattern of functioning may differ from that of boys because girls self-report a more pervasive range of social dysfunction than that previously reported in boys.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Integrative neuroscience: the role of a standardized database.

Most brain related databases bring together specialized information, with a growing number that include neuroimaging measures. This article outlines the potential use and insights from the first entirely standardized and centralized database, which integrates information from neuroimaging measures (EEG, event related potential (ERP), structural/functional MRI), arousal (skin conductance responses (SCR)s, heart rate, respiration), neuropsychological and personality tests, genomics and demographics: The Brain Resource International Database. It comprises data from over 2000 "normative" subjects and a growing number of patients with neurological and psychiatric illnesses, acquired from over 50 laboratories (in the U.S.A, United Kingdom, Holland, South Africa, Israel and Australia), all with identical equipment and experimental procedures. Three primary goals of this database are to quantify individual differences in normative brain function, to compare an individual's performance to their database peers, and to provide a robust normative framework for clinical assessment and treatment prediction. We present three example demonstrations in relation to these goals. First, we show how consistent age differences may be quantified when large subject numbers are available, using EEG and ERP data from nearly 2000 stringently screened. normative subjects. Second, the use of a normalization technique provides a means to compare clinical subjects (50 ADHD subjects in this study) to the normative database with the effects of age and gender taken into account. Third, we show how a profile of EEG/ERP and autonomic measures potentially provides a means to predict treatment response in ADHD subjects. The example data consists of EEG under eyes open and eyes closed and ERP data for auditory oddball, working memory and Go-NoGo paradigms. Autonomic measures of skin conductance (tonic skin conductance level, SCL, and phasic skin conductance responses, SCRs) were acquired simultaneously with central EEG/ERP measures. The findings show that the power of large samples, tested using standardized protocols, allows for the quantification of individual differences that can subsequently be used to control such variation and to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of comparisons between normative and clinical groups. In terms of broader significance, the combination of size and multidimensional measures tapping the brain's core cognitive competencies, may provide a normative and evidence-based framework for individually-based assessments in "Personalized Medicine."

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A path analysis of an adolescent drinking behavior model derived from problem behavior theory.

The interrelationships between composite variables comprised of demographics, socialization, personality, perceived environment, conventional and problem behaviors, and their combined mediational influences on adolescent drinking behavior are examined. Students randomly sampled from four suburban, metropolitan-area high schools (N = 499) were administered the 250-question Survey of Underage Drinking Styles. All 12 composite variables, derived from the survey, were arranged in a causal model and submitted to a confirmatory path analysis. Data were analyzed by multiple regression procedures. According to the present model, a powerful pathway through to drinking may begin with family interaction problems, which may lead to a reduction in the adolescent's social coping skills. A reduction in the adolescent's coping skills may lead to a compensatory belief that alcohol improves mental and physical functions and an increased affiliation with and acceptance of the peer group's attitude and behavior toward consuming alcohol as a replacement coping skill. The adolescent's drinking may then increase as a result of the affiliative need to conform to peer group pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The psychological burden of short stature: evidence against.

Short stature, per se, is clearly not a disease, but is commonly perceived to be associated with social and psychological disadvantage. The assumption, widely held by pediatricians that short children are likely to be significantly affected by their stature, has been founded largely on older, poorly designed clinic-based studies and laboratory investigations of beliefs about the association between stature and individual characteristics. In contrast, data from more recent and better designed clinic- and community-based studies show that, in terms of psychosocial functioning, individuals with short stature are largely indistinguishable from their peers, whether in childhood, adolescence or adulthood. Parents and children alike should be reassured by these findings. In the absence of clear pathology, physical or psychological, GH therapy for the short but otherwise normal child raises ethical concerns about so-called 'cosmetic endocrinology'.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

[Subjective quality of life of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: development and validation of a new assessment scale].

Within paediatric disciplines and in particular in child and adolescent psychiatry very little work is available regarding the quality of life (QoL) of patients. After using literature search and interviews for identifying the relevant QoL domains, a set of self report questionnaires (for the parents: proxy rating) was developed (C-version: children 10 to 14 years, A-version: adolescents 14 to 18 years, P-version: parental proxy rating about child/adolescent). It was aimed at an almost identical wording within each questionnaire version in regard to the different QoL domains. The questionnaires should not primarily address symptomatology (like e.g. the Child Behaviour Checklist by Achenbach and Edelbrock 1983). After a pilot phase ensuring adequacy and appropriateness of the forms, the questionnaires were field tested in a consecutive series of nearly 700 patients which were referred to the Cologne university department of child and adolescent psychiatry for diagnosis and treatment between 1996 and 2000. The intended structure of the questionnaire system with symptom and functioning scales concerning the domains: "physical performance, fatigue, anxiety, depression, peer group, school, family, beliefs, general QoL" and some further single questions was confirmed by psychometric testing (validity and reliability). Interscale correlations were in general moderate, exhibiting the expected pattern. Analyses of variances using the method of "known groups comparisons" showed e.g. age, sex, and diagnosis related effects hinting towards clinically meaningful differences. The questionnaire forms were well accepted and understood by patients and parents and the wording of the addressed topics was reported to be adequate. Further work will include the psychopathological findings and will focus on specific subgroups of patients (e.g. different diagnoses) as well as on the longitudinal observation of special patient groups, e.g. patients with eating disorders. It can be concluded that the new QoL instruments were successfully employed in a consecutive series of patients and showed very sufficient psychometric properties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Independent practice associations in New Zealand: a study of governance structures and process.

AIMS: To describe the governance structures and processes of four primary care organisations (PCOs) and to evaluate member general practitioners' (GPs) perceptions of the effectiveness of these structures and processes. METHODS: A sample of four PCOs was chosen in 1999, including three independent practitioner associations (IPAs), and a member organisation of CareNet. The chief executive officer of each PCO was interviewed, and the 245 member practitioners were surveyed with a written questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate to the GP survey was 78.4%. A two tier governance structure was identifiable for all four PCOs: policy board or steering committee, and working committees. In addition each utilised a peer group review process to provide input to some administrative functions. The CareNet PCO emphasised reduced bureaucracy and a loose administrative structure and process. There was a high level of respondent satisfaction (>90%) with their PCO governance processes. CONCLUSIONS: Governance structures and processes have developed within the four PCOs that reflect the needs of member practitioners and according to the requirements of each district and PCO membership. A high level of member satisfaction with their PCO, its governance and processes, was evident.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Aging and spinal cord injury: medical, functional, and psychosocial changes.

Fifty years ago, people who had a spinal cord injury had very limited life expectancies. Today, these individuals can expect to live into their 60s, 70s, and beyond. Advances in rehabilitation, technology, surgery, and medicines have been chiefly responsible for this change. Recent research in both Europe and the United States now indicates that as these people age, they often develop medical and functional problems that are not as common in their nondisabled peers until much later in life. The importance of these "premature" age-related problems has led the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research to fund the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) on Aging With a Spinal Cord Injury at Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center in Downey, California. This article summarizes some of the important findings from this RRTC and from other sources.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

The sexual differentiation of social play.

Sex differences in social play are quantitative and not qualitative, referring to frequency and not the form of the behaviors. Whereas increased perinatal exposure to exogenous testosterone masculinizes social play, experimental manipulations of androgen levels after this period (i.e. following critical periods for neuronal differentiation) apparently have no effect on the expression of social play. This effect appears to involve, at least in part, androgen receptor occupancy in the amygdala. In the rat, there is a prominent sex difference in nuclear-bound androgen receptors in the amygdala during the sensitive period for the masculinization of play-fighting. Moreover, testosterone implants directly into the amygdala during this period masculinize social play in females. Progesterone exposure reduces play-fighting in male rats, as does corticosterone. This latter effect may be mediated by corticosteroid receptors in the limibic brain. Perinatal androgen exposure may also be important in humans, since girls born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia diagnosed and treated at birth still show male-like patterns of play. Theories concerning the function of sex differences in social play emphasize either the social or motor learning functions. Juvenile male primate social rank correlates with number of peer social interactions, which predominantly take the form of play-fighting. Females on the other hand appear to spend less time play-fighting and spend more time waiting and competing for interactions with infants, i.e. play-mothering, whereby they acquire the motor skills necessary for handling infants. Such differences may reflect socio-biological and developmental cascades that are, in some way, initiated by perinatal hormonal events.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The nature and correlates of Mexican-American adolescents' time with parents and peers.

Drawing on cultural-ecological and person-environment fit perspectives, this study examined links among Mexican-American adolescents' time with peers and parents, parents' cultural orientations, and adolescents' psychosocial adjustment and cultural orientations. Participants were 492 Mexican-American adolescents (Ms=15.7 and 12.8 years for older siblings and younger siblings) and their parents in 246 families. Family members described their family relationships, cultural orientations, and psychosocial functioning in home interviews, and time-use data were collected during a series of nightly phone calls. Mexican-American adolescents spent the majority of their peer time with Mexican youth. Some support was found for the hypothesis that the mismatch between parents' cultural orientations and adolescents' peer involvement is linked to adolescents' psychosocial functioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

How sick is the West of Scotland? Age specific comparisons with national datasets on a range of health measures.

The Central Clydeside Conurbation (CCC) has relatively high mortality rates. This paper examines whether it also has relatively high rates of ill health, using data from three cohorts (aged 15, 35 and 55 in 1987/88) in the West of Scotland. Comparisons on a range of self-reported physical and mental health indicators, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and respiratory function were made with comparable age groups in ten British or Scottish national studies. The older two cohorts in the CCC exhibited relatively high rates of longstanding and limiting longstanding illness and the youngest cohort had relatively poor psychosocial health, compared to their age peers elsewhere. Fewer differences were found in blood pressure, anthropometric measures or respiratory function although older CCC residents were slightly shorter than in Britain as a whole and had slightly poorer respiratory function. Central Clydesiders in the late 1980s were generally in poorer health than those of the same sex and similar age elsewhere in the UK, but the extent of the disadvantage varied across different dimensions of health, and was not as marked as some stereotypes of the West of Scotland would suggest.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Clinical information systems in intensive care.

OBJECTIVE: To review the requirements and functions of clinical information systems for the critical care environment. DATA SOURCES: Peer reviewed studies and articles reported from 1990-1998, identified through MEDLINE search and subsequent article references. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: Clinical information systems (CIS) utilise information technologies to improve and add value to information management, and critical care areas have provided clinical leadership in their development and implementation. Expectations for these systems are high, yet certain basic requirements must be fulfilled. Bedside charting functions of CIS are highly developed and successful. Clinical record keeping has been more challenging, particularly the requirement for electronic storage of a medico-legal record. Decision support ranges in its extent and requires further development. Successful integration with other hospital systems is highly desirable but may be made more difficult by the lack of rigorous technical standards in healthcare computing. The CIS clinical database is fundamental to the quality improvement, research and business reporting functions. The huge amount of data, the lack of common minimal and extensive data sets, and the technical challenges of software development, all combine to make this a resource expensive venture requiring on site customisation. Purchasing and implementing a CIS is costly in human and material resources. CONCLUSION: A high performance CIS is not yet available as an 'off the shelf' product. Close collaboration between the industry and clinicians is important for successful implementation. Clinical awareness of these issues will encourage product development and suitable purchasing strategies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Premorbid and postmorbid school functioning in bipolar adolescents: description and suggested academic interventions.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to describe and evaluate the manner in which changes in school functioning are associated with bipolar affective disorder (BAD) in adolescence. METHOD: Pre- and post-illness onset school functioning data were collected from a sample of 44 adolescents with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of BAD. A variety of assessment measures were used, including personal interview, a review of school history and formal academic testing. RESULTS: Our findings reveal an overall profile of generally good to excellent premorbid school functioning in most adolescent onset bipolar patients, which subsequently shows marked deterioration along several dimensions (work effort, academic achievement, peer relationships and extracurricular involvement) following BAD onset. CONCLUSIONS: Onset of bipolar illness in adolescence negatively impacts on the teenager's ability to function effectively in the school environment. Specific program modifications are required in order to optimize the bipolar teenager's success at school. These are identified and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

'Peer review' culture.

A relatively high incidence of unsatisfactory review decisions is widely recognised and acknowledged as 'the peer review problem'. Factors contributing to this problem are identified and examined. Specific examples of unreasonable rejection are considered. It is concluded that weaknesses of the 'peer review' system are significant and that they are well known or readily recognisable but that necessary counter-measures are not always enforced. Careful management is necessary to discount hollow opinion or error in review comment. Review and referee functions should be quite separate.

Ethics↗
PubMed2005

Continuity and change from early childhood to adolescence in autism.

BACKGROUND: This longitudinal study of 48 children diagnosed with autism at 2-5 years of age was designed to test the hypothesis that diagnosis would remain stable for most of the sample but that there would be improvements in symptom severity, adaptive behavior, and emotional responsiveness in adolescence. METHODS: A sample of children with autism assessed in both early and middle childhood were observed in late adolescence with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale (ADOS) and their parents were administered the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. RESULTS: All but 2 adolescents (46 of 48) met lifetime criteria for autism according to the ADI-R, and all but 4 adolescents (40 of 44) met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on the ADOS. In contrast to the continuity in diagnosis, parents described improvements in social interactions, repetitive/stereotyped behaviors, adaptive behaviors, and emotional responsiveness to others' distress in adolescence compared to middle childhood. High-functioning adolescents with autism showed more improvement in these domains than low-functioning adolescents with autism. The extent to which the adolescents were observed to be socially engaged with their peers in school in middle childhood predicted adaptive behavior skills even when intelligence level was statistically constrained. CONCLUSIONS: The developmental trajectory of children with autism appears to show both continuity and change. In this sample, most individuals continued to be diagnosed in the autism spectrum but parents reported improvements in adolescence. The results suggest that social involvement with peers improves adaptive behavior skills, and this argues for focusing intervention programs in this area. In addition, it is clear that high-functioning adolescents improve more than low-functioning individuals not only in cognitive abilities but also in social interaction skills. Thus, any early intervention that impacts the cognitive abilities of young children with autism is likely to have a parallel influence on their social skills as they mature into late adolescence and early adulthood.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

The effects of peer and parental smoking and age on the smoking careers of college women: a sex-related phenomenon.

In the United States, smoking for women has followed a different pattern for women than for men, and the literature suggests that it, as a 'masculine' behavior, may serve as a role-delineating function for women. This research examines the relationship between sex of smoking parents and peers and the smoking behavior of college women. Having a mother who smokes was significantly related to whether or not the daughter smokes, the age of onset, and the frequency of the daughter's smoking; the proportion of female friends who smoke, to the frequency and amount of the woman's smoking and to the degree of difficulty of quitting. Smoking by the father and male friends was not important. Also, the age of the woman was significantly to whether or not she ever smoked and to the age of onset of smoking. This likely reflects her experience of social norms regarding smoking by women and the publication of the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health. These findings support the notion of smoking as a role-related behavior for women. Further research is needed to extend these findings to men and other health behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Shared governance for nursing. Part I: Creating the new organization.

In Part I, the concept of shared governance is presented. I have discussed what it means to move toward a shared governance model and the way of thinking and reorganizing that supports it. Basic principles that drive the concept are discussed, and the underpinnings necessary to make it work are identified. Clearly, the move toward shared governance is not simply an organizational transition. It is a method for transforming the way we work and make decisions. Part II will examine how roles are changed. The management function, the impact of shared governance on its function, and changes in the manager's behavior will be identified. In Part II, the importance of peer processes and supports for ensuring that changes are carried out by staff leadership are discussed. A new way of composing and exercising the executive function in a professional organization also will be discussed.

Hospital Administration↗
PubMed1999

Renal protective agents: a review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the role of drugs with potential benefit to renal function in critically ill patients. DATA SOURCES: A review of articles published in peer review journals from 1966 to 1998 and identified through a MEDLINE search on kidney failure. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: Acute renal failure in critically ill patients is characterised by ischaemic injury to the tubule and is potentially preventable. Many agents have been shown to benefit renal function in animal models of acute renal failure, but supporting human data are lacking. There is evidence to support the defence of extracellular volume (with volume loading) and renal perfusion pressure (with pressor agents) but there are no controlled trials. While there are limited data to support the use of mannitol and calcium channel blockers in renal transplantation there are no studies that have confirmed their benefit in critically ill patients. Controlled trials of frusemide, dopamine and mannitol do not support their routine use. All other agents have been inadequately studied. CONCLUSIONS: The common factor in renal dysfunction and acute renal failure is tubular ischaemia. Prevention of this final common pathway is the chief goal of renal protection in critically ill patients. Despite the plethora of potentially beneficial drugs, volume loading and defence of renal perfusion pressure (and renal blood flow) with pressor agents appear to be the only reliable means of renal protection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

The relationship of social support to physically abused children's adjustment.

OBJECTIVE: This study had three main objectives: First, to assess physically abused children's perceptions of teacher, peer, and family support; second, to determine whether the levels of perceived support differ according to the person's social role; and third to assess which sources of social support show stronger associations with adjustment in a physically abused sample. METHOD: Perceived social support from teachers, families and peers was assessed in a sample of 37 physically abused children using a shortened version of the Survey of Children's Social Support (Dubow & Ullman, 1989). Child adjustment was indexed by child and parent reports of child depression, anxiety, and anger. RESULTS: Analyses indicated that the children rated their families, peers, and teachers highly as sources of social support, with families being rated as the most important source. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived peer support was significantly negatively related to children's and parent's reports of children's depression and anxiety. Furthermore, perceived family support was significantly negatively associated with child reported depression. No significant relationships were found between perceived teacher support and symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results suggest that peer and family support are particularly important for physically abused children's psychological functioning, particularly for internalizing problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗