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PubMed1982

Lectins, calcium ionophore A23187 and peanut oil as deciduogenic agents in the uterus of pseudopregnant mice: effects of tranylcypromine, indomethacin, iproniazid and propranolol.

Intraluminal injections of lectins, including concanavalin A (Con A), wheatgerm lectin, and soybean lectin, Con A-Sepharose 4B beads, calcium ionophore A23187 or peanut oil into the left uterine horns of mice on day 4 of pseudopregnancy induced the formation of deciduomata and significantly increased the weight and alkaline phosphatase activity of uterine tissue on day 7 of pseudopregnancy. In contrast, injections of these materials into the uterine horns of non-pseudopregnant mice that had not been previously mated failed to induce similar responses. Tranylcypromine blocked the decidual cell reaction artificially induced by lectins, calcium ionophore A23187 and peanut oil in pseudopregnant mice. However, uterine responses observed after individual and concurrent injections with indomethacin, iproniazid, propranolol or progesterone indicated that this deciduoma-blocking effect may not be solely related to the ability of tranylcypromine to inhibit prostacyclin biosynthesis but may also involve catecholamines and luteolytic prostaglandins which interfere with decidualization on day 4 and day 6 of pseudopregnancy, respectively. A role for prostaglandins and uterine beta-adrenergic receptors, however, was implicated in the induction of decidualization because both indomethacin and propranolol blocked the response to peanut oil. The results suggested that the embryonic signal responsible for the induction of the decidual cell reaction in mice may involve surface interactions between the embryo and uterine luminal epithelium resulting in a stimulation of the uterus via glycoprotein receptors. A role for calcium was implicated in this phenomenon.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Heat and storage effects on the flavour of peanuts.

Two peanut varieties, Giza 4 and Giza 5 were subjected to different heat treatments such as drying in solar drier at air speed 0.5 and 2 m/sec with average temperature 45 and 60 degrees C and heating in oven at 120 and 150 degrees C. The sensory evaluation of the two varieties showed insignificant differences among varieties and heating processes. A correlation between the sensory and instrumental data was found. The high sensory scores of samples heated at 150 degrees C were attributed to the presence of high concentration of pyrazines which were thought to contribute to flavour and aroma of fresh roasted peanut. A comparative study between the main chemical classes retained in peanut samples after storage for 3 months at room temperature showed that the aldehydes derived lipids increased significantly in the solar dried samples. The antioxidative components produced via Maillard reaction resulted in oxidative stability of the samples heated in oven.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed2006

Incidence of Leptosphaerulina crassiasca in symptomless leaves of peanut in southern India.

A Loculoascomycete fungus belonging to the genus Leptosphaerulina was found to survive as symptomless endophyte in the leaflets and rachis of peanut plant (TMV 7). Based on morphological and colony characteristics, it is identified as Leptosphaerulina crassiasca, a fungus that causes the pepper spot and leaf scorch diseases in peanut. Although several common endophytic fungi were recovered from the leaves of peanut, L . crassiasca showed a high relative density of infection. Owing to its endophytic nature, its pathogenicity could not be proved by infection studies. However, its identification as L. crassiasca suggests that this pathogen survives as symptomless endophyte in its host. There are limited studies on fungal endophytes of cultivated crops and hence, the present observation underlines the need to know more about the biology of endophytic fungi of crop plants.

Arachis↗

PubMed2001

The effects of the site-directed removal of N-glycosylation from cationic peanut peroxidase on its function.

Peanut peroxidase has been diffracted. The location of its heme and calcium moieties have been shown and their role demonstrated. However, the structure and role of its glycans is only now being elucidated. The role of three N-linked complex glycans on cationic peroxidase (cPrx) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L cv. Valencia), as expressed by prxPNC1 in transgenic tobacco, was analyzed by site-directed replacement of each of the three glycosylation sites, N-60, N-144, and N-185 with Q, individually. The mutant prxPNC1 cDNAs with a 3' histidine-tag were expressed in transgenic tobacco. The effect on the catalytic ability, thermal stability, and unfolding properties of the mutant peroxidases, isolated from the medium of transgenic tobacco cell suspension cultures were compared with those of the wild cPrx from peanut. It was found that the ablation of the glycans at N-60 and N-144 influences the full expression of the cPrx catalytic ability. The glycan at N-185 is important for the thermostability, as is the removal of the carbohydrate chain at N-185, resulting in rapid enzymatic decrease at temperatures of 50 degrees C. All three glycans appeared to influence the folding of the protein.

Arachis↗

PubMed1998

Nutation-Frequency Correlated EPR Spectroscopy: The PEANUT Experiment

The phase-inverted echo-amplitude detected nutation (PEANUT) experiment for the measurement of transient electron spin nutation frequencies is introduced. In this new pulse sequence, nutation refocused to a rotary echo is detected via the amplitude modulation of a primary electron spin echo. Since detection and excitation of the nutation are fully separated in time, experiments at very high nutation frequencies become feasible. The nutation frequencies which are proportional to the transition moment of an EPR transition can be used to label individual EPR lines by an additional parameter. Using a two-dimensional PEANUT experiment which correlates the nutation frequencies with the resonance fields, the interpretation of complicated field-swept EPR spectra can considerably be simplified. A theoretical description of the experiment is given and the inner working of the approach is described. The predicted features of PEANUT spectra are verified experimentally and examples of applications to both ordered and disordered systems are given. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Copyright 1998 Academic Press

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Effect of maturity and curing on peanut proteins. Changes in protein surface hydrophobicity.

A hydrophobic fluorescence probe, 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate (ANS), was used to study the changes in protein surface hydrophobicity (PSH) occurring during peanut maturation and curing. PSH increased with the degree of maturity and during curing (windrow drying). The increase of PSH during curing or heating was more pronounced in immature peanuts than their mature counterparts, suggesting that more hydrophobic sites are hidden in the former proteins. PSH decreased when proteins were chemically modified with phenylglyoxal (an arginine-modifying agent), suggesting that arginine might play a role in hydrophobicity. The findings indicate that maturation and curing affect PSH, and that there is a relationship between PSH and peanut maturity. Possible factors contributing to the increase of PSH are discussed.

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates↗

PubMed1984

Effect of geocarposphere temperature on pre-harvest colonization of drought-stressed peanuts by Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination.

Florunner peanuts grown in research plots were subjected to 5 soil temperature and moisture treatment regimes resulting in A. flavus infestation and subsequent aflatoxin contamination in drought-stressed peanuts. Treatments imposed beginning 85 days after planting were drought, drought with heated soil and 3 drought treatments with cooled soil. The incidence of A. flavus in drought-stressed, unshelled , sound mature kernels ( SMK ) decreased with decreases in the mean 5 cm deep soil temperature. The incidence of A. flavus was greater in inedible categories and in damaged kernels than in SMK . The mean, threshold, geocarposphere temperature required for aflatoxin development during the latter part of the peanut growth cycle was found to be between 25.7 degrees C and 27 degrees C.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1985

Mean geocarposphere temperatures that induce preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts under drought stress.

Apparently undamaged peanuts grown under environmental stress in the form of drought and heat become contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin in the soil prior to harvest. The upper mean temperature limit for aflatoxin contamination in undamaged peanut kernels grown under drought stress the latter 4-6 weeks of the growing season was between 29.6-31.3 degrees C. The lower limit was between 25.7-26.3 degrees C. That is, peanuts grown under drought stress with a mean geocarposphere temperature of 29.6 degrees C were highly contaminated while those at 31.3 degrees C were not contaminated. Likewise, those grown under drought stress with a mean geocarposphere temperature of 25.7 degrees C were not contaminated while those subjected to a mean geocarposphere temperature of 26.0 degrees C resulted in some categories becoming contaminated. Increasing the mean temperature up to 29.6 degrees C caused increasing amounts of contamination.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1987

Mycoflora and mycotoxins of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds in Egypt. 1--Sugar fungi and natural occurrence of mycotoxins.

Sixty-four species and 2 varieties which belong to nineteen genera of fungi were identified from 40 peanut seed samples collected from different places in Egypt by using a dilution-plate method on glucose-Czapek's medium. The most frequent genera were Aspergillus (21 species & 2 varieties), Penicillium (16 species) and Fusarium (6 species). A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, P. chrysogenum and F. oxysporum were the most common fungal species. Forty seven percent of the samples proved to be toxic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis revealed that peanuts were contaminated by aflatoxins (11 samples), trichothecene-toxins (10 samples), zearalenone (one sample) and citrinin (one sample). We believe that this is the first report of the natural occurrence of zearalenone and trichothecene-toxins in peanuts.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Interrelationship of kernel water activity, soil temperature, maturity, and phytoalexin production in preharvest aflatoxin contamination of drought-stressed peanuts.

Samples of Florunner peanuts were collected throughout a period of late-season drought stress with mean geocarposphere temperatures of 29 and 25 degrees C, and determinations of maturity, kernel water activity (aw), percent moisture, capacity for phytoalexin production, and aflatoxin contamination were made. Results showed an association between the loss of the capacity of kernels to produce phytoalexins and the appearance of aflatoxin contamination. Kernel aw appeared to be the most important factor controlling the capacity of kernels to produce phytoalexins. Mature peanuts possessed additional resistance to contamination that could not be attributed solely to phytoalexin production. Kernel moisture loss was accelerated in the 29 degrees C treatment compared to the 25 degrees C treatment, and data indicated that the higher soil temperature also favored growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts susceptible to contamination.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1975

Peanut alkaline lipase.

Peanut alkaline lipase, (glycerol ester hydrolase EC 3.1.1.3), pH optimum 8.5, was isolated from acetone powders prepared from developing and germinated peanut seed (arachis hypogaea L. var. NC-2). Enzyme activity/seed increased in successive developmental stages. The course of the hydrolytic reaction was linear with regard to enzyme concentration and all times tested up to periods exceeding 60 min. Km for the reaction was determined to be 2.6 times 10-4M. Molecular weight of peanut lipase, as estimated by Sephadex gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, was ca. 55,000.

Ammonium Sulfate↗

PubMed2005

Development of a competitive liposome-based lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of the allergenic peanut protein Ara h1.

A competitive lateral flow assay for detecting the major peanut allergen, Ara h1, has been developed. The detector reagents are Ara h1-tagged liposomes, and the capture reagents are anti-Ara h1 polyclonal antibodies. Two types of rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised either against the entire Ara h1 molecules (anti-Ara h1 Ab) or against an immunodominant epitope on Ara h1 (anti-peptide Ab). All of them reacted specifically with Ara h1 in Western Blot against crude peanut proteins. Moreover, the anti-Ara h1 Ab was chosen for this assay development because of its highest immunoactivity to Ara h1-tagged liposomes in the lateral flow assay. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) of this assay is 0.45 microg mL(-1) of Ara h1 with a dynamic range between 0.1 and 10 microg mL(-1) of Ara h1 in buffer. Additionally, the visually determined detection range is from 1 to 10 microg mL(-1) of Ara h1 in buffer. Results using this assay can be obtained within 30 min without the need of sophisticated equipment or techniques; therefore, this lateral flow assay has the potential to be a cost-effective, fast, simple, and sensitive method for on-site screening of peanut allergens.

Allergens↗

PubMed2006

Functional characterization of Nicotiana benthamiana homologs of peanut water deficit-induced genes by virus-induced gene silencing.

Determining the functional role of genes that are differentially regulated during a stress response is challenging. In this study, few water deficit-induced genes from peanut were characterized in Nicotiana benthamiana using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and their relevance for stress adaptation was validated. Twenty-five cDNA clones from peanut water deficit stress-induced cDNA library that had more than 50% nucleotide similarity with N. benthamiana or tomato homologs were selected. VIGS in peanut is not yet feasible and therefore we characterized these 25 genes in N. benthamiana. Increased membrane damage was seen under water deficit stress in most of the silenced plants signifying that many of these stress-induced genes are important to confer drought tolerance. Among the genes tested, silencing by homolog of flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (F3OGT), homolog of alcohol dehydrogenase, homologous to salt inducible protein, and homolog of heat shock protein 70 showed more visible wilting symptoms compared with the control plants during water deficit stress. Interestingly, down-regulation of two genes, homologous to aspartic proteinase 2, and homolog of Jumonji class of transcription factor showed relative drought tolerant phenotypes. F3OGT silenced plants showed more wilting symptoms, membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation than any other silenced plants during water deficit. Our results demonstrate that VIGS approach can be used to characterize and assess the functional relevance of water deficit stress-induced cDNAs in a heterologous species.

Anthocyanins↗

PubMed1999

Auxin redistributes upwards in graviresponding gynophores of the peanut plant.

The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) produces flowers aerially, but buries the recently fertilized ovules into the soil, where fruit and seed development occur. The young seeds are carried down into the soil at the tip of a specialized organ called the gynophore. Although the gynophore has a typical shoot anatomy, it responds positively to gravity like a root. In this study, we explore the role of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the growth and the gravitropic response of the peanut gynophore. With an immunolocalization technique using an IAA monoclonal antibody, we localized IAA within the tissues of vertically oriented and gravistimulated gynophores. We found that in vertically oriented gynophores, IAA labeling occurs in the periphery of the gynophore, in the entire cortex and epidermis. Within 20 min of horizontal reorientation, the IAA signal gradually increases in the upper cortex/ epidermis and diminishes in the lower cortex/epidermis. At 1.5 h after gravistimulation, all of the IAA immunolocalization signal is detected in the upper cortex and epidermis--none is detected in the lower side. Growth rate measurements also indicate that after 1-2 h of reorientation, the growth rate maximum on the upper side corresponds temporally and spatially to the growth rate minimum on the lower side. Experiments using radioactively labeled IAA corroborate an upper-side redistribution of this hormone upon horizontal reorientation. These results are analyzed with respect to the current theories of plant gravitropic response, and a model for a possible gravity-induced IAA redistribution from the lower to the upper side of the peanut gynophore is proposed.

Arachis↗

PubMed1986

Identification of glycoproteins that are receptors for peanut agglutinin on immature (cortical) mouse thymocytes.

Binding of peanut agglutinin is being widely used as a marker for immature mouse thymocytes and for the separation of these cells from the mature thymocytes. Two cell surface glycoproteins that bind peanut agglutinin were detected on unfractionated as well as immature thymocytes by lectin overlay and affinity chromatography: one of Mr between 170 000 and 180 000, and the other, a minor component, of Mr 110000, both of which are partially sialylated. No receptors for peanut agglutinin were detected on the mature cells, whereas desialylation experiments revealed the presence of a glycoprotein of Mr 110000. These findings were corroborated by electrophoretic analysis of cell surface glycoproteins of the isolated thymocyte subpopulations labeled in their carbohydrate moieties.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Partial characterization of an allergenic glycoprotein from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

A concanavalin A-reactive glycoprotein allergen has been isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea). The allergen was separated by affinity chromatography and purified by gel permeation and ion-exchange chromatography. The monomeric molecular weight is 65,000 and the pI is 4.6. The presence of one cysteine residue per molecule results in some dimer formation. Concanavalin A-reactive glycoprotein is a potent allergen for peanut-sensitive patients in both in vivo and in vitro tests. It is allergenically stable, on in vitro examination, at temperatures of up to 100 degrees C and over the pH range 2.8-10. Removal of the carbohydrate moiety failed to eliminate the allergenicity. Concanavalin A-reactive glycoprotein is identified in the crossed immunoelectrophoretic pattern as a major antigen of peanut protein extract but its structural characteristics indicate that it is probably not a component of the major storage-protein complex, arachin.

Allergens↗

PubMed1995

Purification of allergenic proteins from peanut for preparative of the reactive solid phase of a specific IgE radioimmunoassay.

Peanut is one of the most allergenic foods. Detection of specific IgE in the serum of allergic patients requires the purification of allergenic proteins. In the present work, proteins were recovered from peanut kernel after successive treatment in acetone and diethyl ether. The proteins were dissolved in 0.05% TFA and analysed by RP-HPLC with a 0-100% gradient of methanol containing 0.05% TFA. The protein peaks were recovered and tested in SDS-PAGE. Eleven proteins were identified with a M(r) ranging from 13 to 81. Western blotting was performed with sera from allergic patients. Allergenic proteins had a M(r) of 15, 18, 19, 33, 41 and 67. By comparison, a protein fraction from peanut shell contained seven proteins with M(r) ranging from 15 to 81. Only two proteins with M(r) of 18 and 41 were detected in a Western blot. The protein fractions were coupled to epoxy-Sepharose and the gels were used as a solid reactive phase for detection by IgE-RIA of specific IgE from the serum of allergic patients.

Allergens↗

PubMed2026

Structural and functional characterization of peanut expansin proteins identifies AhEXPA3 as a stress-responsive regulator of seed germination.

Expansins are cell wall-associated proteins that play important roles in plant growth, development, and environmental responses, yet their structural features and functional significance in peanut remain insufficiently understood. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of 70 expansin proteins in cultivated peanut. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into four subfamilies (EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB), with conserved motif patterns and subgroup-specific exon-intron structures. Collinearity and evolutionary analyses revealed that segmental duplication mainly drove peanut expansin family expansion, with most duplicated gene pairs subsequently undergoing purifying selection. Promoter analysis identified abundant cis-regulatory elements associated with light responses, hormone signaling, and stress responses. Expression profiling indicated that many AhEXP genes were differentially expressed during seed germination and in response to abscisic acid (ABA), salt, and osmotic stresses. Among them, AhEXPA3 was identified as a stress-responsive expansin protein with marked transcriptional induction under abiotic stress conditions. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that AhEXPA3 exhibits an endoplasmic reticulum-associated localization pattern. Functional assays further demonstrated that heterologous expression of AhEXPA3 inhibited seed germination and early seedling establishment under stress conditions in both Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. These findings support a negative regulatory role of AhEXPA3 in stress-responsive seed germination and broaden current understanding of expansin protein function in legumes.

Germination↗