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PubMed1986

A solid phase fluorescent immunoassay for the rapid detection of virus antigen or antibodies in fetuses infected with porcine parvovirus.

A solid phase fluorescent immunoassay using polyacrylamide beads coated with rabbit anti-porcine parvovirus antibodies has been developed and utilized in the diagnosis of porcine parvovirus infection. The antibody-coated beads (immunobeads) were used both to detect virus in mummified fetal tissues and to demonstrate specific antibodies in serum and ovarian follicular fluid. The immunobeads assay (IBA) was as sensitive as ELISA but more sensitive than virus isolation using tissue culture and haemagglutination tests. Both mummified and normal fetuses were obtained after experimental infection of SPF pregnant gilts. Using immunobeads, porcine parvovirus antigen was found in all mummified fetuses, but was found in only 1 out of 17 normal fetuses.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Rat hybridoma antibodies against canine parvovirus.

Hybrid cells have been produced by fusion between rat myeloma cells IR983F and spleen cells from a LOU rat immunized with canine enteritis parvovirus. Four stable cell lines were selected each secreting a monoclonal antibody directed against this virus. By indirect immunofluorescence, the antigenic determinants recognized by these antibodies were found to be present not only in canine parvovirus infected cells but also in cells infected by the related parvoviruses of mink enteritis and feline panleukopenia. Two of the monoclonal antibodies inhibit hemagglutination by the canine virus and neutralize its infectivity. Hybrid cells were transplanted into histocompatible animals, and large amounts of the antibodies were obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Antigenic relationships between canine parvovirus type 2, feline panleukopenia virus and mink enteritis virus using conventional antisera and monoclonal antibodies.

The antigenic relationships between three similar parvoviruses, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and mink enteritis virus (MEV) were investigated. Antisera against all 3 viruses and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to CPV were prepared and the viruses compared using several serological methods. When conventional sera were used in the hemagglutination-inhibition and agar gel precipitin (AGP) tests there were no differences between the CPV viral isolates studied, but antigenic differences were revealed between the CPV isolates and the FPV or MEV. Of 16 mAb produced against CPV, six reacted only with the CPV. The other 10 mAb reacted with all three parvoviruses. Additionally, an antigenic difference was detected by AGP tests between one FPV isolate and the other FPV and MEV isolates. Including both conventional sera and mAb to CPV in a single AGP test with the CPV, MEV and FPV antigens permitted the comparison of results obtained with the different antibodies. The results reported revealed antigenic differences between CPV and FPV or MEV that were most clearly defined using mAb.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Interaction in replication between goose parvovirus strain B and duck plague herpesvirus.

The goose parvovirus strain B was found to replicate only in cells with DNA synthesis. Cells in the stationary phase of DNA synthesis or maintained under 2 mM thymidine (TdR) in excess were refractive to the parvovirus infection. However, stationary phase cells could be rendered to produce progeny paroviruses by herpesvirus superinfection. In reverse, the replication of the herpesvirus was significantly inhibited by parvovirus preinfection of cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Management and outcomes of pregnancies complicated by human B19 parvovirus infection: a prospective study.

During a large statewide outbreak of fifth disease in Connecticut in 1988, 39 pregnant women were identified who had serologic evidence of recent human B19 parvovirus infection. The patients were followed up prospectively with targeted fetal ultrasonographic examinations to detect signs of fetal hydrops. Of these 39 pregnant women, 37 had healthy infants and two patients had miscarriages. None of the fetuses developed hydrops. We propose that pregnant women exposed to B19 parvovirus be tested for evidence of IgG and IgM B19-specific antibodies and that targeted fetal ultrasonography be considered when IgM antibodies are found. Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling and intrauterine transfusion can be considered in cases of B19 parvovirus-associated hydrops and anemia. The overall fetal loss rate in this prospective follow-up group was 5%.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1992

Specific diagnosis of parvovirus enteritis in dogs and cats by in situ hybridization.

In a retrospective study, the fixed intestines of 10 dogs and 10 cats with intestinal lesions characteristic of parvovirus infection were assayed for the presence of parvovirus by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Parvoviral nucleic acid was localized by in situ hybridization in intestinal tissue in all 10 dogs and in nine of the 10 cats, whereas antigen was detected only in seven of 10 canine and eight of 10 feline intestines by immunohistochemistry. We conclude that an aetiological diagnosis can be established with a high degree of certainty by routine histology. Demonstration of the infectious agent by in situ hybridization, however, proves to be a valuable specific tool which allows an exact cellular localization of parvovirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Construction of an infectious genomic clone of porcine parvovirus: effect of the 5'-end on DNA replication.

The linear single-stranded DNA genome of the porcine parvovirus, an autonomous parvovirus, was cloned in duplex form into the bacterial plasmid pUC18 using a simple and reliable method. These clones were stable during propagation in Escherichia coli JM109. The recombinant clones of porcine parvovirus were infectious when transfected into monolayers of swine testes cells as identified by the development of cytopathic effect, indirect immunofluorescence with specific antiserum, and hemagglutination assays. DNA isolated from progeny virus arising from transfected infectious clones was found to be indistinguishable from wild-type DNA by restriction enzyme analysis. Defective genomes could also be detected in the progeny DNA even though the infection was initiated with homogeneous, cloned DNA. The presence of the turn of the 5'-end loop seems to be necessary to get stable infectious clones.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Human parvovirus infections.

Discovered by chance in 1974, the human serum parvovirus B19 is at present the only recognized, autonomous, pathogenic human parvovirus. For some years following its discovery, B19 was not associated with any defined clinical syndrome; although a high titre viraemia was often noted in infected individuals they were largely asymptomatic. In 1980 the causal association between B19 infection and aplastic crisis in chronic haemolytic anaemia began to emerge with the discovery of B19 as the agent responsible for aplastic crisis in sickle cell anaemia. This fulfilled the expectation of a disease of tissue comprising a large proportion of dividing cells, namely the erythropoietic elements of the bone marrow, anticipated in autonomous parvovirus infection where viral replication is confined to dividing cells. More recently, erythema infectiosum, an illness sharing many of the clinical features of rubella, has been found to be the common result of B19 infection, although a spectrum of disease is now emerging. Much effort is currently directed toward the elucidation of the effects of maternal B19 infection on the developing fetus.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1989

Analysis of parvovirus infections using strand-specific hybridization probes.

The autonomous parvoviruses cause a broad spectrum of acute and chronic infections of animals and man. The discrimination of sites of viral replication from sites of viral sequestration is an important goal in elucidating the pathogenesis of these diseases. It is possible to employ strand-specific RNA hybridization probes in such analyses because a 'plus' sense probe will react with single stranded virion DNA and duplex replicative form DNA, but a 'minus' sense probe will react preferentially with obligate replicative intermediates (duplex replicative form DNA and mRNA). Strand-specific RNA hybridization probes were developed for the Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) and were used to study acute and chronic infections of mink. Such probes were capable of differentiating replicative intermediates (duplex replicative form DNA and mRNA) from single-stranded virion DNA in Southern blot analysis and in strand-specific in situ hybridization. ADV infection of seronegative newborn mink kits causes an acute, cytopathic infection of type II alveolar cells. Replication in these cells is highly permissive and is characterized by high levels of replicative intermediates and virion DNA. A fatal respiratory distress syndrome and hyaline membrane formation result from impaired surfactant production by the infected type II cells. On the other hand, ADV infection of adult mink is associated with a persistent infection and a disorder of the immune regulation. The target cells for viral replication in adult mink are confined to the lymphoid system and the bone marrow. Replication in these cells, which are probably lymphocytes, is restricted, and characterized by greatly reduced levels of replicative intermediates and virion DNA. It, therefore, seems that disease in the infected adult mink results from a restricted infection by ADV. Large amounts of virion DNA can also be demonstrated in locations where replication cannot be detected and apparently represents sequestration of virion particles by elements of the reticuloendothelial system. Thus, replication and sequestration can, in fact, be distinguished by the strand-specific in situ hybridization. These studies indicate that strand-specific in situ hybridization is a potentially valuable method for studying the pathogenesis of parvovirus infections.

Aleutian Mink Disease↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of the viral proteins of canine parvovirus-2, mink enteritis virus and feline panleukopenia virus.

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), Mink enteritis virus (MEV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) were produced using identical cell culture and purification techniques. The distributions of the haemagglutinating activity of the three different parvoviruses in a CsCl gradient were similar with haemagglutinating peaks identified at 1.48-1.49, 1.42, 1.36 and 1.30-1.31 g cm-3. The number and distribution of the viral proteins and the equivalent protein molecular weights are similar for all three viruses in SDS-polyacrylamide gels (10%). Four viral proteins were identified and their molecular weights were determined: protein A (77 500-79 500), protein B (63 000-63 500), protein C (61 500-63 000) and protein D (50 000-55 000). The viral protein D although reported for some other parvoviruses has not previously been demonstrated in CPV-2, MEV or FPV.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Detection of parvovirus B19 by dot-blot and polymerase chain reaction.

Our studies compare detection of parvovirus B19 DNA by dot-blot hybridization and by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Compared to detection by dot-blot hybridization with a 32P-oligonucleotide probe, the sensitivity of PCR product detection by ethidium bromide fluorescence is not compromised when the size of the amplification target and number of cycles of amplification are properly selected. Our PCR assay simultaneously amplifies two targets in the B19 genome and yields a sensitivity 10 times greater than 32P-labelled oligonucleotide--dot-blot hybridization (dot-blot). In 126 serum samples from cases of suspected parvovirus B19 infection, viral DNA was detected by PCR in 17% (21/126), whereas dot-blot detected B19 DNA in 0.8% (1/126). Parvovirus B19-specific antibodies were detected in 69% (87/126) of the suspected clinical cases by immunoblot. Nineteen of the antibody-positive specimens were DNA positive of which three were IgM-positive/IgG-negative, 11 IgM-positive/IgG-positive and five IgM-negative/IgG-positive. The only dot-blot DNA positive sample was also PCR-DNA positive but was B19 IgM-negative/IgG-negative. Eighty-six B19 antibody-negative, clinically uninfected controls were also negative for B19 DNA by PCR and by dot-blot. These studies confirm the increased sensitivity of gene amplification by PCR for detection of B19 DNA and demonstrate that two targets in B19 DNA can be amplified simultaneously with resultant increased ease of interpretation. Finally, detection of the two B19-specific products by ethidium bromide fluorescence is documented.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2002

Case report of meningoencephalitis during a concomitant mumps and parvovirus B19 infection.

A 19-year-old, immunologically healthy man suffered from prolonged and intermittent high fever, left parotitis, systemic lymph node swelling, progressive liver dysfunction and leukocytopenia. 11 days after the fever onset, consciousness disturbance and generalized convulsion occurred. By the administration of gamma-globulin and steroid, the patient recovered completely. Serum titers of IgG and IgM specific for both human parvovirus B19 and mumps were elevated, and parvovirus B19 DNA was identified in the serum. It was speculated that overlap infection of mumps and parvovirus B19 made the disease more severe in this patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

An outbreak of erythema infectiosum associated with human parvovirus infection.

Erythema infectiosum (EI) or fifth disease is a mild, acute exanthematous disease, occurring mainly among children, for which a causative virus has long been sought. In May 1983 an outbreak of exanthematous illness was reported in a primary school in North London. Children attending the school were investigated by questionnaire and 162 (43.9%) reported an illness with the features of EI. In each of 36 cases investigated virologically the illness was associated with parvovirus infection. Moreover, pre-existing antibody to parvovirus was correlated with protection from EI in 16 of 17 close family contacts of cases. We propose therefore that EI is the common manifestation of infection with the human parvovirus.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The development and use of an antibody capture radioimmunoassay for specific IgM to a human parvovirus-like agent.

An IgM-antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) was developed for the detection of IgM antibody specific for the human parvovirus-like agent B19. Diagnosis of infection with this agent by either antigen detection or antibody seroconversion had been made by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in 18 cases of aplastic crisis occurring in children with homozygous sickle-cell disease. The MACRIA described here gave positive results in 17 of these 18 cases; in the remaining case only an acute specimen taken from the patient during viraemia and late convalescent specimens taken 184 and 247 days after onset of illness were available. The test was used to investigate 20 further cases of aplastic crisis in which neither viral antigen nor antibody seroconversion could be detected by CIE. Detection of virus-specific IgM permitted diagnosis of infection with this parvovirus-like agent in 17 of these cases. In the remaining three cases only single serum specimens taken late in convalescence, 82 days or more after the onset of symptoms, were available. In addition to these 34 cases of aplastic crisis in which primary infection with this agent was diagnosed by MACRIA, seven cases of apparent 'silent' infection detected by CIE were investigated. The test permitted the discrimination between primary infection and re-exposure to the virus in six of these patients. The use of this assay has added a considerable weight of evidence implicating primary infection with this parvovirus-like agent as an important cause of aplastic crisis in children with sickle-cell disease. Furthermore, MACRIA permits diagnosis of infection when only single serum specimens taken up to ten weeks after infection are available. Thus the use of this test will significantly facilitate the investigation of other clinical syndromes of presumptive infectious aetiology.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus following treatment with CHOP and rituximab for B-cell lymphoma.

A 26-year-old woman, diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, was treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunomycin, oncovin, prednisone), rituximab and radiotherapy. She developed transfusion-dependant anaemia, which persisted following chemotherapy. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy were consistent with pure red cell aplasia and parvovirus infection. Serology was negative for previous or acute infection but parvovirus DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (1 g/kg) resulted in reticulocytosis and recovery of her haemoglobin. We hypothesize that rituximab caused depletion of her normal B cells, resulting in an inability to mount a primary immune response to parvovirus infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Association of parvovirus infection with isolated fetal effusions.

The association of parvovirus B19 infection and hydrops fetalis is well known. However, the association of parvovirus and fetal pleural or pericardial effusions has not been reported. We present five cases of isolated pleural or pericardial effusion with documented maternal parvovirus infection in four of these pregnancies. In the absence of structural or karyotypic abnormalities, spontaneous resolution of the effusion portends for a successful pregnancy outcome.

Female↗
PubMed1987

[Association of non-immunologically-induced hydrops fetalis with Parvovirus B19 infection].

Five weeks after the onset of clinical symptoms of erythema infectiosum, a 24 year old pregnant woman, gravida I, para 0, suffered a hydrops fetalis which resulted in fetal loss. The maternal infection with the human parvovirus B19 could be confirmed serologically with ELISA and immunoblot by detecting specific IgM antibodies against B19. In an amniotic sample of the fetus Parvovirus B19 DNA could be detected by hybridisation. Fetal loss was obviously due to a parvovirus B19 infection of the mother and the fetus.

Adult↗