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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Potential for protein deposition and threonine requirement of modern genotype barrows fed graded levels of protein with threonine as the limiting amino acid.

The study was conducted to estimate the actual genetic potential for daily protein deposition of growing barrows [genotype: Piétrain x (Duroc x Landrace)]. Twenty-four pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 43.7 +/- 0.7 kg were used in a N-balance study. Semi-purified diets with graded levels of crude protein (45.8, 94.2, 148.0, 198.9, 255.5 and 300.2 g/kg DM) were used, based on a constant mixture of wheat, soya bean protein concentrate and potato protein concentrate as protein sources. The amino acid pattern of the diets was according to the ideal amino acid ratio for growing pigs (Wang and Fuller, 1989), with the exception of threonine (adjusted as limiting amino acid). N-balance data were used to estimate daily N-maintenance requirement (NMR = 446 mg N/BW0.67 kg/day) by regression method and the theoretical maximum of daily N-retention (PDmaxT = 3115 mg N/BW0.67 kg/day) based on N-utilization model of Gebhardt (1966) using program Mathematica 3.0. The results indicate that PDmaxT of pigs under study is much higher than results from earlier studies with older genotypes. In summary, pigs of modern genotype have a very high genetic potential for daily protein deposition and these actual data are important basic informations for estimation of amino acid requirement within the model used. Threonine requirement data depending on threonine efficiency and protein deposition (8.96, 10.45 and 12.22 g/day for 130, 145 and 160 g daily protein deposition; 50 kg body weight) are discussed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

[Technology of fitness testing].

The aim of the fitness testing is to measure the aerobic working capacity of the subject, to reveal the health-threatening risk factors, and to detect the positive and negative features of his/her life-style, with the purpose of advising an individually tailored exercise program, diet and behavioral pattern to promote the subjects health. Technology of the resting and exercise tests are summarized. The recommended calculations and the "normal values" are also reported.

Diet↗
PubMed1979

Diet-induced changes in plasma amino acid pattern: effects on the brain uptake of large neutral amino acids, and on brain serotonin synthesis.

Tryptophan is transported into brain by a competitive carrier system it shares with such other large neutral amino acids as tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Physiologic variations in the plasma neutral amino acid pattern (either as a change in plasma tryptophan, or in the plasma concentration of one or more of its competitors) directly alter this competitive process, and thereby modify the uptake of tryptophan into brain. Such variations in tryptophan uptake influence brain tryptophan levels, and thus serotonin synthesis. Food intake, by influencing directly the plasma levels of large neutral amino acids, ca- therefore predictably modify brain trypotphan uptake and serotonin synthesis. The effect of food intake on the competitive uptake of tryptophan into brain, and on brain tryptophan levels, has recently been shown not to be limited to this amino acid, but also holds for other large neutral amino acids, and for certain large neutral amino acid drugs (e.g., methyldopa). Hence, following a meal, the brain concentration of any large neutral amino acid appears to depend on how the food modifies the plasma level of that amino acid relative to the plasma concentrations of its competitors. The binding of tryptophan to albumin in blood has also been suggested to influence brain tryptophan uptake. However, this notion has not been sustained by the results of nutritional studies, in which meal-induced changes in brain tryptophan levels were readily shown not to be predicted by the alterations in the size of the serum free tryptophan pool. Taken together, these data affirm the importance of competitive transport in determining brain tryptophan uptake and levels, but question whether serum albumin binding and the size of the free tryptophan pool function physiologically to modulate brain tryptophan concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Changes in the serum lipoprotein pattern induced by two low-fat diets with a different vegetable content in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Thirty-two hypercholesterolemic outpatients were treated by a conventional low-fat diet (carbohydrate 56%; fat 25%; vegetable proteins 7%; animal proteins 12% of energy; P/S ratio 1.0). After 1 month T-C decreased by 11%, VLDL-C by 32%, LDL-C by 8%, HDLt-C by 10% and HDL2-C by 11%. Thirty-two comparable patients were treated by a different low-fat diet which provided 69% of energy as carbohydrate, 19% as fat, 7% as vegetable proteins and 5% as animal proteins; P/S ratio was 1.3. After 1 month T-C decreased by 9% and LDL-C by 12%. VLDL-C, HDL2-C and HDL3-C did not change significantly. A cross-over study on 24 patients confirmed that both diets have lowering effects on T-C and LDL-C levels, but only the conventional low-fat diet decreases VLDL-C and HDL2-C.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effect of Type I diabetes on the eating patterns of free-living French: a diet diary study.

In order to investigate the changes produced by Type I diabetes on the ad libitum eating behavior of free-living humans, 56 French participants with diabetes and 28 healthy controls were paid to maintain detailed food intake diaries for four 7-day periods. The participants with diabetes ate more protein and more frequent meals, ate slightly later and with fewer other people, were less hungry, thirsty, and depressed, but more elated than the healthy participants. Responses to social facilitation, the diurnal rhythm, subjective hunger, the palatability of the food, and the weekend were not affected by the presence of diabetes. The participants with diabetes had significantly larger correlations and regression coefficients for the relationship between meal size and the duration of the before-meal interval. The relationship between meal size and the after-meal interval was strong and positive in all participants. The recorded behavioral characteristics of diabetics may, in part, be accounted for by the nutritional education that is provided as an integral part of treatment. Based upon these results, it was theorized that the glucose regulatory system is an influence on intake, but only one of many that are responsible for the coordination, control, and regulation of nutrient intake in free-living humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of feeding restriction and meal pattern of a sugar beet-containing diet and control diet on nutrient digestibility, plasma lipid concentrations and postprandial triacylglycerol response in broiler chickens.

Broiler chickens were fed on a control diet based on maize or a diet containing sugar-beet-pulp fibre (Beetfiber) at an inclusion level of 46 g/kg. Diets were provided ad lib. or at a restricted level either once daily or three times daily. On days 13 and 20, chickens fed on the ad lib. control and sugar-beet-pulp-containing diets generally weighed more and had poorer feed conversion ratios than chickens given the restricted control and sugar-beet-pulp-containing diets respectively. Furthermore, chickens given the restricted diets once daily had greater body weights and generally improved feed conversion efficiencies compared with chickens given the restricted diets three times daily. Generally, elevated plasma lipid concentrations were observed amongst chickens given the restricted diets once daily compared with chickens fed ad lib. as well as the restricted diets three times daily, while chickens fed on restricted diets three times daily had plasma lipid concentrations intermediate between those fed ad lib. and once daily. In a plasma triacyglycerol response study on day 22, feeding of sugar-beet-pulp-containing diets generally reduced postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations and delayed triacylglycerol response relative to chickens given the control diets either ad lib. or restricted, which may indicate gastrointestinal adaptation to feeding of a fibre-rich diet. Postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations observed for chickens receiving restricted diets were increased compared with chickens given the respective ad lib. diets, indicating adaptation of chickens to reduced feed frequency. On day 25, feeding of sugar-beet-pulp-containing diets decreased digesta dry matter content and ileal organic matter digestibility. Chickens given sugar-beet-pulp-containing diets generally had, on day 25, increased caecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in comparison with chickens given the ad lib. control diet, indicating increased fermentation of dietary components. It is also noteworthy that the greatest SCFA concentrations were observed amongst chickens given the control diet once daily, suggesting enhanced caecal fermentation capacity. This may have been a consequence of increased bacterial activity and caecal hypertrophy due to infrequent feeding of a low-fibre diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Influence of fasting and post-fast diet energy level on feed intake, feeding pattern and blood variables of lambs.

Trials were conducted to determine the influence of feed and water deprivation on feed intake, plasma glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), urea-N (PUN), serum insulin and growth hormone (GH) in lambs. In Trial 1, 12 Hampshire X Suffolk lambs (avg wt 30.5 kg) were deprived of feed and water for 0, 24, 48 or 72 h. During the first 8 d of realimentation, feed intake was depressed more (P less than .05) by longer periods of deprivation. In Trial 2, 12 crossbred lambs (avg wt 50 kg) were deprived of feed and water for 0 or 72 h. During the first 4 d of realimentation, feed intake was lower (P less than .05) in deprived than in fed lambs. The depressed feed intake could be detected within 30 min of feeding. In Trial 3, 12 crossbred lambs (avg wt 40 kg) were fasted for 0 or 72 h, and blood samples were obtained at -5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min postprandial. On the 1st d of realimentation, lambs previously fasted had abnormal serum hormone patterns compared with nonfasted controls. On d 2 of realimentation, lambs previously fasted had higher (P less than .05) insulin, glucose and FFA than controls. On d 4 of realimentation, lambs previously fasted had higher insulin:GH ratios and lower PUN than controls. Results of these trials suggest that depriving lambs of feed and water for 72 h reduces subsequent feed intake for 4 d or more. Postprandial blood metabolite patterns are abnormal for a similar length of time.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The influence of various carbohydrates on the feeding pattern of rats fed zinc-deficient diets.

When dextrin, maltose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were used as a source of carbohydrate in a diet, the food intake of rats fed either a Zn-adequate or Zn-deficient diet was evaluated daily over 28 d. The average food intake of all groups of rats fed the Zn-deficient diet was significantly lower than that of the corresponding groups of Zn-adequate control rats. The food intake of the dextrin group was the highest under both Zn-deficient and Zn-adequate diets, and that of the fructose group was the lowest. All rats of the dextrin, maltose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose groups with the Zn-deficient status showed a characteristic cyclic variation in food intake and fitted well to a Cosinor curve. The values of the mesor, amplitude, and period of the food intake cycles showed significant differences among the groups. The higher intake of the glucose diet than the fructose diet of rats fed a Zn-deficient diet may be related to the different metabolisms of the carbohydrates used, from the comparison of the quantities consumed in the corresponding carbohydrates of Zn-adequate diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Ideal way of diet therapy to improve the eating behavior pattern].

As for obesity, the intake energy increases compared with the energy consumption and the synthesis to the body fat develops at a long term. How the eating behavior pattern took part in the disorder of adjustment function of such an energy balance have been examined. In addition, I have clarified how to improve the eating behavior of the purchase, the cooking, the preservation of the food, and the speed, the frequency, and distribution and the sense at the meal for prevention and treatment of obesity.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Dietary effects on liver and muscle glycogen repletion in exhaustively exercised rats: energy composition and type of complex carbohydrates.

Previous reports have indicated that administration of a glucose-citrate (G-C) drink after a bout of exhaustive exercise results in more effective glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle in rats as compared with administration of glucose alone. The present studies report the effects of the energy pattern and the type of carbohydrates, dextrin or starch from rice, in diet given following the G-C drink after exercise, on further glycogen repletion in the tissues of rats. Rats were adapted to meal-feeding 3 times a day and trained with light swimming for 7 to 10 days. On the final day of experiments, rats received the G-C drink after 2 h of exhaustive swimming and were then fed on diets with different energy patterns or carbohydrate types. Results showed that a high-carbohydrate diet is more effective than a high-fat diet for further glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle. In addition, dextrin was revealed to be superior to starch as a carbohydrate source in tissue glycogen repletion. As compared with the high-fat diet, the high-carbohydrate diet, however, resulted in a lower serum free fatty acid concentration 4 h after ingestion of food possibly by decreasing adipose tissue lipolysis.

Adipose Tissue↗