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PubMed2000

Speech recognition training for enhancing written language generation by a traumatic brain injury survivor.

Impairments in motor functioning, language processing, and cognitive status may impact the written language performance of traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors. One strategy to minimize the impact of these impairments is to use a speech recognition system. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of mild dysarthria and mild cognitive-communication deficits secondary to TBI on a 19-year-old survivor's mastery and use of such a system-specifically, Dragon Naturally Speaking. Data included the % of the participant's words accurately perceived by the system over time, the participant's accuracy over time in using commands for navigation and error correction, and quantitative and qualitative changes in the participant's written texts generated with and without the use of the speech recognition system. Results showed that Dragon NaturallySpeaking was approximately 80% accurate in perceiving words spoken by the participant, and the participant quickly and easily mastered all navigation and error correction commands presented. Quantitatively, the participant produced a greater amount of text using traditional word processing and a standard keyboard than using the speech recognition system. Minimal qualitative differences appeared between writing samples. Discussion of factors that may have contributed to the obtained results and that may affect the generalization of the findings to other TBI survivors is provided.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

When syntax meets semantics.

Three experiments concerning the processing of syntactic and semantic violations were conducted. Event-related potentials (ERPs) showed that semantic violations elicited an N400 response, whereas syntactic violations elicited two early negativities (150 and 350 ms) and a P600 response. No interaction between the semantic and early syntactic ERP effects was found. Sentence complexity and violation probability (25% vs. 75%) affected only the P600 and not the early negativities. The probability effect was taken as evidence that the P600 resembles the P3b. The temporal order of word processing in a sentence as suggested by the data was such that a more automatic syntactic analysis was performed (earlier syntactic-related negativities) in parallel with a semantic analysis (N400), after which a syntactic reanalysis was performed (P600). A reanalysis interpretation of the P600 could explain why the extent of the reanalysis differed with syntactic complexity and probability of ungrammaticality.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Developmental trends in the interaction between auditory and linguistic processing.

The developmental course of multidimensional speech processing was examined in 80 children between 3 and 6 years of age and in 60 adults between 20 and 86 years of age. Processing interactions were assessed with a speeded classification task (Garner, 1974a), which required the subjects to attend selectively to the voice dimension while ignoring the linguistic dimension, and vice versa. The children and adults exhibited both similarities and differences in the patterns of processing dependencies. For all ages, performance for each dimension was slower in the presence of variation in the irrelevant dimension; irrelevant variation in the voice dimension disrupted performance more than irrelevant variation in the linguistic dimension. Trends in the degree of interference, on the other hand, showed significant differences between dimensions as a function of age. Whereas the degree of interference for the voice-dimension-relevant did not show significant age-related change, the degree of interference for the word-dimension-relevant declined significantly with age in a linear as well as a quadratic manner. A major age-related change in the relation between dimensions was that word processing, relative to voice-gender processing, required significantly more time in the children than in the adults. Overall, the developmental course characterizing multidimensional speech processing evidenced more pronounced change when the linguistic dimension, rather than the voice dimension, was relevant.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Visual memory impairment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled study.

Memory processes were compared in 26 patients presenting DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with 20 sex-, age- and education-matched normal controls. A significant between-group difference was found: visual memory was significantly lower in OCD, whereas no significant between-group differences in verbal memory were observed. A subsample of 17 OCD were also compared with the 20 control subjects on an explicit-memory free-recall task and an implicit-memory completion task using neutral, obsessive and guilt-responsibility words to test the effects of an emotional verbal input on memory functioning. No between-group difference was found, suggesting that emotionally laden word processing did not modify implicit and explicit memory performances.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Computer-assisted documentation and performance data processing in the intensive care unit. Description of a custom development].

Computer-aided documentation of medical and performance data processing seems to be imperative for every intensive-care unit in the future. It is the rational approach to deal with therapy-related information management as well as organizational and administrative tasks. This custom-made program is based on data collected from 3600 intensive-care patients. It serves 3 objectives: 1. documentation of relevant therapeutic data, 2. information exchange with other departments, 3. thorough analysis of topics related to intensive-care medicine. Based on a microsoft disc operating system, the programme contains not only the data base but also word processing and statistical capacities. Optional choice by menu guarantees easy handling and helps to create a high acceptance.

Germany, West↗
PubMed1986

[An experimental study of work load on VDT performance. Part 2. Effects of difference in input devices].

Effects of the difference in input device on work load of VDT task were studied. The subjects of the experiment were eight healthy male college students (age: 21-22 yr) having a binocular vision of not less than 0.7 and no astigmatism or hyperopia. The test consisted of an experimental word processing task in which the subjects visually searched e's in given sequences of alphabetical letters displayed on the CRT and converted them to 5's through input device operation. As for experimental conditions, two kinds of input devices, namely, keyboard and lightpen were adopted and 1 h was provided as each operation time. Critical flicker fusion (CFF), near point distance, accommodation time, subjective fatigue symptoms, blinking counts, pupillary reflex, electromyogram in upper limb, neck and shoulder and performance score were measured. The results were as follows. Decrease in C.F.F. was observed in two experimental conditions during the process of operating time. Increments in complaints of subjective fatigue related to visual function were seen in the two experimental conditions after 1 h VDT task. A higher error rate in performance was observed in the subjects using the lightpen compared to the one using the keyboard. The frequency of both blinking and pupil-size changes were lower in the subjects using the lightpen compared to those using the keyboard. This suggests that the gaze time of the VDT screen with lightpen-condition is longer than that in keyboard-condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2000

The role of morphological constituents in reading Finnish compound words.

The processing of transparent Finnish compound words was investigated in 2 experiments in which eye movements were recorded while sentences were read silently. The frequency of the second constituent had a large influence (95 ms) on gaze duration on the target words, but its influence was relatively late in processing: A clear effect only occurred on the probability of a third fixation. The frequency of the whole compound word had a similar influence on gaze duration (82 ms) and influenced eye movements at least as rapidly as did the frequency of the second constituent. These results, together with an earlier finding that the frequency of the first constituent affected the first fixation duration, indicate that the identification of these compound words involves parallel processing of both morphological constituents and whole-word representations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Syntactic and semantic processing in the healthy and aphasic human brain.

A syntactic and a semantic task were performed by German-speaking healthy subjects and aphasics with lesions in the dominant left hemisphere. In both tasks, pictures of objects were presented that had to be classified by pressing buttons. The classification was into grammatical gender in the syntactic task (masculine or feminine gender?) and into semantic category in the semantic task (man- or nature made?). Behavioral data revealed a significant Group by Task interaction, with aphasics showing most pronounced problems with syntax. Brain event-related potentials 300-600 ms following picture onset showed different task-dependent laterality patterns in the two groups. In controls, the syntax task induced a left-lateralized negative ERP, whereas the semantic task produced more symmetric responses over the hemispheres. The opposite was the case in the patients, where, paradoxically, stronger laterality of physiological brain responses emerged in the semantic task than in the syntactic task. We interpret these data based on neuro-psycholinguistic models of word processing and current theories about the roles of the hemispheres in language recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Electronic submission of academic works: a survey of current editorial practices of radiologic journals.

Computers are nearly ubiquitous in academic medicine, and authors create and compile much of their work in the electronic environment, yet the process of manuscript submission often fails to utilize the advantages of electronic communication. The purpose of this report is to review the submission policies of major academic journals in the field of radiology and assess current editorial practices relating to electronic submission of academic works. The authors surveyed 16 radiologic journals that are indexed in the Index Medicus and available in our medical center library. They compared the manuscript submission policies of these journals as outlined in recent issues of the journals and the corresponding worldwide web sites. The authors compared the journals on the following criteria: web site access to instructions; electronic submission of text, both with regard to initial submission and final submission of the approved document; text hardcopy requirements; word processing software restrictions; electronic submission of figures, figure hardcopy requirements; figure file format restrictions; and electronic submission media. Although the trend seems to be toward electronic submission, there currently is no clear-cut standard of practice. Because all of the journals that accept electronic documents also require a hardcopy, many of the advantages gained through electronic submission are nullified. In addition, many publishers only utilize electronic documents after a manuscript has been accepted, thus utilizing the benefits of digital information in the printing process but not in the actual submission and peer-review process.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Noun imageability and the temporal lobes.

We used positron emission tomography to investigate brain activity in response to hearing or reading nouns of varying imageability. Three experiments were performed. Activity increased with noun imageability in the left mid-fusiform gyrus, the lateral parahippocampal area in humans, and in the rostral medial temporal lobes close to or within perirhinal cortex. The left mid-fusiform activation has been observed in previous imaging studies of single word processing. Its functional significance was variously attributed to semantic processing, visual imagery, encoding episodic memories, or the integration of lexical inputs from different sensory modalities. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. The more rostral medial lobe response to noun imageability has not been observed previously. However, lesions in perirhinal cortex impair knowledge about objects in non-human primates, and bilateral rostral ventromedial temporal lobe potentials in response to object nouns were observed with human intracranial recordings. Imageable (object) nouns are learnt with reference to sensory experiences of living and non-living objects, whereas acquisition of the meaning of low imageable (abstract) nouns is more dependent on their context within sentences. Parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices are reciprocally connected with, respectively, second and third order sensory association cortices. We conclude that access to the representations of word meaning is dependent on heteromodal temporal lobe cortex, and that during the acquisition of object nouns one route is established through ventromedial temporal cortical regions that have reciprocal connections with all sensory association cortices.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reading spoken words: orthographic effects in auditory priming.

Three experiments examined the involvement of orthography in spoken word processing using a task - unimodal auditory priming with offset overlap - taken to reflect activation of prelexical representations. Two types of prime-target relationship were compared; both involved phonological overlap, but only one had a strong orthographic overlap (e.g., dream-gleam vs. scheme-gleam). In Experiment 1, which used lexical decision, phonological overlap facilitated target responses in comparison with an unrelated condition (e.g., stove-gleam). More importantly, facilitation was modulated by degree of orthographic overlap. Experiment 2 employed the same design as Experiment 1, but with a modified procedure aimed at eliciting swifter responses. Again, the phonological priming effect was sensitive to the degree of orthographic overlap between prime and target. Finally, to test whether this orthographic boost was caused by congruency between response type and valence of the prime-target overlap, Experiment 3 used a pseudoword detection task, in which participants responded "yes" to novel words and "no" to known words. Once again phonological priming was observed, with a significant boost in the orthographic overlap condition. These results indicate a surprising level of orthographic involvement in speech perception, and provide clear evidence for mandatory orthographic activation during spoken word recognition.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Evaluating graduate and undergraduate nursing students' computer skills to determine the need to continue teaching computer literacy.

1. INTRODUCTION. This descriptive study examined undergraduate and graduate nursing students' perceptions of their computer literacy skills to determine whether faculty should continue teaching basic computing skills in nursing programs. As in Bryson's study [1] the computer literate nurse is one who understands the concepts of hardware, software, and operating systems; who is able ot use the computer to learn; and who is able ot use such applications as word-processing, spreadsheets, and databases. Zeimer [2] predicted that by 1994 students entering nursing schools would be prepared to use computers and that further teaching of computer skills would not be needed. Some faculty, however, have felt that students are not entering nursing programs prepared to use computers. 2. TOOLS. A Level of Computer Experience (LCE) tool was developed to measure the computer literacy skills of students entering the first of three Masters' level nursing informatics courses over a six-year period. The instrument's 25 items determined experience with: operating systems, hardware, learning tools, applications, and information systems (IS) life cycle (design, selection, implementation, evaluation and project management). The instrument was modified for undergraduate students; this eliminated the items relating to the IS life cycle since these items reflect advanced skills. The resulting instrument was composed of the first 16 items of the original Level of Computer Experience tool. For each item, a four pint Likert scale allowed respondents to choose from the words "none," "some," "moderate," and "extensive" to describe their level of experience. For scoring purposes each word was assigned a numerical value as follows: none = 1, some = 2, moderate = 3, and extensive =4. 3. DATA. The LCE was administered to 65 sophomore nursing students and 74 graduate nursing informatics students. Undergraduate scored 4 items (use of microcomputer, use of IBM type computer, keyboard skills and use of WordPerfect). This score was above the 2 or 'some' experience level. Mean scores for all other items ranged between 1 and 2. Graduate informatics students also had higher mean scores for the 4 items. No mean scores reached the 'moderate' level for either group. One-way analysis of variances showed significant differences between the undergraduate and graduate students on the item concerning use of statistical packages. 4. CONCLUSIONS. In this population, both graduate and undergraduate nursing students continue to possess low levels of computer literacy skills. Since many students come into nursing programs without the capability of using information technology in practice, schools need to continue providing a way for students to obtain computer literacy skills.

Baltimore↗
PubMed1998

Levels of processing and single word priming in amnesic and control subjects.

This paper describes an experiment which examined how levels of processing (LOP) affected word fragment completion in a group of Wernicke-Korsakoff patients, a group of patients with closed head injury, and matched controls. The data showed that both the memory-impaired groups and the controls showed a LOP effect but that the effect was larger in controls. Data from other studies are reviewed and, in conjunction with the present findings, it is concluded that LOP effects obtained when memory-impaired individuals are tested using implicit memory tasks arise mainly from the contribution of lexical processing of targets and from contamination by explicit recollection.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Brain state-dependent functional hemispheric specialization in men but not in women.

Hemispheric specialization is reliably demonstrated in patients with unilateral lesions or disconnected hemispheres, but is inconsistent in healthy populations. The reason for this paradox is unclear. We propose that functional hemispheric specialization in healthy participants depends upon functional brain states at stimulus arrival (FBS). Brain activity was recorded from 123 surface electrodes while 22 participants (11 women) performed lateralized lexical decisions (left hemisphere processing) on neutral and emotional (right hemisphere processing) words. We determined two classes of stable FBS, one with right anterior-left posterior orientations (RA-LP maps) and one with left anterior-right posterior orientations (LA-RP maps). Results show that functional hemispheric specialization is dependent upon the class of FBS and gender. Of those with LA-RP maps, only men showed a strong emotional word advantage (EWA) after left visual field (right hemisphere) presentation, but no EWA after right visual field (left hemisphere) presentation. Subsequent to all other brain states, there was an almost equal EWA after presentation to either visual field. Only about half of the FBS in men led to the pattern of functional hemispheric specialization. We suggest that 'split-brain' research may be marginally describable by a model, but only in exceptional situations, while in connected brains this functional hemispheric specialization is only one of many dynamic states.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cortical connectivity during word association search.

Cortical connectivity was studied in tasks of generating the use of words in comparison with reading aloud the same words. These tasks were used earlier in PET and high density ERP recordings studies (Posner and Raichle, 1997; Abdullaev and Posner, 1998), in which both the functional anatomy and the time course of cortical areas involved in word processing were described. The wavelet transforms of ERP records and the calculation of correlations between wavelet curves were used to reveal connections between cortical areas. Three stages of intracortical communications while task performance were found. These were: (1) the connections between right and left frontal and central areas which preceded stimulus delivery and persisted up to 180 ms after it; (2) the network connecting right and left frontal with left posterior temporal-parietal junction at 280-450 ms; and (3) communications between left and right temporal zones in 550-800 ms. The data are in good agreement with results of previous PET and ERP studies and supply the earlier findings with circuitry of cortical information transfer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

One residency's experience with the electronic residency application service.

For medical students and residency programs alike, the residency application process is time-consuming. This paper examines one program's experience with a computerized system designed by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) to simplify and standardize the filing and receipt of applications over the Internet. A large-scale pilot test of the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) was implemented in 1995-1996 for applicants to first-year residency positions in OB-GYN. Each student completed the computerized application, which was transmitted, along with other documents, to student-specified programs by the dean's office via the AAMC "electronic post office." ERAS will be extended to family practice residencies in 1997-1998. A major advantage of ERAS to residency programs is that materials were received in a well-organized, complete, and consistent format. Built-in filters allow grouping of applicants according to various criteria. Opening envelopes and filing documents is no longer necessary. Each student completes one application, and faculty write one letter of recommendation per student. Disadvantages of the 1995-1996 system related to the software, which had an inflexible interface and did not allow a spreadsheet view of the database. Personal statements and recommendation letters were often sent as unformatted ASCII text and were difficult to read. Dean's offices reported problems scanning documents such as transcripts and photographs. These problems led to resubmission of materials and receipt of duplicate copies. With the standard application format, ASCII-style personal statements and "generic" recommendation letters caused applicants to lose individuality. Specific recommendations to the AAMC for improving ERAS include providing a spreadsheet view, allowing students and faculty to write personal statements and letters in standard word processing formats, and allowing faculty to send unique letters to specific residency programs.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1998

Canopy computing: using the Web in clinical practice.

The rain forest canopy is a seamless web through which arboreal creatures efficiently move to reach the edible fruits without any attention to the individual trees. Individual health care computer systems are rich with patient data, but rather than a canopy linking all the trees in the forest, the data "fruit" come from a diverse forest of individual computer "trees"-laboratory systems, word processing systems, pharmacy systems, and the like. These different sources of patient information are difficult or impossible to reach by individual physicians, especially from their offices. The World Wide Web and other standardization technology provide physicians and their institutions the tools needed for seamless and secure access to their patients' data and to medical information, when and where they need it. We and others have adopted these tools to combine independent sources of clinical data. Physicians who assist in the purchase of clinical information systems should demand products in their practice settings that are Web enabled, use standard coding systems, and communicate with other computer systems via broadly accepted protocols.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed2003

The N400 in beginning readers.

In an event-related potentials study of brain-behavior relations during learning-to-read, girls in first grade viewed known words, unknown words, difficult words, and nonwords presented in list form. Participants were divided into low-ability and high-ability reading groups based on standardized test scores. During the 300- to 600-ms epoch, low-ability readers lacked a substantial N400 while high-ability readers evidenced a large, widely distributed negativity to all word types. During the 600- to 1,000-ms epoch, high-ability readers showed effects of repetition while low-ability readers did not. The findings indicate a less selective neurocognitive word-processing system in children as compared to adults and suggest that the N400 may serve as an oblique index of the automaticity of lower level processing.

Brain↗