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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Cotton-wool spots (inner retinal ischemic spots) in malignant arterial hypertension.

We produced experimental renovascular malignant arterial hypertension by modified Goldblatt's procedures, in 60 rhesus monkeys. Hypertensive retinopathy was studied in detail (by ophthalmoscopy, and stereoscopic color fundus photography and fluorescein fundus angiography on long-term follow-up). Cotton-wool spots (CWSs) were found to be an important, early retinal lesion. On ophthalmoscopy, they had a characteristic appearance. Fluorescein fundus angiography of these lesions revealed focal retinal capillary nonperfusion. The CWSs usually lasted for over 3 weeks and resolved within 6 weeks, leaving permanent obliteration of the retinal capillaries in their distribution, secondary intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, and retinal nerve fiber loss. We discuss pathogenesis and other features of CWSs. There is overwhelming evidence that CWSs are due to occlusion of the terminal retinal arterioles, resulting in acute focal inner retinal ischemia; hence the scientifically valid term for them would be 'inner retinal ischemic spots'.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Triple immunofluorolabeling with two rabbit polyclonal antibodies and a mouse monoclonal antibody allowing three-dimensional analysis of cotton wool plaques in Alzheimer disease.

We established a triple-labeling method with two rabbit polyclonal antibodies and a mouse monoclonal antibody and examined autopsied brain tissue with cotton wool plaques (CWPs). One of the polyclonal antibodies was so diluted (anti-Abeta42 or anti-Abeta40/1:30,000 or anti-von Willebrand factor/1:1000) that its visualization was possible only after amplification with the catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) method. The other polyclonal antibody (anti-Abeta40 or anti-Abeta42/1:1000) was visualized with a fluorochrome conjugated to an anti-rabbit antibody that specifically visualized the latter polyclonal antibody because of its lower sensitivity. A monoclonal antibody, AT8, was superimposed to yield triple immunofluorolabeling. Serial optical sections with an interval of 0.3 micro m were reconstructed to allow three-dimensional (3D) observation of these three epitopes. Abeta40 was localized to core-like structures, mainly in layers I-III, and was sometimes in contact with the vascular wall, both without neuritic reactions. CWPs, present in layers I-VI, were labeled with anti-Abeta42 and were accompanied by neuritic reactions. These differences suggest that mechanisms of Abeta deposition and its relation to neuritic reactions or to blood vessels differ according to the lesion, even in the same microscopic field.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of urine contamination rates using three different methods of collection: clean-catch, cotton wool pad and urine bag.

Collecting uncontaminated urine specimens from infants is difficult. Commonly, an adhesive urinecollecting bag is used, which is uncomfortable. This study determined bacterial contamination rates using three methods of urine collection sequentially on the same infant (without known urinary tract infection)-clean-catch, cotton wool (sanitary) pad and urine bag. The study was undertaken in children under 3 years of age in the Institute of Maternal and Child Health of Pernambuco (IMIP), Recife, Brazil. Urine samples were analysed using phase contrast microscopy and routine culture. Culture of bacteria at any level was interpreted as a contaminated urine specimen. Cultures with > 10(5) colony-forming units/ml of one species by all three collection methods were regarded as true urinary tract infection and these children were excluded. Altogether, 534 urine samples from 191 patients were analysed. Median age was 2 months (1 day-36 months) and 124 (65%) were boys. Twelve children (6.3%) were considered to have true urinary tract infection, three were indeterminate and in 16 one or more samples were missing and all were excluded from analysis. There were more missing samples using the clean-catch method (12%) than when using the bag (4%) or pad (4%). Seventy-six of 160 (47.5%) children had evidence of bacterial contamination. Clean-catch specimens showed the least contamination (14.7%) and rates were similar between pads (29%) and bags (26.6%) (kappa = 0.40). Urine contamination rates were similar for sanitary pads and urine bags and significantly higher than for clean-catch (p<0.01). However, pads were a simple, non-invasive and comfortable alternative to bags.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Aspen wood-wool is preferred as a resting place, but does not affect intracage fighting of male BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice.

Aspen wood-wool, provided as nesting material, was evaluated as a possible improvement of cage environment for 10-14-week-old inbred male mice maintained in groups of six (BALB/c n = 72 and C57BL/6J n = 36). The daily behaviour of mice was video recorded and their body weight, food consumption, weights of some organs and serum corticosterone concentrations were measured. Aggressive interactions between cage mates and against a strange intruder as well as the number of wounds on the back of the animals was monitored in order to evaluate the effect of nesting material on intermale aggression. Nesting material did not affect the daily active/passive behaviour patterns of mice, although animals clearly preferred it as a resting place. BALB/c mice given nesting material showed less weight gain and smaller brown adipose tissue weights than animals without nesting material. The other characteristics measured were not affected by the presence of nesting material in either strain. The presence of nesting material had no effect on fighting in cages. C57BL/6J mice were more aggressive than BALB/c mice according to the number of wounded animals in a cage. Wounded BALB/c mice had enlarged spleens and decreased epididymal adipose tissue weights. In conclusion, the nesting material used in this study did not adversely affect the animals. On the other hand, the material was clearly preferred to conventional bedding as a resting place. These findings suggest that nesting material may improve the cage environment of laboratory mice. Furthermore, there was an indication of strain differences in aggressive behaviour. It could be suggested that C57BL/6J mice are less tolerant towards intruders and housing six mice per cage is not suitable for this strain.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed2002

Multiscale displacement field measurements of compressed mineral-wool samples by digital image correlation.

We propose a multiscale approach to determine the displacement field by digital image correlation. The displacement field is first estimated on a coarse resolution image and progressively finer details are introduced in the analysis as the displacement is more and more securely and accurately determined. Such a scheme has been developed to increase the robustness, accuracy, and reliability of the image-matching algorithm. The procedure is used on two different types of examples. The first one deals with a representative image that is deformed precisely and purposefully to assess the intrinsic performances. In particular, the maximum measurable strain is determined. The second case deals with a series of pictures taken during compression experiments on mineral-wool samples. The different steps ofthe procedure are analyzed and their respective role is assessed. Both reflection and transmission images are tested.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Behavior of rock wool in rat lungs after exposure by nasal inhalation.

To evaluate the safety of rock wool (RW) fibers, we examined the biopersistence of RW fibers in the lungs of rats, based on the changes of fiber number and fiber size in the length and width, in a nose-only inhalation exposure study. Twenty male Fischer 344 rats (6 to 10 wk old) were exposed to RW fibers at a fiber concentration of 70.6 (20.4) fiber/m(3) and a dispersion density of 30.4 (6.6) mg/m(3) [arithmetic mean (SD)] continuously for 3 h daily for 5 consecutive days. Five rats each were sacrificed shortly after exposure ended (baseline group) and at 1, 2, and 4 wk after exposure, and their lung tissues were ashed by a low temperature plasma-asher. The numbers and sizes of fibers in the ash samples were determined using a phase contrast microscope and a computed image analyzer. The fiber numbers in the lungs at 4 wk after exposure had significantly decreased from the baseline value, i. e. shortly after exposure (p<0.05). The half-lives of RW fibers calculated using the one-compartment model were 32 d for total fibers and 10 d for fibers longer than 20 microm in length. Fiber number was 53.6% of the baseline at 4 wk after exposure (baseline group=100%). Likewise, fiber sizes had significantly decreased at 4 wk after exposure (p<0.05), probably because fibers had been dissolved in body fluid, phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages or discharged from the body by mucociliary movement. In future studies, it will be necessary to examine the carcinogenicity of RW fibers through long-term inhalation studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nylon wool column--a tool for obtaining monokine-rich eluates in the absence of serum.

Diverse conditions for stimulating human mononuclear cells to release thymocyte costimulatory factors were tested for their contribution to the generation of supernatants containing high titers of these monokines. Activity titers increased with LPS concentration, reaching a plateau between 1 and 10 micrograms/ml. Indomethacin did not modify the monokine release, but the assay for thymocyte costimulatory activity was substantially affected by inhibitory substances produced by the monocytes in the absence of indomethacin. The use of nylon wool columns to trap the cells was shown to be effective in raising cellular densities without decreasing activity titers. As a result, the yield per cell could be maintained even in the absence of serum, an important step toward the goal of purifying bioactive peptides from crude broths.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of seminal plasma concentration and various extenders on postthaw motility and glass wool-Sephadex filtration of cryopreserved stallion semen.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of semen extender and seminal plasma on postthaw motility and filtration through a glass wool-Sephadex (GWS) filter for frozen stallion semen. SAMPLE POPULATION: 7 stallions from which we collected > or = 3 ejaculates/stallion. PROCEDURES: 4 experiments were conducted to evaluate postthaw quality of frozen stallion semen. Kenney extender was compared with glucose-EDTA extender by use of various dilution rates that resulted in differing concentrations of seminal plasma. Stallions known to produce semen with poor postthaw quality were used to investigate whether a particular extender or dilution rate could improve ability of such semen to survive freeze-thaw procedures. RESULTS: Use of Kenney extender as the centrifugation extender significantly improved postthaw motility and GWS filtration, compared with glucose-EDTA. Extending semen at a dilution of 1:3 was significantly better than 1:1 for both motility and GWS filtration. In addition, including seminal plasma at a concentration of 5% in the cryopreserved semen resulted in significantly higher yield of spermatozoa after GWS filtration, compared with complete removal of SP or use of seminal plasma at 25%. Lastly, semen with poor postthaw quality had significantly improved postthaw quality in regard to motility and GWS filtration when semen was frozen with seminal plasma at a concentration of 5%, compared with semen frozen with seminal plasma at a concentration of 25%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of Kenney extender at a high dilution (> or = 1:3) immediately after collection of semen can improve postthaw quality of frozen stallion semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Production of fine-wool ewes on yearlong rangeland in West Texas. I. Effects of season, stage of production and supplemental feed on intake.

Effects of season, reproductive stage and supplemental feed on fecal output, forage intake and digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) were determined in fine-wool ewes on rangeland. Fecal output was highest during winter and was not affected by supplemental feed level. Forage intake was similar across seasons, but DOMI was higher during spring because of the higher digestible organic matter (DOM) concentration in the diet. Lactating ewes consumed 35 to 40% more forage and DOM compared with nonlactating ewes. Nonlactating nonpregnant and pregnant ewes had similar intakes. Forage intake and DOMI during summer were intermediate to those observed during winter and spring. Supplemental feed tended to decrease forage intake and slightly increase DOMI, suggesting a substitution effect. It is suggested that intake was limited during winter by maximum passage of undigested residues. Other mechanisms are proposed for limiting intake during spring and summer. Comparison of intake data with National Research Council standards indicates that energy intake was low during most of the year under the conditions of this study.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Reproductive responses, progesterone profiles and ovarian characteristics of cycling, fine-wool ewes treated with an inhibitor of progesterone synthesis (epostane).

In Exp. 1, 45 fine-wool ewes received (sc) either 0, 50 or 100 mg epostane (3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor) to examine effects on return to estrus and conception rates. Treatments were imposed on d 10 of an estrous cycle (estrus = d 0) and jugular blood samples were collected once daily on d 8 and 9, twice daily on d 10 through 13 and once daily from d 14 until first post-treatment estrus or d 20 (15 ewes/treatment). Intensive samples were obtained hourly for 6 h after treatment (d 10; five ewes/treatment). Serum progesterone (P4) before treatment was similar among groups; but by 2 h after treatment, epostane-treated ewes had lower (P less than .10) values than controls. By 6 h post-treatment, serum P4 in ewes receiving 50 (1.0 ng/ml) and 100 (.9 ng/ml) mg epostane was well below control values (3.2 ng/ml). By 7 d after treatment, 93.3% of ewes treated with 50 mg epostane had recycled compared with 66.7 and 33.3% of those receiving 100 and 0 mg, respectively (P less than .10). Similarly, 93.3, 53.3 and 26.7% of ewes receiving 50, 100 or 0 mg epostane, respectively, lambed to breeding within 7 d of treatment (P less than .05). Overall conception rates during a 34-d breeding season were similar among groups. Preweaning performance of offspring did not differ among maternal treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Androstenols↗
PubMed2000

Variant Alzheimer's disease with spastic paraparesis and cotton wool plaques is caused by PS-1 mutations that lead to exceptionally high amyloid-beta concentrations.

We describe 3 new families affected by Alzheimer's disease with spastic paraparesis. In affected individuals, including the earliest known patient with this clinical syndrome, neuropathological examination revealed large "cotton wool" plaques similar to those we have previously described in a Finnish family. In the families in which DNA was available, presenilin-1 mutations were observed. Transfection of cells with these mutant genes caused exceptionally large increases in secreted Abeta42 levels. Furthermore, brain tissue from individuals with this syndrome had very high amyloid-beta concentrations. These findings define the molecular pathogenesis of an important subgroup of Alzheimer's disease and have implications for the pathogenesis of the disease in general.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Localization of clusterin on freeze-preserved bull spermatozoa before and after glass wool-sephadex filtration.

Clusterin is a major protein in bull reproductive tract secretions and sperm membrane extract. A polyclonal antibody was produced against clusterin from bull cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) and used for the localization of the protein on bull spermatozoa. Immunoblotting of unreduced bovine samples showed that the anticlusterin antibody reacted with a protein of approximately 94- to 100-kd in rete testis fluid (RTF), a approximately 57- to 76-kd protein in CEF, and with a approximately 57- to 60-kd protein from cauda epididymal sperm membrane extract. The antibody also reacted with stallion RTF and both ram CEF and RTF at relative molecular weights (Mr) that were consistent with the anticipated size of clusterin in these species. Less intense immunostaining was observed for a protein of about 2 times the predicted size of clusterin in unreduced ovine RTF, suggesting the presence of multimers of clusterin in ovine RTF. Also, a dimeric clusterin-sized protein was detected in reduced bovine CEF, suggesting the presence of unprocessed clusterin in bovine CEF. By immunofluorescence, clusterin was detected on only a small fraction of bull spermatozoa, which were morphologically abnormal. Neither permeabilization nor the method of dilution affected the reactivity of the antibody with spermatozoa (P > .05). Average clusterin-positive spermatozoa (CPS) in unpermeabilized, permeabilized, abruptly diluted, and gradually diluted semen were 10.1%, 11.3%, 15.0%, and 14.4%, respectively. CPS were eliminated from semen after filtration through glass wool-Sephadex (GWS) columns. Average CPS in unfiltered and filtered semen were 14.3% and 1.1%, respectively. We conclude that sperm clusterin in bull semen is associated with morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and that clusterin is implicated in the process of abnormal spermatozoa trapping in GWS columns. We suggest that the fraction of CPS in bull semen is a potential marker for poor semen quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Microsatellite markers for paternity testing of Liangshan semi-fine wool sheep].

The usefulness of multiplex polymerase chain reaction was evaluated and fluorescent detection with 20 microsatellites was used for paternity testing of Liangshan semi-fine wool sheep. The results in Cervus 2.0 indicated that the combined exclusion probability was 0.998666 when parents were both unknown. If father was known, combined exclusion probability was 0.999994, with confidence level of 95%. Finally, the biological parents of 215 individuals in offspring were found from 8 candidate fathers and 147 candidate mothers, and a mixed pedigree was constructed. It is useful for linkage analysis of sheep chromosomes and QTL location, also for the study of population structure, history, and diversity.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Incidence of cancer in the mineral-wool producing industry in Norway.

This study concerned the Norwegian phase of a European collaborative investigation on workers in man-made mineral fiber production. A study population of 2,361 men from four Norwegian plants was examined for mortality and cancer incidence, especially lung cancer, based on a comparison of observed and expected figures, the latter determined according to the five-year age-specific mortality and incidence rates for the entire country. Violent deaths among workers with less than one year of employment represented the only significant mortality excess. A borderline, statistically significant excess risk was found for cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx, but the fact that the excess occurred in one factory only led to the assumption that the risk was associated with factors other than mineral wool. An excess risk for lung cancer was also found among those with 20 years or more since first exposure (9 observed and 4.36 expected). The risk that emerged was presumably initiated before 1960, when the environmental conditions were more hazardous than later.

Calcium Compounds↗
PubMed1978

Effect of released lymphocyte proteins on human lymphocytes in vitro. II. Protein synthesis of nylon-wool separated cells in the presence of proteins derived from lymphocytes.

Protein synthesis of nylon-wool adherent (B) and non-adherent (T) human tonsillar lymphocytes was examined in the presence of three protein fractions precipitated with ammonium sulfate from the medium of the above lymphocytes incubated in vitro for 4 hours. One fraction precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 0--30% saturation was found to inhibit amino acid incorporation into proteins mainly in unseparated cells while the fraction precipitated at 30--70% saturation decreased the rate of protein synthesis in B cells. The fraction precipitated at 70--100% saturation inhibited protein synthesis slightly in T lymphocytes. Protein synthesis in B and T as well as in unseparated cells was also examined in the presence of proteins obtained from the medium of B and T lymphocytes. It is assumed that proteins released by lymphocytes without mitogenic activation in vitro are involved in the mediation of lymphocyte interactions and may be related to lymphokines synthesized and released by activated cells.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1988

The nylon wool adherence of rat mononuclear cells: physical, chemical and biological influences.

The application of mononuclear cell populations to a nylon wool (NW) column is a common early procedure in the selection of T lymphocytes for further study. The technique as presently employed in various laboratories does not appear to be standardized, and surprisingly little is known about the effects of physicochemical alterations and biologic mediators on the interaction of lymphocytes with the NW substrate. In this study the factors controlling the adherence of rat splenocytes to NW were examined. NW adherence was shown to be independent of loaded cell concentration, column packing or pH, but was very dependent on NW column size, wash volume, incubation time and ambient temperature. The addition of protein to media did not alter lymphocyte NW adherence, and the interaction did not appear to depend on intact cellular glycolysis or protein synthesis or on microtubular or microfilament function. Because of the theoretical importance of surface adherence to cell motility, the effects of various agents that alter lymphocyte migration were tested in the lymphocyte NW assay. Of the positive chemokinetic factors tested, only casein altered (decreased) NW adherence. Of the negative chemokinetic principles tested only the human lymphokine LyMIF altered (increased) NW adherence. The studies show that the NW-nonadherent cell pool may be a heterogeneous population depending on the physical conditions of the assay, and the NW adherence of rat splenocytes is not an all-or-none phenomenon but can be altered by physical and biological factors. This makes the standardization of the assay of critical importance, particularly if one wishes to compare results of subsequent experiments between laboratories.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Quantitative aspects of the percutaneous uptake of wool wax alcohols (cetyl alcohol) and paraffins (octadecane) from different ointment bases].

Since topical vehicles are partly responsible for the effects of active agents--both the wanted and the unwanted effects--attempt was made to obtain quantitative data on the possible penetration of cetyl alcohol contained in an aqueous hydrophilie cream (DAB 8) and in a wool fat alcohol ointment (lanoline) (DAB 8). Also the behaviour of the long-chained hydrocarbon, paraffin (octadecan), in these vehicles and in petrolatum (DAB 8) was studied. We found that the emulsifying agent in a W/O emulsion was detectable in the epidermis in low concentrations after 100 min, but the same agent in O/W emulsions only after 1000 min. It is, therefore, unlikely that cetyl alcohol penetrates the intact skin in allergicologically relevant concentrations. However, with diseased skin, a marked percutaneous absorption of cetyl alcohol, but not with paraffin, must be expected.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1983

Pathogenesis of cotton wool patches: a clinical study.

By clinical study of fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms, cotton wool patches (CWPs) were found in places where many nerve fibers traversed sharply demarcated border lines between perfused and nonperfused areas of the retina. The CWPs close to the disk (proximal CWPs) and those in the peripheral retina (distal CWPs) were separated and formed a bracket-like pair when the ischemic area reached a certain size. Vascular leakage was not always correlated with the CWPs. These clinical findings support the theory that impairment of axoplasmic transport plays a role in the development of CWPs.

Adult↗