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PubMedDate not supplied

Input technology.

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Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed1990

A method for the acquisition of formalized knowledge in pathology.

A tool is introduced for the acquisition of pathology knowledge in a formalized form, directly by the expert. Formalization of the knowledge is intended to make descriptive pathology knowledge more suitable for computerized diagnostic support since a formal representation of knowledge allows more extensive indexing, hence more flexible access. The knowledge acquisition (KA) tool also provides a useful research instrument to investigate to what extent pathology knowledge can be made explicit, to what degree ambiguity is present, in what way experts differ when formalizing knowledge, and whether it is feasible to incrementally acquire decision criteria on the basis of the formalized descriptive knowledge. Crucial in the design of the KA tool is the incorporated meta-knowledge, which is reflected by the knowledge-base structure and is used to elicit knowledge from the expert. Knowledge is acquired from the expert via a menu-driven user interface, which follows the general steps of the pathologist when describing a case. The paper discusses the considerations underlying the design, the implementation of the KA tool, and the research goals.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1990

BRAINDEX: an interactive, knowledge-based system supporting brain death diagnosis.

BRAINDEX (Brain-Death Expert System) is an interactive, knowledge-based expert system offering support to physicians in decision making concerning brain death. The physician is given the possibility of communicating in almost natural language and, therefore, in terms with which he is familiar. This updated version of the system is implemented on an IBM-PC/AT with the expert system shell PC-PLUS and consists of about 430 rules. The determination of brain death is realized with backward chaining and for the optional coma-scaling a forward-chaining mechanism is used.

Brain Death↗
PubMed1990

An evaluation of CD-ROM MEDLINE use in Thailand.

An analysis of requests for CD-ROM MEDLINE* searches from June to December 1987 at the Medical Library, Chulalongkorn University, was performed. Requests were received from eighty-two places, in Bangkok and the provinces; 97.8% were from government organizations. MEDLINE on CD-ROM was available from 1982 to date. Most users requested searches covering the previous five or six years. Users were surveyed regarding the service: just over 87% found the service user-friendly. In addition, users suggested that the library conduct search training programs, and more than half of the users noted that a single work station could not meet the search load.

Information Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of plasma sodium concentration during hemodialysis by computerization of dialysate conductivity.

Kinetics modeling based on sodium mass balance and changes in conductivity at the dialysate outlet compared to that at the dialysate inlet, led to predicting the plasma water conductivity of the blood inlet. Conductivity transducers, with temperature compensation, located at the dialysate inlet and outlet ports of the dialyzer and connected to a conductimeter, were interfaced with a portable computer for data acquisition. In 38 dialysis sessions, a close relationship was found between estimated plasma water conductivity (CdBi) and measured plasma sodium concentration [Na]Bi, according to the formula: CdBi = 0.101[Na]Bi + 0.37 (n = 38; r = 0.922). The study shows that plasma sodium concentration at the dialyzer inlet could be evaluated, with a standard error of +/- 1.5 mEq/L, by continuous measurement of conductivity gradient between dialysate inlet and outlet.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Computer-aided intelligence: application of an expert system to brachial plexus injuries.

When confronted with a patient with a brachial plexus injury, how often as neurosurgeons do we consult an atlas to confirm the anatomy of the brachial plexus and then attempt to establish the location of the lesion? Similar difficulties are encountered with lumbar and sacral plexus lesions. In a project organized to assist the neurosurgeon in this time-consuming task, a computer program that can rapidly determine the site of a lesion in a brachial, lumbar, or sacral plexus injury was created. Using known anatomical pathways (37 clinically relevant upper and 20 lower extremity muscle innervations), and relying solely upon the neurological motor examination, rapid computer-assisted diagnosis is possible. When more than one final common pathway lesion occurs (for example, multiple root avulsions of the brachial plexus), possible lesion sites can be obtained. An interactive dialogue between the user and the program helps to determine the location of the lesion. The program can be run on any IBM-compatible personal computer and is presented as an instrument that provides assistance in cases of complex peripheral nerve injuries, when expert consultants are unavailable. In addition, it can be used as an aid to learning and as a review of basic neuroanatomy.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Informational operator-computer interactions under the effects of unfavorable environmental factors].

This paper discusses changes in the psychic functions of an operator working in the interactive mode under the influence of adverse environmental effects that cannot be modified. It is postulated that in this situation the strategy of solving operational problems may transform due to changes in the structure of decision taking. The paper describes simulation of operator's activities involved in controlling information flows in a stressful environment of two degrees of complexity.The investigations demonstrated a trend for a decline of operator's work capacity, helped develop mathematical models to predict performance variations in an extreme environment, as well as formulate recommendations as to how computer-interaction efficiency can be increased.

Decision Making↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The DOS vs. Unix wars.

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Computer Systems↗
PubMed1990

Computer polygraphic system for infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

We have designed and developed a suite of equipment for polygraphic assessment of infants thought to be at risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. A range of commercially available and custom made instrumentation is used to monitor cardio-respiratory function and thermal activity. The PC based system records continuous overnight trends and is able to detect apnoea, bradycardia, tachycardia, oxygen desaturation and other significant clinical events, producing summary data and graphs at the conclusion of the monitoring. The system is fully interactive and adaptable to various clinical and research requirements.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1990

Development of an instrument for the management of computer user attitudes in hospitals.

Measuring and managing user attitudes toward various aspects of computer systems is an important part of making those systems effective. In this paper, results of an effort to adapt and test a technique for measuring user satisfaction in hospitals are presented. These results include extensive empirical tests of the technique. Comparison norms for hospital computer user satisfaction are also presented and interpreted. Analysis software for using the technique as a management tool is presented. Finally, experiences using the concept are presented.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1990

Paperless Poison Center: an alternative to bubbling.

The Paperless Poison Center (PPC) is a computer software program which allows for direct entering of data collection, data submission to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) and on-site analysis of data using RBASE. A comparison of the computer collection system vs bubbling of AAPCC sheets is discussed as to speed and ease of use, accuracy and cost. A summary of our comparison concludes that the computerized system is cost effective, more efficient, and more accurate than the paper method. Poison Information Specialist (PIS) acceptance of the program has been overwhelmingly positive.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1990

Dual-task performance on an interactive human/computer space shuttle flight experiment.

INTRODUCTION: This paper details ground-based results of the Mental Workload and Performance Experiment (MWPE) which examines human performance for cognitive decision-making and eye-hand-coordinated motor tasks. MWPE is manifest on the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1) Space Shuttle Mission and is scheduled to fly in December of 1990. The MWPE protocol combines a Sternberg memory search with a Fitts' target acquisition resulting in a "Fittsberg" dual-task paradigm. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serial execution theory underlying the Fittsberg dual-task paradigm. METHODS: A total of nineteen subjects performed two experimental test batteries. Unusual body dynamics were imposed on subjects in order to assess altered environment performance. In the first test battery, subjects performed experiments in either the upright postural orientation or the supine (recumbent) postural orientation. During the second test battery, an altered environment was electronically created by introducing a first-order lag characteristic between the graphic input device and the computer. Performance and workload were evaluated by reaction time, movement time, and subjective rating measurements for the dual-task paradigm. RESULTS: The major contributors to reaction and movement times are as predicted by Sternberg and Fitts, however, there are many other influences not accounted for by the classical models. For MWPE, interdependence among the memory set size and index of difficulty experimental variables is in conflict with the serial execution assumption of the Fittsberg dual-task paradigm. CONCLUSIONS: When interaction among variables exists, the dual-task paradigm can not simply be modeled as a Sternberg memory task plus a Fitts target acquisition, rather, new performance metrics for the memory search and target acquisition tasks require that all the significant variables in the MWPE protocol be modeled. The interdependence among variables hints that the operator incorporates some degree of parallel processing rather than exclusively performing in a serial manner.

Humans↗