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PubMed2001

Changes in sample collection and analytical techniques and effects on retrospective comparability of low-level concentrations of trace elements in ground water.

Ground-water sampling techniques were modified to reduce random low-level contamination during collection of filtered water samples for determination of trace-element concentrations. The modified sampling techniques were first used in New Jersey by the US Geological Survey in 1994 along with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to determine the concentrations of 18 trace elements at the one microgram-per-liter (microg/L) level in the oxic water of the unconfined sand and gravel Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. The revised technique tested included a combination of the following: collection of samples (1) with flow rates of about 2 L per minute, (2) through acid-washed single-use disposable tubing and (3) a single-use disposable 0.45-microm pore size capsule filter, (4) contained within portable glove boxes, (5) in a dedicated clean sampling van, (6) only after turbidity stabilized at values less than 2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), when possible. Quality-assurance data, obtained from equipment blanks and split samples, indicated that trace element concentrations, with the exception of iron, chromium, aluminum, and zinc, measured in the samples collected in 1994 were not subject to random contamination at 1 microg/L. Results from samples collected in 1994 were compared to those from samples collected in 1991 from the same 12 PVC-cased observation wells using the available sampling and analytical techniques at that time. Concentrations of copper, lead, manganese and zinc were statistically significantly lower in samples collected in 1994 than in 1991. Sampling techniques used in 1994 likely provided trace-element data that represented concentrations in the aquifer with less bias than data from 1991 when samples were collected without the same degree of attention to sample handling.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2001

Brief communication: Choice of washing method of hair samples for trace element analysis in environmental studies.

Determination of inseparable exogenous and endogenous levels of toxic trace elements such as lead in human scalp hair has been used to understand and assess population exposure to such elements. For any such analysis, washing of the hair samples to remove superficial contamination is the foremost requirement. However, the use of such washing methods prior to elemental analysis removes minute quantities of trace elements from the hair strands. This degree of loss is dependent on the washing method employed. In the present study, the element lead has been determined in human scalp hair after three methods of hair washing. It is apparent that the nonionic detergent-acetone method is best suited for securing valid lead analysis results in human scalp hair.

Acetone↗
PubMed1979

Elemental composition of platelets. Part I. Sampling and sample preparation of platelets for trace-element analysis.

Sampling of platelets for trace-element analysis poses special problems: obtaining adequate sample material, achieving a sufficient cell purity, preserving viability (integrity), correcting for trapped plasma, and controlling contamination. We used a blood-cell separator for the primary isolation of platelets from blood, and differential centrifugation in natural plasma to further isolate them. The pyrimidopyrimidine RA233 was used as a stabilizer to maintain viability. 131I-labeled human serum albumin was used to estimate trapped plasma. Contamination was controlled by using five-times-distilled water to simulate donor's blood in the system and by comparing three fractions: the serum, the first portion of the platelet-rich plasma, and the supernatant plasma after the final centrifugation. Neutron activation analysis was used for the elemental analysis. A single differential centrifugation of the platelet-rich plasma from the blood-cell separator at 400 x g for 8 min was optimum (mean mass fractions:erythrocytes/platelets less than 5 mg/g and leukocytes/platelets less than 20 mg/g). The trapped plasma in the wet platelet samples amounted to about 0.40 g/g. No appreciable contamination from the sampling system was found for the elements Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mo, Rb, Sb, Se, and Zn.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed2003

Study on the relationship between intake of trace elements and breast cancer mortality with chemometric methods.

Several chemometric methods were employed to survey the interaction among the trace elements and the relationship between the intake of these elements and the breast cancer mortality. It is indicated that there are strong interactions among the trace elements so as to form a dynamic balance; the intake of Cr is the most important factor that could cause the increase of breast cancer mortality; no definite relation can be observed between the intake of Cu and that of Zn. However, either the ratio of the intake of Cu and that of Zn or the intake of Cd could show a certain state of dynamic balance among some of the trace elements. Comparison of the analytical methods reveals that it is important to select a suitable method so as to obtain the most appropriate explanation.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

[Determination of T lymphocytes and trace elements in spleen from rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of five trace elements(Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+) in the spleen and changes of T lymphocyte and its subtype variations in peripheral blood from the rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. METHODS: Twenty rats were randomly and equally divided into two groups: control group and experiment group. Each rat in the experiment group received an i.p. injection of 2 ml normal saline containing 1.5 x 10(6) tachyzoites of T. gondii. On the 64th day after injection of T. gondii, the changes in T lymphocytes (TL) and their subgroups, the helper T lymphocytes (Th) and the suppressor T lymphocytes(Ts) in the peripheral blood of the rats with T. gondii were determined by the assay of the lymphocytes labeled with intercellular acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase. All the rats were killed and the atomic absorption method were used for detecting the level of trace elements in the spleen tissue. RESULTS: The number of TL and Th in experiment group was significantly lower than that of control (P < 0.01, P < 0.01). The ratio of Th/Ts showed a significant difference between the two groups. The level of Fe2+, Cu2+ in experiment group was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). The amount of Mg2+ in infected rats was higher than that of the control(P < 0.01). No statistical difference in the content of Zn2+, Ca2+ was found between the two groups. CONCLUSION: T. gondii infection might cause the changes in the TL and Th in peripheral blood and the changes in trace elements in spleen of the rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Absorption and retention of magnesium and some trace elements by man from typical Indian diets.

Availability of magnesium and some trace elements in Indian diets has been studied in human adults. Absorption of trace elements from the diets as a percentage of intake was: chromium 60, copper 18, magnesium 34, manganese 14 and zinc 16. Daily dietary intakes of 51.5 micrograms of chromium, 1.73 mg copper and 4.1 mg of manganese were found to be necessary to keep the subjects in balance in respect to these elements.

Absorption↗
PubMed1977

Trace elements in the human endometrium and decidua. A multielement analysis.

By means of neutron activation analysis, 25 trace elements, which are usually present in biological material, were estimated in 31 specimens of human endometrial tissue obtained at various phases of the menstrual cycle and in 14 specimens of decidua from the 12th to 18th week of pregnancy. Among the 13 trace elements invariably found in all specimens, the levels of copper, potassium, rubidium, antimony and zinc were significantly higher and those of bromine, selenium and sodium significantly lower in the endometrium than in the decidua. No difference was found in the levels of gold, calcium, cobalt, cesium and iron. Among the 12 trace elements which were found only occasionally, chromium, mercury, silver, and cadmium were detected in approximately half and cerium and scandium in approximately one-fourth of the 45 samples studied. Arsenic, barium, lanthanum, molybdenum, samarium and strontium were detected only rarely. The cyclic variations in the endometrial levels of calcium, rubidium and copper were highly significant and those in the levels of gold, cesium, iron, potassium and zinc probably significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Content and bioavailability of trace elements in vegetarian diets.

This review compares the content and major food sources of copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc in vegetarian and omnivorous diets. Interactions affecting trace element bioavailability and their impact on the trace element status of vegetarians are discussed. Adult vegetarian diets often have a lower zinc and selenium content but a higher copper and manganese content compared with omnivorous diets. Cereals are the primary sources of copper, manganese, and selenium in most diets and the major source of zinc in many vegetarian diets; flesh floods are the primary source of zinc and secondary source of selenium in omnivorous diets. Despite the apparent lower bioavailability of zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium in vegetarian diets because of the high contents of phytic acid and/or dietary fiber and the low content of flesh foods in the diet, the trace element status of most adult vegetarians appears to be adequate. Children, however, appear to be more vulnerable to suboptimal zinc status, presumably because of their high zinc requirements for growth and their bodies' failure to adapt to a vegetarian diet by increased absorption of dietary zinc.

Biological Availability↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identifying sources of groundwater pollution using trace element signatures.

A simple receptor modeling approach has been applied to groundwater pollution studies and has shown that marker trace elements can be used effectively in source identification and apportionment. Groundwater and source materials from one coal-fired and five oil-fired power plants, and one coal-tar deposit site have been analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis for more than 20 minor and trace elements. In one of the oil-fired power plants, trace element patterns indicated a leak from the hazardous waste surface impoundments owing to the failure of a hypolon liner. Also, the extent and spatial distribution of groundwater contamination have been determined in a coal-tar deposit site.

Coal↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between the colour change of hydroxyapatite and the trace element manganese.

Hydroxyapatite containing the trace element manganese turns blue after sintering at high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere. This phenomenon is related to the oxidation of manganese ions in the special crystal structure of hydroxyapatite. Combination of the crystal structure with electron spin resonance spectra gives an explanation for this oxidation of Mn2+ ions at Ca(l) sites into Mn5+ ions and the formation of MnO4(3-) ions at PO4(3-) sites, corresponding to the colour change of hydroxyapatite.

Calcium↗
PubMed1976

Trace elements in sickle cell disease.

Trace elements in 84 adult patients (38 men and 46 women) with sickle cell disease (SCD) were reflected in clinical and biochemical data. Height was retarded in six men and five women. Eighty percent of the SCD patients in this sample were below the 50th percentile from the normal mean for weight. Twenty-eight men showed a lack of facial and body hair, and five additional subjects showed only scanty facial hair. Whereas zinc in plasma, red blood cells, and hair was decreased, the excretion of zinc in urine was increased in SCD patients as compared to the controls. We believe that one of the mechanisms accounting for zinc deficiency in SCD may be hyperzincuria and that growth retardation and hypogonadism in men so commonly seen in SCD may be related to zinc deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[An insufficiency of essential trace elements and its manifestations in pathology].

There exist 11 essential elements (iron, copper, iodine, zinc, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, selenium and fluorine) vitally important for human health. The deficiency of these trace elements results in many pathological processes, including such world-wide human diseases, as iron-deficient anemias and other forms of hyposiderosis, endemic hypothyroid goiter, endemic fluorine deficiency states, particularly manifested by dental caries in children and osteoporosis of the advanced age. Selenium deficiency causes endemic cardiopathy in China, is a risk factor for the development and severe course of congestive cardiopathies, as well as myocardial infarction in a number of European countries. Correction of selenium deficiency with sodium selenite reduced to the minimum the mortality rate from endemic cardiopathy in China (Keshan disease) and had a favourable effect on other forms of cardiovascular pathology. Essential trace element deficiency results in many forms of embryonal and fetal pathology and decreases the antitumour resistance in man. New essential trace elements are still being identified and their number reached 19 at present. Development of pathological anatomy of essential trace element deficiency is an important task of modern medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Trace elements analysis of ascitic fluid in benign and malignant diseases.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate differences in ascitic fluid trace element concentrations which might be useful in discrimination between benign and malignant ascites. DESIGN AND METHODS: The concentrations of copper, zinc, magnesium and iron in ascitic fluid and venous blood in 17 patients were investigated. The relationship between these trace elements and type of disease were examined. Investigations were carried out in a group of 5 males and 5 females aged 54 to 77 yr who had cirrhosis ascites and in a group of 7 females aged 41 to 76 yr with ascites due to gynecologic neoplasms. RESULTS: The mean ascitic fluid and serum concentrations of copper were significantly higher in neoplastic diseases compared to benign disease states (118,43 vs. 97,50, 91,14 vs. 26.90) (p < 0,05 and p < 0,01 respectively). The zinc levels in ascitic fluid and serum were significantly different between the groups (p < 0,01). Neoplastic patients had significantly higher ascitic fluid magnesium levels than the benign disease group (2,17 vs. 1,55, p < 0,001). The serum levels of iron were significantly lower in the neoplastic diseases group (92, 28 vs. 255, p < 0, 01). In benign diseases the concentration of zinc in ascitic fluid correlated positively with ascitic fluid copper concentrations. The concentrations of zinc and iron in malignant ascites correlate positively with the magnesium concentrations. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between ascites zinc and magnesium and magnesium and copper in cirrhotic patients and magnesium and copper in malignant diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that zinc, magnesium and iron levels were significantly different between cirrhotic and neoplastic illness. Analysis of serum and ascitic fluid trace element composition may be helpful in identifying and distinguishing the malignant and nonmalignant ascites and provides useful information on processes regulating passage of blood components into the peritoneal cavity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A search for trace elements in some human intracranial tumors by instrumental neutron activation analysis.

A investigation was undertaken to measure the presence of trace elements in some intracranial tumors using the instrumental neutron activation analysis technique. The following 20 minor and trace elements were investigated: Na, Mg, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sb, I, and Cs. Our results are compared with other trace element analyses in human brain tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Trace element concentrations in patients on home enteral feeding: two cases of severe copper deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding is the fastest growing area of artificial nutrition, with the annual rate of growth being estimated at 20-25% a year. Previous studies have demonstrated trace element deficiencies in patients on long-term home enteral nutrition (HEN). METHODS: The trace elements zinc, selenium, copper and manganese were measured in blood samples from 37 patients on HEN using atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: Plasma zinc concentrations (range 7.4-14.4 micromol/L) were below the reference range (12.6-22.0 micromol/L) in 30 patients, plasma selenium concentrations (range 0.73-1.76 micromol/L) were below the reference range (0.8-2.0 micromol/L) in only one patient. Whole blood manganese (range 74-309 nmol/L) and plasma manganese (range 13-51 nmol/L) were above both respective reference ranges (73-210 nmol/L and 9-24 nmol/L) in four patients. Two patients showed severely low plasma copper concentrations of 2.4 micromol/L and 2.5 micromol/L, and responded to treatment with extra copper supplementation. CONCLUSION: Although enteral feeds contain adequate concentrations of trace elements, problems with bioavailability may occur and patients receiving long-term enteral feeding should be monitored with regard to plasma trace element concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Influence of processing on trace elements in traditional Chinese drugs].

By comparing the contents of nine trace elements in fourteen Chinese drugs (including thirty-six samples) before and after processing, this experiment was carried out primarily in search of the ways in which bears on trace element contents, so as to help improve the quality of processed drugs.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed1977

Trace-element concentrations in blood samples from welders of stainless steel or aluminium and a reference group.

The concentrations of 17 trace elements (e.g., copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, silicon and magnesium) were determined in whole blood samples of 81 persons working with different welding methods on stainless steel or aluminium and 68 nonwelders. Inorganic spark source mass spectrometry was used for the chemical analyses. The data were analyzed by the SIMCA method for pattern recognition (discriminant analysis). No differences were found between the five groups, either in the average levels of the trace elements or in the correlation structures between the trace elements. Thus no blood concentration data on the analyzed elements and collected from a single person contained any information with respect to exposure to the welding fumes investigated.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1994

Dietary macronutrient composition influences tissue trace element accumulation in diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats.

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the role of two potential contributory factors, hyperphagia and alterations in fuel metabolism, on the development of tissue trace element accumulation in the experimentally induced diabetic rat. The role of increased mineral intake associated with diabetic hyperphagia on tissue trace element accumulation was evaluated by feeding control and diabetic rats high-carbohydrate (HC) diets which varied in Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mg concentrations. Diabetic rats were hyperphagic and had lower plasma Mg, and higher liver Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations than control rats, regardless of dietary mineral intake. In a second study, diabetic hyperphagia was reduced by feeding control and diabetic rats a HC, high-fat (HF), or high-protein (HP) diet; the effects of altering diabetic metabolism on trace element status was studied. Liver Mn and Zn concentrations of diabetic rats fed the HF diet were lower than diabetic rats fed the HC diet and HP diet, and were similar to control rats. Liver Cu concentrations of diabetic rats fed the HF and HP diets were lower than diabetic rats fed the HC diet and were similar to control rats. While diabetic rats, in general, had higher plasma glucagon concentrations and lower percent body fat than control rats, diabetic rats fed the HF diet had similar plasma glucagon and percent body fat to control rats. These data suggest that tissue-specific biochemical needs, such as the need for metals as cofactors for enzymes, rather than hyperphagia per se, may drive the accumulation of trace elements in the diabetic animal.

Animals↗