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PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of dentin depth on the permeability and ultrastructure of primary molars.

The purpose of this study was to measure the permeability of primary molar and permanent premolar dentin at various thicknesses from the pulp and to correlate permeability with the tubule density and diameter of dentin using SEM. The data were examined for statistically significant differences using two-way analysis of variance, multiple comparison Scheffe, and regression analysis. The permeability of all teeth increased with decreasing dentin thickness. The removal of the smear layer resulted in a significant increase in the permeability. However, the permeability of the dentin in premolars was significantly higher than that in the primary molars. The density and diameter of the dentinal tubular in primary molars were lower than the values reported for permanent teeth and may account for the lower permeability of the primary molars.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

An experimental technique to repair cracked teeth using calcium phosphate, melted by a laser beam: an in vitro evaluation.

Using a neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser beam to seal vertical root fracture lines with tricalcium phosphate paste represents an alternative treatment for cracked teeth with noted clinical results. This article describes a study of the permeability of molten crystals of hydroxyapatite in the dentin of a cracked root after crack lines have been filled with a preparation of tricalcium phosphate melted by a neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser beam. The morphology of the sealed cracks was analyzed under a scanning electron microscope that showed a deep fusion of tricalcium phosphate along crack lines.

Calcium Phosphates↗
PubMed1996

Changes in pH at the dentin surface in roots obturated with calcium hydroxide pastes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the pH, after defined periods of time, in cavities prepared in the facial surface of the cervical, middle, and apical regions of roots obturated with calcium hydroxide pastes. Root canal instrumentation was performed on 40 recently extracted, single-rooted human teeth. Cavities 1.5 mm in diameter and 0.75 mm in depth were prepared in the cervical, middle, and apical regions of the facial surface of each root. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups. One group was left unobturated and served as a control. The three remaining groups were obturated with either aqueous calcium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide mixed with camphorated monochlorophenol. or Pulpdent pastes. Access cavities and apical foramina were closed with Cavit. Each tooth was stored individually in a vial containing unbuffered isotonic saline. pH at the surface was measured in the cervical, middle, and apical cavities at 0 and 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 45, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results indicate that hydroxyl ions derived from calcium hydroxide pastes diffused through root dentin at all regions over the experimental period of 120 days. The pattern of pH change at the tooth surface was similar in all regions of the root, regardless of the type of calcium hydroxide paste used. This was a rapid rise in pH from a control value of pH 7.6, to greater than pH 9.5 by 3 days, followed by a small decline to pH 9.0 over the next 18 days, before finally rising and remaining at, or above pH 10.0 for the remainder of the experimental period. Pulpdent paste in the apical region was the only exception in this pattern, producing a pH rise nearly one full unit below the other pastes, pH 9.3. These results indicate that, for all pastes tested, a high pH is maintained at the root surface for at least 120 days.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Effect of the number of coats of simplified adhesive systems on microleakage of dentin-bordered composite restorations.

AIM: This study tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference on microleakage of dentin-bordered composite restorations using single or double coats of adhesive from one-bottle adhesive systems. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The enamel surface was removed from freshly extracted bovine teeth, and standardized Class V cavities (3 x 3 x 1.5 mm) were made at the cervical areas of buccal surfaces. Teeth were restored and grouped according to type of adhesive systems [Prime Bond 2.1 (PB2.1), Prime & Bond NT (PBNT), and Single Bond (SB)] and to the number of coats (one or two) to be used. The restorations were polished and immersed in a 0.5% aqueous solution of basic fuchsin for four hours. Teeth were then sectioned and the most infiltrated section of each tooth was selected under magnification, scanned, and quantitatively analyzed using a computer program. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keuls (a=0.05). RESULTS: Groups without filler content (PB2.1 and SB) showed no difference in microleakage using single or double coats. However, PBNT (with nanofiller) showed statistically less microleakage when only one coat was applied. The influence of the number of coats of the adhesive systems on dentin margin microleakage was material dependent. CONCLUSION: All adhesive systems demonstrated microleakage, however, it could be minimized using two coats of non-filled or one coat of a filled adhesive system.

Acetone↗
PubMed2006

Managing dentin hypersensitivity.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this review is to inform practitioners about dentin hypersensitivity (DH) and its management. This clinical information is described in the context of the underlying biology. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors used MEDLINE to find relevant English-language literature published in the period 1999 to 2005. They used combinations of the search terms "dentin*," "tooth," "teeth," "hypersensit*," "desensiti*" and "desensitiz*." They read abstracts and then full articles to identify studies describing etiology, prevalence, clinical features, controlled clinical trials of treatments and relevant laboratory research on mechanisms of action. RESULTS: The prevalence of DH varies widely, depending on the mode of investigation. Potassium-containing toothpastes are the most widely used at-home treatments. Most in-office treatments employ some form of "barrier," either a topical solution or gel or an adhesive restorative material. The reported efficacy of these treatments varies, with some having no better efficacy than the control treatments. Possible reasons for this variability are discussed. A flowchart summarizes the various treatment strategies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: DH is diagnosed after elimination of other possible causes of the pain. Desensitizing treatment should be delivered systematically, beginning with prevention and at-home treatments. The latter may be supplemented with in-office modalities.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2004

Extraradicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide and pH changes associated with intracoronal bleaching of discoloured teeth using different bleaching agents.

AIM: To evaluate the extraradicular pH and hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffusion when either 35% carbamide peroxide (CP), 35% HP or sodium perborate (SP) is used for intracoronal bleaching of artificially discoloured teeth. METHODOLOGY: Single rooted extracted human premolars were stained with whole blood cells. After shaping and cleaning, they were root filled and a base cement placed 1 mm below the buccal cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Four cemental defects were prepared just below the CEJ on each root surface. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 11 specimens, and intracoronally bleached using CP, HP, SP or distilled water (CL). Each tooth was suspended in a vial of distilled water and bleached for 7 days. The pH of the extraradicular distilled water was tested at 0, 1, 2 and 7 days and the HP that diffused through the root quantified using the Ferrous Oxidation-Xylenol Orange 2 Assay. The results were analysed using the one-way anova and Scheffe tests. RESULTS: Carbamide peroxide produced the greatest increase and HP the least pH change (P < 0.05 except day 1), SP was intermediate. From day 1 onwards, radicular diffusion of HP was greatest with HP and least with CP (P < 0.01), again SP was intermediate. There was no significant difference between CP and SP. CONCLUSIONS: Carbamide peroxide had very low levels of extraradicular diffusion of HP, in the presence of cemental defects. It could be an alternative to the other intracoronal bleaching agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Factors that modify de- and remineralization in dental enamel from the aspect of caries susceptibility].

The course of caries depends on an equilibrium between de- and remineralization of enamel. Epidemiologic studies performed during recent years in Poland have demonstrated a high incidence and severity of caries in children and teenagers. Therefore, the actual program of caries prevention covering the whole population of children and teenagers has not performed to the expectations, possibly because the program protocol does not discriminate between children susceptible and resistant to caries. The aims of this work included: 1. Analysis of tooth groups and surfaces as to their susceptibility to caries; 2. Evaluation of the influence of de- and remineralization modifying factors such as: a) dental plaque and sugars, b) caries-causing bacteria, c) enamel resistance to acids, d) biochemical properties of saliva--on the susceptibility to caries; 3. Evaluation of the uptake of fluorides from chewing gum by enamel in relationship to caries susceptibility. An initial clinical examination of permanent teeth was performed in 292 children aged 12 years. Subsequently, two groups were formed: one with 45 children free from caries and another with 77 children at high risk of caries. Control examinations of permanent teeth in both groups were carried out after one and three years from the initial examination. The clinical examination included a check-up of secondary dentition, counting of erupted teeth, sealed teeth, evaluation of oral hygiene status, gingivae, abnormalities in mineralization and measurement of the rate of microdemineralization. The biochemical analysis of saliva was done to measure the content of fluorides, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, as well as pH. Microsamples of enamel were collected using acid biopsy and the content of calcium and fluorine in the superficial and underlying layer was assayed. The thickness of both layers obtained by biopsy was also measured. Commercial test kits--Dentocult SM and Dentocult LB, served to determine the amount of caries-causing bacteria in saliva. Additionally, the children and their mothers responded to a questionnaire on the diet, previous diseases, therapies with antibiotics and health habits. The results were analysed using Statgraphics software. Differences between means were checked using Student t-test in its classical form or as modified by B. L. Welch. Linear correlation indices were calculated and Spearman rank correlation test was performed. On the basis of the results obtained the following conclusions were drawn: 1. 12-year old children at high risk of caries need intense dental care due to: a) extensive involvement of masticatory surfaces of molar teeth and contact surfaces of premolar teeth, b) treatment inappropriate to actual needs in this group of children. 2. Effective programs to improve the knowledge and health of children at high risk to caries should be introduced due to the following facts: a) oral hygiene was unsatisfactory in the examined children, b) children consumed large quantities of sweets. 3. Disturbances in the mineralization of enamel and the use of antibiotics in childhood were without influence on the susceptibility of teeth to caries. 4. The content of fluorides, calcium and phosphorus in the saliva of children susceptible to caries could have been below the level necessary to maintain an equilibrium between de- and remineralization of enamel. 5. Susceptibility of teeth to caries could be due to differences in the chemical composition and structure of enamel, as it appears from the content of fluorides and calcium, depth of enamel biopsy and uptake of fluorides from chewing gum. 6. Chewing of fluoride-containing gums is a supportive measure in caries prevention, particularly recommended in children at high risk of caries. 7. Caries prevention should be individualized and matched to caries risk.

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗
PubMed1990

Features of the aperiodic microfibrils associated with mouse dental basement membrane demonstrated by ultrastructural histochemistry.

Histochemical features of aperiodic microfibrils (AMF) in mouse tooth germs were examined at the electron microscopic level. Intact and EDTA-isolated materials obtained from one day old first molars were used for ruthenium red (RR) staining, ferritin permeability, periodic acid-silver methenamine (PAM) impregnation, fibronectin localisation, negative staining on cryo-sections and tannic acid fixation. Electron microscopy and negative staining demonstrated that AMF traverse the basal lamina and penetrate below the inner enamel epithelium. In addition to RR staining, PAM impregnation and tannic acid fixation showed deposition on the AMF which was associated with basal laminae. RR staining and tannic acid fixation also indicated the presence of glycoprotein-rich materials in the lamina lucida. The AMF were derived from the lamina lucida which was closely associated with tannic acid-positive granular materials. The precipitation of silver particles by PAM impregnation was seen on banded collagen fibrils, basal lamina and AMF, but the staining features of AMF differed distinctly from those of collagen fibrils. The distribution of ferritin particles revealed that the basal lamina covering EDTA-isolated papilla tissue is a continuous structure. Immuno-reactions for fibronectin were detected on the basal lamina and AMF. Our results suggest that AMF are derived from the glycoprotein-rich lamina lucida and that their histochemical characteristics resemble those of basal lamina.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The Gluma bonding system: a clinical evaluation of its various components for the treatment of hypersensitive root dentin.

This study investigated the desensitizing effect of topically-applied Gluma on sensitive cervical erosion lesions. A total of 46 teeth exhibiting moderate to severe sensitivity to cold and instrumentation, in 15 patients, were included in the study. Mildly sensitive teeth and teeth with cervical caries lesions were excluded from the study. After each tooth was isolated with rubber dam, investigators applied cold air, as well as tactile stimuli using an explorer, and recorded the baseline responses. Nine of the 46 teeth then received Gluma primer only (group 1), 15 received cleanser followed by primer (group 2), 15 received cleanser followed by primer and sealer (group 3), and seven received a placebo (group 4). After two weeks, the teeth in group 4 were randomly placed in one of the other three groups. The responses of the teeth in each group to various stimuli were recorded immediately after the application of test materials, and subsequently at one week, two weeks, one month, three months, six months and one year. Statistical analysis indicates that the three treatment groups all showed significant differences compared to the untreated control group (p < .001). A reduction of sensitivity was noted immediately after primer, cleanser-primer, or cleanser-primer-sealer was applied. Treatment groups 2 and 3 demonstrated less sensitivity than group 1 (p = .02; p = .03, respectively). At the one-year recall, the observed order of treatment effectiveness by group was 2, 3, 1. In approximately 50 per cent of the teeth treated in the study, remission of sensitivity was seen after one year. All of the remaining teeth exhibited some relief of sensitivity. The treatments' success was found to be inversely proportional to the severity of the initial response.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A scanning electron microscopic study of tooth surface changes induced by tannic acid.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Exposing the tooth structure to chemicals used in displacing the gingival tissue is inevitable. PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to microscopically examine the effect of tannic acid on the prepared dentin surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty recently extracted intact human teeth were mounted for buccal surface preparation. Teeth were equally divided into 10 groups. One group was kept as a control and the other teeth received a topical application of 15%, 20%, and 25% aqueous tannic acid solutions each for 5, 10, and 15 minutes at room temperature. All samples were washed, air-dried, then prepared for scanning electron microscopic examination. Two different areas in the cervical region were randomly selected and examined under magnifications of x1000 and x2000, then photographed. The assessment of the changes was performed qualitatively. RESULTS: The results showed an incomplete removal of the smear layer in all experimental samples. The astringent action of the tannic acid solution on both the smear layer and the surface peritubular dentin around the orifices of dentinal tubules had contributed to their constriction. The degree of constriction of the orifices of dentinal tubules increased as higher concentrations of tannic acid solutions were used and as the application time was further increased at each concentration. CONCLUSION: The tannic acid had an incomplete action on the removal of the smear layer. It also seemed to have an astringent action on both the smear layer and the peritubular dentin.

Astringents↗
PubMed2001

Solvent-induced dimensional changes in EDTA-demineralized dentin matrix.

The purpose of this study was to test the null hypothesis that the re-expansion of dried matrix and the shrinkage of moist, demineralized dentin is not influenced by polar solvents. Dentin disks were prepared from midcoronal dentin of extracted human third molars. After complete demineralization in 0.5M of EDTA (pH 7), the specimens were placed in the well of a device that measures changes in matrix height in real time. Dry, collapsed matrices were created by blowing dry N(2) on the specimens until they shrank to a stable plateau. Polar solvents [water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, formamide, ethylene glycol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), or mixtures of water-HEMA] as model primers then were added and the degree of re-expansion measured. These same solvents also were applied to moist, expanded matrices and the solvent-induced shrinkages measured. Regression analysis was used to test the correlations between matrix height and Hansen's dispersive, polar, hydrogen bonding, and total solubility parameters (delta(d), delta(p), delta(h), delta(t)). The results indicate that water-free polar solvents of low hydrogen bonding (H-bond) ability (e.g., neat HEMA) do not re-expand dried matrices and that they shrink moist matrices. When HEMA was mixed with progressively higher water concentrations, the model water-HEMA primers expanded the dried matrix in proportion to their water concentrations and they produced less shrinkage of moist matrices. Solvents with higher H-bonding capacities (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, formamide, and water) re-expanded the dried matrix in proportion to their solubility parameters for H-bonding (delta(h)). They also induced small transient shrinkages of moist matrices, which slowly re-expanded. The results require rejection of the null hypothesis.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1997

Effects of Nd: and Ho:yttrium-aluminium-garnet lasers on human dentine fluid flow and dental pulp-chamber temperature in vitro.

Dentine specimens were prepared from freshly extracted third molars and initial permeability measured. Each specimen was subjected to Nd:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) (1.06 or 1.32 microns wavelength) or Ho:YAG (2.10 microns wavelength) laser energy while temperatures in the pulp chambers were recorded. Permeability was again measured and the surfaces examined by scanning electron microscopy. Six crown segments were used for each laser variable and eight permeability measurements were taken before and eight after laser exposure, while temperature was recorded during treatment. All wavelengths reduced permeability but temperature rises were high enough to have caused pulpal damage, indicating that shorter treatment times and lower power settings may be necessary if used in vivo.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2004

Behavior of human periodontal ligament cells on CO2 laser irradiated dentinal root surfaces: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro attachment behavior of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts on periodontally involved root surface after conditioning with CO2 laser and to compare its efficacy with chemical conditioning agents, namely tetracycline hydrochloride, citric acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and EDTA, using scanning electron microscopy. METHODS: A total of 84 scaled and root-planed specimens from periodontally involved single-rooted human teeth showing hopeless prognosis were selected and assigned to two groups. One group was lased with a CO2 laser (from 5 cm at 3 W for 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 s), and the other group was treated with either tetracycline hydrochloride (2.5%), citric acid (saturated solution, pH 1), H2O2 (6%) or EDTA (5%; pH 7.4) for 3 min. The specimens were then seeded with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, incubated for either 12 h or 24 h, and then the cell attachment behavior was observed. RESULTS: CO2 laser irradiation for 1.0 s was found to be the most efficient, showing consistently good cell attachment with the highest mean value (15.00 +/- 3.41 cells/10,000 microm2 after incubation for 12 h and 29.17 +/- 2.04 cells/10,000 microm2 after 24 h), followed by irradiation for 0.8 s (13.11 +/- 3.04 cells/10,000 microm2 after incubation for 12 h and 22.91 +/- 7.10 cells/10,000 microm2 after 24 h). Charring was observed following irradiation for 1.2 s. Amongst chemical conditioning agents, citric acid was found to be the most efficient, with a mean cell attachment of 17.82 +/- 2.16 cells/10,000 microm2 after incubation for 12 h and 23.62 +/- 1.94 cells/10,000 microm2 after 24 h. EDTA and H2O2 did not do well in the study. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that CO2 laser irradiation for 1.0 s may promote comparatively better attachment of periodontal ligament fibroblast on dentinal root surfaces than the conventional chemical conditioning agents used in the study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Susceptibility of Nd:YAG laser-irradiated root surfaces in replanted teeth to external inflammatory resorption.

Nd:YAG laser-induced modification of the root surface may inhibit development of external inflammatory resorption in replanted teeth. This study tested this hypothesis in vivo. The pulp chambers of six mandibular premolars in each of two dogs were accessed, inoculated with plaque, and sealed (Groups 1, 2). Two additional premolars in each dog were endodontically treated without inoculation (Groups 3, 4). After 2 weeks, teeth were hemisected and extracted. Each root had a 2 x 3 mm surface area denuded of cementum on the buccal and lingual surface. In Groups 1 (n = 12 roots) and 3 (n = 4), the denuded surfaces were wiped with 15% EDTA, coated with black ink, and irradiated with Nd:YAG laser (0.75 W, 15 pps, 300 microns tip, 20 s). In Groups 2 (n = 12) and 4 (n = 4), the surfaces were wiped with 15% EDTA, and rinsed with sterile saline for 20 s. Roots were replanted within 5 min. The dogs were perfusion-euthanised 10 weeks after replantation. Block specimens were removed, decalcified, embedded and horizontally sectioned (6 microns) at 180-microns intervals, resulting in 10 to 14 cross-sections of each root. From these, the middle five consecutive sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and observed by light microscopy for occurrence of surface, inflammatory and replacement resorption on the denuded surfaces. No obvious differences were noted between the laser-irradiated and non-irradiated surfaces. Inflammatory resorption was frequent in Groups 1 and 2, and absent in Groups 3 and 4. Replacement resorption was minimal in Groups 1 and 2, and frequent in Groups 3 and 4. Differences between Groups 1 and 2, and between Groups 3 and 4 were not significant, whereas the differences between the two pairs of groups were statistically significant (chi-square and two-way ANOVA, P < 0.006). These results did not support the hypothesis, and questioned the clinical validity of the surface modification in Nd:YAG laser-irradiated dentin. Therefore, the clinical application of Nd:YAG laser to the root surfaces of replanted teeth is not warranted.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

The influence of different factors on in vitro enamel erosion.

The aim of this study was to use two demineralization test methods to analyze the erosive potential of beverages and foodstuffs. In addition, the surface microhardness test and the iodide permeability test were compared. Surface microhardness and iodide permeability were measured before and after exposure. To characterize the beverages and foodstuffs the content of phosphate, calcium and fluoride, pH, the titrable amount of base to pH 5.5 and 7.0 as well as the buffer capacity at pH 5.5 were determined. Sprite light showed the highest significant decrease in surface microhardness (p < or = 0.05) followed by grapefruit juice, apple juice and salad dressing. The highest significant increase in iodide permeability (p < or = 0.05) was caused by exposure to grapefruit juice followed by apple juice (Sprite light was not tested). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the erosive capacity of different drinks, juices and foodstuffs are statistically significantly associated with their acidity, pH values, phosphate and fluoride contents as well as the baseline surface microhardness or iodide permeability values of the exposed enamel.

Beverages↗
PubMed2003

Consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity.

These consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity were developed by a broadly constituted board of dentists and dental hygienists drawn from general dental practice, specialist practice, academia and research from across Canada, joined by 2 international dentists with subject matter expertise. The need for consensus recommendations was made evident by the lack of clear and robust evidence in the dental literature, as well as confusion about diagnosis and management demonstrated by an educational needs assessment survey. High prevalence of the condition, underdiagnosis and widespread availability of noninvasive, efficacious and inexpensive preventive treatment further underscored the need for direction. This paper outlines the key elements of the scientific basis for the causes, diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity; where such evidence is deficient, the document relies on the compound experience of the board. A simple algorithm was developed to guide clinicians through the diagnostic process and assist them in determining appropriate case management. Finally, the board makes a series of recommendations to raise awareness, to improve dental education, to develop symbols for charting, to develop an index for case assessment and for further research.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Effects of a carbamide peroxide agent and desensitizing dentifrices on enamel microhardness.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vitro microhardness of enamel treated with a 10% carbamide peroxide agent and two desensitizing dentifrices at different bleaching times. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent was evaluated (Rembrandt 10%) (REM). A placebo agent was used as a control group (PLA). The bleaching and the placebo agents were applied to human enamel dental fragments for 8 hours per day, followed by immersion for 5 minutes in a slurry solution of desensitizing dentifrices: Sensodyne (S) or Sensodyne Fluor (SF). During the remaining time, the enamel fragments were individually stored in 13.5 ml of artificial saliva. Knoop microhardness measurements were performed at baseline, 8 hours, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of treatment and at 7 and 14 days of a post-treatment period. RESULTS: Analysis of variance and Tukey's test showed no differences in enamel microhardness for REM + SF (P=0.069) and PLA + SF (P=0.93) within each time interval. The dental fragments treated with REM + S and PLA + S showed an increase in microhardness values within each time interval (P<0.0001). There were significant differences among the treatment agents from the 28th to the 56th day. The use of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching and a desensitizing dentifrice significantly increased the enamel microhardness values during the bleaching treatment and after 14 days after the completion of the treatment. After the post-treatment period, the enamel fragments treated with a placebo agent and with a 10% carbamide peroxide agent and with a desensitizing fluoride dentifrice maintained the baseline values.

Carbamide Peroxide↗