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PubMed2003

Periodontitis and perceived risk for periodontitis in elders with evidence of depression.

BACKGROUND: Depression and periodontitis are common conditions in older adults. There is some evidence that these two conditions may be related. AIMS: To study a population of dentate elders and assess the prevalence of depression, self-assessment of risk for periodontitis and tooth loss, in relation to periodontal disease status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were obtained from 701 older subjects (mean age 67.2 years (SD+/-4.6), of whom 59.5% were women. Self-reports of a diagnosis of depression, scores of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and self-assessment of risk for future tooth loss and periodontitis were compared with a diagnosis of periodontitis based on probing depth, and bone loss assessed from panoramic radiographs. Other systemic diseases and smoking habits were also determined and studied in relation to depression. RESULTS: A history of depression was reported by 20% of the subjects. GDS scores >/=8 were reported by 9.8% of the elders. Periodontitis was identified in 48.5% of the subjects. Depression was associated with heart attack (p<0.05), stroke (p<0.01), high blood pressure (p<0.02), all combined cardiovascular diseases (p<0.001), chronic pain (p<0.01), osteoarthritis (p<0.001), and osteoporosis (p< 0.001) but not with periodontitis (p=0.73). Subjects with depression had a higher self-reported risk score for future tooth loss (p<0.02). No group difference emerged for self-perceived risk for periodontitis. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a past history of tooth loss (p<0.001), self-perceived risk for periodontitis (p<0.02), the number of years with a smoking habit (p<0.02), and male gender (p<0.02) were associated with a diagnosis of periodontitis but neither measure of depression could be included in an explanatory model for periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of depression (self-report or by GDS) is not associated with risk for periodontitis in older subjects but is associated with tooth loss and chronic conditions associated with pain.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Tooth surface loss among people exposed to cement and stone dust in the work environment in Tanzania.

The effect of cement and stone dust on teeth was explored in a cross-sectional study, using blind dental examinations. The sample consisted of 36 workers who had been exposed to to the dust and 62 control workers. Tooth surface loss was observed in 72.2 per cent of the exposed workers and in 48.4 per cent of the controls (P less than 0.03). In both the maxillae (P less than 0.001) and the mandible (P less than 0.02) the amount of tooth surface loss was greater in the exposed workers than in the controls. Both anterior and posterior teeth were affected. These findings indicate that tooth surface loss caused by work-related dust should be considered an occupational hazard.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Aseptic necrosis following maxillary osteotomies: report of 36 cases.

The sequelae of insufficient vascularity following maxillary orthognathic surgery can vary from loss of tooth vitality, to periodontal defects, to tooth loss, to loss of major maxillary dentoalveolar segments. The results of a questionnaire mailed to oral and maxillofacial surgeons found this complication was most likely to occur with Le Fort I osteotomies done in multiple segments in conjunction with superior repositioning and transverse expansion. Significant palatal perforations definitely seem to compromise the already tenuous blood supply to the anterior maxilla. Suggestions are given regarding the prevention and treatment of this complication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Abrasives in foods and their effect on intra-oral processing: a two-colour chewing gum study.

In this study we suggest that the presence of abrasives in food items lead to physiologic responses that reduce the amount of tooth loss because of abrasion. Subjects were presented with two pairs of two-colour chewing gum, one sample had 0.5 g of an abrasive powder added. Subjects were instructed to chew for 10 or 20 chewing strokes and then remove the gum. After removal the chewing gum was placed in a plastic bag and flattened. Each pair of gums was compared on the basis of the amount of mixing observed. In all cases the addition of the abrasive powder resulted in slower chewing and less mixing. Salivary flow rate increased from a resting value of 0.6 to 0.9 mL min(-1) when stimulated by the non-abrasive gum to 1.1 mL min(-1) with the abrasive gum. This difference was significant (P < 0.05). We conclude that when abrasive particles are detected in the mouth, less bolus manipulation is performed and more saliva is secreted. These responses would have the effect of reducing loss of tooth substance at the expense of reduced cominution of the food.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Relationship between periodontal disease and cirrhosis of the liver in humans.

The periodontal condition of a well-described group of cirrhotic patients was compared with that of a control group, matched for age, sex ratio and socio-economic background, expressed as years of education. The test group comprised 30 cirrhotic patients, 35-64 years of age. The diagnosis cirrhosis of the liver was confirmed histologically, and no other systemic diseases were present. The material was grouped according to age, 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 years of age. The examination included determination of tooth loss, a plaque index, a gingival index, retentive calculus, retentive decay and fillings, and loss of attachment. The amount of plaque was equal in test and control groups, whereas the cirrhotics had a higher degree of severity of gingival inflammation as well as a greater amount of subgingival calculus than the controls. Test and control groups exhibited no significant difference as regards loss of attachment and tooth loss, and similar correlations between loss of attachment and age were demonstrated in the two groups. Patients suffering from cirrhosis for more than 3 years showed significantly greater loss of attachment, as well as more plaque and calculus compared with those with a disease duration of less than 3 years. It is suggested that this aggravation of the periodontal condition is related to increasing neglect of the teeth, as the cirrhotic condition aggravates.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tobacco smoking and vertical periodontal bone loss.

Cigarette smoking is associated with increased prevalence and severity of destructive periodontal disease in terms of periodontal pocketing, periodontal bone loss, and tooth loss. The smoking destructive effect on periodontal bone may be of even "horizontal" and vertical "angular" pattern. The vertical bone loss or the "vertical defect" is a sign of progressive periodontal breakdown that involves the periodontal bone. Water pipe smoking has a sharp rise by the popularity in the recent years by men and women in Middle East countries. The general objective of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between tobacco smoking and vertical periodontal bone loss cross-sectionally and longitudinally. This thesis is based on two study populations, Swedish musicians and a Saudi Arabian population. All participants had a full set of intra-oral radiographs including 16 periapical and 4 bitewing projections that were assessed with regard to presence or absence of vertical defects. In Study I, the number of defects per person increased with age. Vertical defects were more common in the posterior as compared to the anterior region of the dentition and the distribution of defects within the maxilla as well as the mandible typically revealed a right-left hand side symmetry. Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with the prevalence and severity of vertical bone defects (Studies II and III). The relative risk associated with cigarette smoking was 2 to 3-fold increased. The impact of water pipe smoking was of the same magnitude as that of cigarette smoking and the relative risk associated with water pipe smoking was 6-fold increased compared to non-smoking. In addition, the risk of vertical defects increased with increased exposure in cigarette smokers as well as water pipe smokers (Study III). In Study IV, the proportion of vertical defects increased over a 10-year period and the increase over time was significantly associated with smoking. Moreover, the 10-year vertical bone loss was significantly greater in heavy exposure smokers than in light exposure smokers suggesting an exposure-response effect of smoking. Compared to non-smokers the 10-year relative risk was 2.4-fold increased in light exposure smokers and 5.8-fold increased in heavy exposure smokers. In conclusion, the present observations indicate that there is a significant relationship between tobacco smoking and vertical periodontal bone loss. Tobacco smoking should be considered a risk factor for periodontal vertical bone loss.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lost vertical dimension/hypoxia. A case report and commentary.

Is there a relationship between lost vertical dimension (LVD) and hypoxia? This case history records and analyzes a series of uncontrolled treatment events documented with narrative, photographs, and models, leading us to a conclusion that there is definite relationship between LVD and Hypoxia in this instance, and should be an impetus for heightened awareness, further study, and research to further substantiate this claim. The reason for this paper is that Brandon had some Buildups placed on his primary molars to reclaim some his of the lost vertical dimension associated with early tooth loss facilitating tooth up righting. Unbeknown, a few days later his teacher asked Brandon's mother, "what medication is Brandon on?" as she noticed behavioral changes in him that she had seen in other pupils put on medications. Brandon was on "Buildups" not on medication. Therein hangs the tale of LVD/ HYPOXIA.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Endodontic management of the avulsed tooth and tooth transplantation.

The major causes of post-transplantation tooth loss following tooth replacement after avulsion (exarticulation) and surgical replacement of impacted maxillary canines (auto-transplantation) are inflammatory root resorption and replacement resorption (ankylosis). This paper attempts to outline the treatment and management of replanted teeth using the current philosophies of splinting, endodontic therapy and the use of calcium hydroxide in the re-attachment of the periodontal ligament (PDL). Clinical research during the past 20 years has provided sufficient information for the development and establishment of a rational and effective program of treatment.

Ankylosis↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and associated factors for temporomandibular disorders in a group of Mexican adolescents and youth adults.

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a university sample of Campeche, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 506 subjects aged 14-25 years. The subjects were requested to answer questionnaires concerning sociodemographic variables, history of stress, lifestyle, and anxiety. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) was used as TMD diagnostic system by four examiners capacitated and standardized. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression in STATA. The results showed that 46.1% of the subjects exhibited some grade of TMD. Logistic regression analysis with TMD as the dependent variable identified sex (women odds ratio [OR]=1.7), bruxism (OR=1.5), anxiety (OR=1.6), unilateral chewing (OR=1.5), and an interaction between number of tooth loss and stress as the most significant associated variables, thus (1) the effect of having high levels of stress in the group of subjects without tooth loss (OR=1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.7-1.8) and (2) the effect of having high levels of stress in the group of subjects with at least one tooth lost (OR=2.4; 95% CI=1.01-5.9). The variables associated with diagnosis of pain were principally psychosocial (stress and anxiety), whereas for the non-pain diagnosis group, the variables were clinical, such as bruxism, chewing site preference, and restorations in mouth. We found associations among variables that were similar to findings in other studies, such as bruxism, tooth loss, stress, and anxiety. The final model explains that the effect of stress on TMD depends of the tooth loss, controlling for sex, bruxism, unilateral chewing, and anxiety. Finally, it can be concluded that the variables associated with pain and non-pain diagnosis were of distinct nature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Influence of interleukin (IL)-1 composite genotype on clinical variables in non-smoking, well-maintained compliant patients with chronic periodontitis.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the influence of interleukin (IL)-1 genotype on the clinical parameters pocket probing depth and tooth loss in periodontally treated and regularly maintained patients. Only data from non-smokers were included. Patient mean data on pocket probing depth (PPD) and tooth loss from 53 Caucasian patients treated for generalized chronic periodontitis and maintained for an average of 15.5 years at the university of Kiel were analysed. All patients were genotyped and subjects with at least one copy of the variant allele 2 at positions IL-1A -889 and IL-1B +3954 were classified IL-1 genotype positive. 12 patients (22.6%) were IL-1 genotype positive. IL-1 genotype positive/negative patients were on average 46.3/45.8 years old with a mean of 23.8/23.9 teeth, resp., at baseline (TO). A total of 86 teeth were lost initially, resulting in an average of 21.5/ 22.5 teeth after active treatment (T1). The corresponding values after 13 years of supportive periodontal care (T2) were 20.7/21.6 teeth. Corresponding mean PPD values for IL-1 genotype positive/negative patients decreased from 4.7 mm/5.3 mm (To) to 2.9 mm/ 2.9 mm (T1) and increased slightly to 3.3 mm/3.4 mm at T2. Intergroup differences of PPD and tooth loss were not significant. Regarding pocket probing depth and tooth loss, there were no significant differences related to IL-1 genotype.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Tooth structure loss apical to preparations for fixed partial dentures when using self-limiting burs.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Burs with guide pins may be used to limit the depth of tooth preparation for fixed partial dentures. The effects of guide pins on tooth structure apical to the finish line after tooth preparation for fixed partial dentures has not been recorded. PURPOSE: This in vitro study recorded loss of tooth structure within 1.0 mm apical to the finish line of teeth prepared with straight cylinder and tapered cylinder self-limiting burs and one conventional bur. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five extracted human teeth were randomly divided into three groups. The facial surface of each tooth was prepared with two types of diamond burs with guide pins and a conventional diamond for the control. The surface was profiled before and after tooth preparation. Profiled surfaces were analyzed and the groups were compared using analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer HSD test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: No significant difference was recorded between the control group and the group prepared with a round-ended tapered cylinder self-limiting pin. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the control and cylindrical pin groups, and between the two groups prepared with self-limiting diamonds. CONCLUSION: This study revealed abrasion apical to the finish line of the preparation in all groups. The cylindrical guide pin group exhibited the greatest loss of tooth surface.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in a British skeletal population.

The potential role of dental function in TMJ osteoarthritis is examined in an ancient British population. Human skeletal remains from five archaeological sites in England (n = 369) were studied to assess the associations between the presence of osteoarthritis and dental function variables, in particular antemortem tooth loss and dental attrition. Individuals aged over 17 years with at least a portion of either the left or right TMJ were included in the study. Each individual was scored for the occurrence of arthritic lesions on the mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa, the level of dental attrition, and antemortem tooth loss. A loglinear analysis was performed with osteoarthritis as the dependent variable and tooth loss, attrition, sex, and age as the independent variables. Tooth loss and sex are not significantly associated with TMJ osteoarthritis when attrition and age are included in the analysis. Attrition is significantly associated with osteoarthritis even when the analysis corrects for age. The significant association of attrition with osteoarthritis suggests that dental functions may have an influence, separate from ageing, on the development of TMJ osteoarthritis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Modern restorative management of advanced tooth-surface loss.

This article describes the restorative management of a case of advanced, localised tooth-surface loss using modern materials and techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on the conservation of tooth structure while providing restorations with optimum physical and aesthetic characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Dental caries in nineteenth century upper Canada.

This study examines the presence of dental caries in a large sample of adult skeletons from the 19th century cemetery of St. Thomas' Anglican Church in Belleville, Ontario. The cemetery was used from 1821 to 1874. Caries prevalence and frequencies of diseased and missing teeth were calculated both by observing summary statistics of individual rates and by the total sample of teeth. Postmortem tooth loss is low in this sample and antemortem tooth loss is highest in first mandibular molars, all other molars and then premolars. Age at death, but not sex, was found to be significantly related to the overall Caries Rate while both age and sex were significantly associated with the Diseased-Missing Index. The increase in diseased and missing teeth in older individuals is expected while the sex difference is not explained by simple dietary factors. When compared to reports on British and American samples, caries and antemortem tooth loss in the St. Thomas' sample is most similar to a pre-1850 British group and higher than American samples. Although there is undoubtedly a complex of factors contributing to caries prevalence in this sample, more data are required from large historic samples, particularly from the American northeast and late 19th century Britain, to have a clearer understanding of the influence of diet, cultural, and environmental factors affecting caries rates in historic populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A new approach for calibrating dental caries frequency of skeletal remains.

It is a fact that researchers make use of various calibration methods for calculating and correcting dental caries frequency. The lack of standardization and accuracy of such methods has made it difficult for the researchers to draw reliable and differentiated conclusions from caries frequencies. Besides, the number of studies on how far the calculation methods reflect the "real" caries frequency is very limited. In this study, various methods for calculating caries frequency in skeletal samples are discussed and a new calculation method is proposed for estimating "real" caries frequency. The Hardwick's correction, which is one of the methods discussed in this study, is not successful in estimating "real" caries frequency as it proposes standard values for different life styles and dietary habits. The decayed and missing index is also considered inefficient as it assumes that all antemortem tooth loss is due to caries. The caries correction factor, proposed by Lukacs, achieves more successful results by considering factors other than caries in antemortem tooth loss, but because it does not differentiate between the anterior and posterior tooth groups during calculation, the results to be obtained therefrom may deviate from actual figures. In order to correct any such deviation, the caries correction factor must be applied separately for the anterior and posterior teeth groups since the resistance of each group to cariogenic factors is different. All the methods outlined above do not consider the effects of postmortem tooth loss on caries frequency. As a result, these methods are still far from reflecting a reliable caries frequency. The application of a proportional correction factor--as a technique newly introduced here--corrects the deviation caused by postmortem tooth loss and achieves more realistic results.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1996

The role of osteopenia in oral bone loss and periodontal disease.

Osteoporosis and periodontitis are diseases which affect a large number of women and men, with incidence increasing with advancing age. Osteopenia is a reduction in bone mass due to an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, favoring resorption, resulting in demineralization and leading to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. Periodontitis is characterized by inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth, resulting in resorption of the alveolar bone as well as loss of the soft tissue attachment to the tooth and is a major cause of tooth loss and edentulousness in adults. The relationship of osteopenia to oral bone loss and periodontal disease has been addressed in a limited number of studies. A review of current knowledge regarding this relationship is presented. Interpretation of the literature is complicated by the variety of methods used to assess osteopenia, oral bone mass, and periodontitis, as well as varying definitions of outcomes of interest. Results of a previously unpublished study are presented which suggest that severity of osteopenia is related to loss of alveolar crestal height and tooth loss in post-menopausal women. The literature on the relationship among these disorders is limited and points to the need for additional studies which thoroughly evaluate the influence of potential confounding factors to further define the relationship between low bone mineral density and periodontal disease in larger populations. Clearer understanding of this relationship may aid health care providers in their efforts to detect and prevent osteoporosis and periodontal disease. Increased dialogue among medical and dental professional will be increasingly important in achieving and maintaining patients' optimal health.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Preservation of ridge dimensions following grafting with coral granules of 48 post-traumatic and post-extraction dento-alveolar defects.

This prospective clinical analysis reports on the use of coral granules in alveolar ridge preservation procedures in a population of young, growing patients. The sample consisted of 21 patients, 12 females and 9 males, with a mean age of 13.6 years. These 21 patients had 48 dento-alveolar defects suitable for augmentation with coral granules, and were followed clinically and radiographically for 3-7 years after augmentation. There were two areas of augmentation: 17 defects in the anterior maxilla resulted from traumatic tooth loss, and 31 defects in the posterior maxilla and mandible resulted from the extraction of ankylosed retained primary molars with no permanent succedaneous teeth. Between 1-2 ml of coral granules were implanted into the alveolar bone defects left by the extraction of teeth in both the areas. This was in order to preserve the remaining edentulous ridge from further alveolar ridge resorption. The goal of the procedure was to preserve the alveolus so that in the future, a dental implant could be placed to replace the missing tooth, after jaw growth had stopped, without the need for a bone graft. The coral granules appeared to be totally replaced by the host bone on follow-up clinical and radiographic examinations. The two areas of the jaws behaved quite differently. In the anterior maxilla, where tooth loss was secondary to trauma, the coral granules restored the alveolar ridges temporarily. However, over the years of follow-up in this study, the coral granules failed to provide sufficient bone to support the placement of a dental implant without using a bone graft in 14 of the 17 defects or 82.4% of sites. In the posterior maxilla and mandible, where tooth loss was due to the elective removal of ankylosed primary molars, 29 of the 31 defects or 93.5% of sites were successful as they were able to support the placement of an osseo-integrated dental implant without the use of a bone graft. The alveolar sparing technique was more successful in maintaining an alveolar ridge sufficient for the placement of a dental implant without bone grafting in the posterior maxilla and mandible, where tooth loss was secondary to the elective removal of ankylosed deciduous molars than in the anterior maxilla, where tooth loss was secondary to trauma. Coral granules seem to be more suitable in the posterior maxilla and mandible where there were ankylosed deciduous teeth and congenitally absent permanent teeth than in the traumatized anterior maxilla. In successful sites, coral granules can spare the alveolus from residual ridge atrophy or resorption, obviating the need for a bone graft. This reduces patient morbidity, as a second surgical donor site is avoided because bone graft harvesting is made unnecessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The benefits of estrogen replacement therapy on oral health. The Leisure World cohort.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between tooth loss and alveolar residual ridge resorption and systemic osteoporosis. The recognized benefit of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in postmenopausal osteoporosis prompted review of the Leisure World Cohort Study regarding the effects of ERT on tooth loss and the need for dentures in older women. METHODS: The Leisure World Cohort, established in 1981, comprises 13,979 residents (8877 women) of a retirement community. Of the 5935 cohort women alive in 1992, 3921 returned a dental survey with sufficient information to analyze relationships with ERT as reported on the original baseline questionnaire. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, tooth loss and rates of edentia were significantly lower in estrogen users than in nonusers (relative risk for edentia, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.79). The proportion of women with edentia decreased with increasing duration of ERT. Denture wearing was also less common in estrogen users than in nonusers (relative risk, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.71 to 0.93) and decreased with increasing duration of ERT. CONCLUSION: Estrogen replacement therapy may be beneficial in preventing tooth loss and the need for dentures in older women.

Aged↗