Textile fiber dermatitis.
The review discusses acute and cumulative irritant, allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis due to the physical and chemical nature of textile fibers.
Animals↗
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Decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsuta.
Trametes hirsuta and a purified laccase from this organism were able to degrade triarylmethane, indigoid, azo, and anthraquinonic dyes. Initial decolorization velocities depended on the substituents on the phenolic rings of the dyes. Immobilization of the T. hirsuta laccase on alumina enhanced the thermal stabilities of the enzyme and its tolerance against some enzyme inhibitors, such as halides, copper chelators, and dyeing additives. The laccase lost 50% of its activity at 50 mM NaCl while the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of the immobilized enzyme was 85 mM. Treatment of dyes with the immobilized laccase reduced their toxicities (based on the oxygen consumption rate of Pseudomonas putida) by up to 80% (anthraquinonic dyes). Textile effluents decolorized with T. hirsuta or the laccase were used for dyeing. Metabolites and/or enzyme protein strongly interacted with the dyeing process indicated by lower staining levels (K/S) values than obtained with a blank using water. However, when the effluents were decolorized with immobilized laccase, they could be used for dyeing and acceptable color differences (DeltaE*) below 1.1 were measured for most dyes.
Coloring Agents↗
Mesotheliomas and asbestos type in asbestos textile workers: a study of lung contents.
The asbestos contents of the lungs of former employees of an asbestos textile factory were determined at necropsy using a transmission electron microscope. Those who had died of mesothelioma were compared with a matched sample of those who had died of other causes. The predominant fibre processed in the factory was chrysotile, but crocidolite had also been used. The lung content was consistent with the known exposure to chrysotile, but the crocidolite content was also high, being about 300 times that of the general population of the United Kingdom. The lungs of those with mesothelioma did not contain more of either chrysotile or crocidolite than the lungs of the controls, so no particular type of asbestos could be implicated in causing the mesotheliomas. The evidence of substantial exposure to crocidolite means that the mesotheliomas that occurred in this factory could not be attributed with any certainty to the exposure to chrysotile.
Aged↗
Recent trends in the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms in the Lancashire textile industry.
A respiratory symptoms questionnaire was completed for 4656 volunteers employed in 31 textile factories engaged in spinning or weaving manmade fibre or cotton of various qualities. Sets of airborne dust and bacteria samples were collected in workzones and personal breathing zones in the workrooms where the volunteers were employed. A total of 182 people indicated experiencing byssinotic symptoms, mainly in opening and carding rooms or in spinning and winding rooms where medium to coarse cotton was being processed. This represents a significant decline in the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms over the years, due possibly to lower concentrations of airborne contaminants, especially of bacteria, as cleaner raw materials are being used. According to a multiple, logistic regression model, the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms was found to be statistically significantly related to years worked in the cotton industry, exposure to dust, quality of cotton used, workroom of employment, ethnic origin, and smoking habits. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis were found to be significantly related to smoking habit and to factors connected with occupation, such as exposure to dust, workroom, and the quality of fibre processed.
Byssinosis↗
Byssinosis in a textile factory in Cameroon: a preliminary study.
To assess the risk of byssinosis in a cotton textile factory in Cameroon a preliminary study was conducted on a random sample of 125 men from production areas and 68 men from non-production areas. Symptoms were assessed by a questionnaire, which also included questions regarding sleep; peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) was measured with a miniature peak flow meter at the end of a working day and total dust concentrations were assessed by static and personal sampling with Casella dust samplers giving values of 6.4 +/- 2.6 mg/m3 (m +/- SD) in production areas and 1.7 +/- 0.7 mg/m3 in control areas. Exposed subjects had significantly more symptoms (particularly in smokers) and lower PEF values than controls (408 +/- 961/min v 468 +/- 701/min, p less than 0.001). Twenty three exposed subjects (18%) reported chest tightness on returning to work after the weekly break (compared with one control, p less than 0.01). Subjects with byssinosis had lower PEF values than those without chest tightness (356 +/- 501/min v 426 +/- 951/min, p less than 0.01), more chronic bronchitis (52% v 6%, p less than 0.001), they were more often smokers (61% v 31%, p less than 0.05), and came generally, though not exclusively, from the opening carding spinning department with the highest concentrations of total dust (8 +/- 2 mg/m3) and an estimated prevalence of byssinosis of 28%. There were no significant differences in sleep related symptoms between the exposed and controls, though the 23 subjects with byssinosis tended to report more snoring (48%), early morning headache (48%), and sleep improvement over the working week (44%) than all the other subjects (28%, 24%, and 24% respectively, p less than 0.1).
Adult↗
The characteristics of respiratory ill health of wool textile workers.
The relations of lung function and chest radiographic appearances with exposure to inspirable dust were examined in 634 workers in five wool textile mills in west Yorkshire, randomly selected to represent fully the range of current exposures to wool mill dust. Most of these workers could be categorised into three large sex and ethnic groups; European men, Asian men, and Asian women. Exposures to inspirable dust had been measured at a previous survey and time spent in current job, and in the industry were used as surrogates for lifetime cumulative exposures. Chest radiographs were interpreted on the International Labour Office (ILO) scale by three medically qualified readers, and the results combined. Profusions of small opacities of 0/1 on the ILO scale, or greater, were present in only 6% of the population, and were not positively associated with current exposure to wool mill dust, or duration of exposure. In general, statistically significant relations between exposure and lung function indices were not found, with the exception of an inverse relation between the forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity ratio and dust concentration in European women. A suggestive but not statistically significant inverse relation between FVC and current dust concentration was seen in Asian men. Substantial differences were found between mills in mean values of lung function variables after adjustment for other factors but these were not apparently related to the differences in dust concentrations between these mills. Dyeworkers and wool scourers (mostly European men in relatively dust free jobs) on average experienced an FEV1 251 ml lower than other workers when age, height, smoking habits, and occupational factors had been taken into account. Twenty four per cent of the workforce responded to intracutaneous application of one or more common allergens (weal diameter at least 4 mm), only 12 (7.9%) of these responding to wool extracts. Atopic subjects did not appear to have an increased susceptibility to the effects of inspirable wool dust on lung function. These studies suggest that exposure to wool mill dust may cause functional impairment in some workers but there is little indication from these data of frequent or severe dust related functional deficits. More detailed estimates of cumulative dust exposure by reconstruction of exposure histories might clarify associations between exposure to dust and lung function. These chest radiographic findings provide no evidence that exposure to wool mill dust is related to lung fibrosis.
Adult↗
Association of rotating shiftwork with preterm births and low birth weight among never smoking women textile workers in China.
1035 married women workers in three modern textile mills in Anhui, China were surveyed to investigate the association of rotating shiftwork with low birth weight and preterm birth in 1992. Information on reproductive health, occupational exposure history, and other covariates including age at pregnancy, time and duration of leave from job since pregnancy, and mill location was obtained by trained nurses with a standardised questionnaire. This analysis was limited to 845 women (887 live births), who were middle or high school graduates, never smokers, and non-alcohol drinkers. About 72% of the women worked an eight day cycle with shift changes every two days throughout pregnancy. Mean gestational age was 38.8 and 39.0 weeks for shift and regular schedule workers, respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for confounding factors including maternal age at pregnancy, order of live birth, mill location, job title, occupational exposure to dust/gases/fumes, stress, carrying and lifting of heavy loads, working in a squat position, time and duration of leave from the job since pregnancy, and indoor coal combustion for heating. The adjusted difference in gestational age associated with rotating shifts was statistically significant (beta = -0.44 (SE 0.20) weeks.) Mean birth weights were 3248 g and 3338 g for rotating shift workers and regular schedule workers respectively. The estimated effect of rotating shiftwork on birth weight was -79 (SE 42) g. When the analysis was restricted to first order live births or to production workers, the estimated effects of rotating shiftwork on both gestational age and birth weight were significant. The proportions of preterm birth (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g), respectively, were 20% and 9% for shift workers and 15% and 6% for regular schedule workers. The adjusted odds ratio of shiftwork was 2.0 (95% CI) 1.1-3.4) for preterm birth and 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-4.1) for low birth weight. This association remained significant when the analysis was restricted to production workers or first order live births.
Adult↗
Pulmonary toxicity of components of textile paint linked to the Ardystil syndrome: intratracheal administration in hamsters.
OBJECTIVES: It was hypothesised from an epidemiological investigation that a formula change from Acramin FWR (a polyurea) to Acramin FWN (a polyamide-amine) had led to severe pulmonary disease in textile printing sprayers in SPAIN AND ALGERIA. To verify this, the pulmonary toxicity of the components of the paint systems involved was assessed in experimental animals. METHODS: Individual components and relevant mixtures, diluted in phosphate buttered saline, were given by intratracheal instillation of 2 ml/kg to hamsters. Pulmonary toxicity was assessed on days 3, 7, 14, 28, and 92 after a single intratracheal instillation, by histology and by measuring wet and dry lung weight, protein concentration, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, inflammatory cell number and distribution in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and hydroxyproline content in dried lung tissue. RESULTS: Based on the doses that killed 50% of the animals (LD50s), the various components were found to be 10 to 1250 times more toxic when given intratracheally than when given orally (according to reported oral LD50s in rats). Acramin FWN, Acramin FWR, Acrafix FHN, or their mixtures caused lung damage. Protein concentration, enzyme activities, total cell number, and percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils were increased in BALF during the first week after intratracheal instillation. Lung weights remained high for at least a month. Histology showed inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent fibrosis with collagen deposition. This finding was confirmed by an increased hydroxyproline content in dried lung tissue. Acramoll W did not show toxic effects. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that there is no major difference, in hamsters, between the acute intratracheal toxicity of Acramin FWR and that of Acramin FWN. Consequently, there is no simple toxicological explanation for the epidemiological hypothesis. However, the pulmonary toxicity of these non-irritant polymeric compounds is surprisingly high. The Ardystil disaster and these results should serve as a strong warning that conventional toxicity testing of chemicals does not necessarily protect workers against respiratory toxicity.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Respiratory symptoms in Lancashire textile weavers.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate a large population of cotton textile weavers for reported respiratory symptoms relative to occupational factors, smoking, and exposure to dust. Cotton processing is known to produce a respiratory disease known as byssinosis particularly in the early processes of cotton spinning. Relatively little is known about the respiratory health of the cotton weavers who produce cloth from spun cotton. By the time cotton is woven many of the original contaminants have been removed. METHODS: 1295 operatives from a target population of 1428 were given an interviewer led respiratory questionnaire. The presence of upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms were sought and the work relatedness of these symptoms determined by a stem questionnaire design. Also occupational and demographic details were obtained and spirometry and personal dust sampling performed. RESULTS: Byssinosis was present in only four people (0.3%). Chronic bronchitis had a moderate overall prevalence of about 6% and was related predominantly to smoking. There were several other work related respiratory symptoms (persistent cough 3.9%, chronic production of phlegm 3.6%, chest tightness 4.8%, wheezing 5.4%, and breathlessness 2.3%). All of these were predicted predominantly by smoking (either past or present), with no consistent independent effect of exposure to dust. Work related eye and nasal symptoms were more common (10.4% and 16.9% respectively). CONCLUSION: Byssinosis is a rare respiratory symptom in cotton weaving. Other work related respiratory symptoms were reported but their presence was predominantly related to smoking with no consistent effects of exposure to dust.
Adult↗
Ventilatory function and personal breathing zone dust concentrations in Lancashire textile weavers.
BACKGROUND: To report findings on ventilatory function and estimations of concentrations of personal breathing zone dust in Lancashire textile weavers. Weaving room dust is considered to be less harmful than that encountered in the cardroom or spinning room and weavers are generally thought to have less respiratory disability than carders or spinners. However, this occupational group has not been extensively studied. METHODS: Each person was given a respiratory symptom questionnaire (modified Medical Research Council, UK, questionnaire on respiratory diseases). Ventilatory function tests, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were performed on each person. A representative sample of workers from each occupational group underwent dust sampling in their personal breathing zone. Dust concentrations and ventilatory tests were analysed statistically with the Student's t test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and forward step regression for relations with symptoms and environmental factors. Significance was p > or = 0.05. RESULTS: The FEV1 and FVC were reduced in workers with respiratory symptoms (non-specific chest tightness, shortness of breath, persistent cough, and wheezing) as well as in preparation room workers, current and former smokers, Asians, those working with predominantly cotton fibre (> 50% cotton) and starch size. Mean total dust concentration (pd1) in the personal breathing zone was 1.98 mg/m3. The corresponding value for total dust with large fibres lifted off the filter paper (pd2) was 1.55 mg/m3. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001) between pd1 and pd2. Non-specific chest tightness was predicted by low dust concentrations and persistent cough by high dust concentrations. On regression analysis, impairment of ventilatory function (FEV1, FVC) was predicted by smoking, male sex, age, not working in the weaving shed, not being white, and personal dust concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The FEV1 and FVC were impaired in smokers and those exposed to high dust concentrations in the personal breathing zone. Symptoms were inconsistently related to dust concentrations in the personal breathing zone.
Dust↗
Chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies in workers occupationally exposed to textile dyes.
The peripheral lymphocytes of 11 male and seven female workers occupationally exposed to textile dyes were studied for cytogenetic change. A significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were recorded regardless of the duration of the workers' exposure to the dyes.
Adult↗
Waiting time to pregnancy and pregnancy outcome among Danish workers in the textile, clothing, and footwear industries.
The relationship between time from planned to achieved pregnancy and pregnancy outcome has been studied in a group of 18,658 workers in the textile, clothing and footwear industries. Information on pregnancy outcome and delay in conception in the period 1979-84 was collected by self administered questionnaires in 1985. The response rate was 70.3%. During the study period there had been 5,171 live births and 708 spontaneous abortions. Information on delay in conception was collected in broad categories. The data were analysed by means of a newly developed statistical parametric model in order to collect all possible information from the highly grouped data. Median waiting time before a pregnancy which ended in spontaneous abortion was 1.68 times longer than median waiting time before a pregnancy leading to a live birth. There seems to be a correlation between the length of the waiting time and abortion.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
Organizing pneumonia in textile printing workers: a clinical description.
In April 1992 an outbreak of severe respiratory illness occurred among aerographic textile workers in the area of Alcoi, Autonomous Community of Valencia, Spain. An epidemiological study linked this outbreak to the use of a reformulated aerosolized product, Acramin-FWN. We analyzed clinical, laboratory, and pathological data of the first 14 patients with confirmed organizing pneumonia (OP) secondary to this newly recognized occupational toxicant. The mean age of the patients was 30 yrs. The most common clinical findings were cough (86%), epistaxis (71%), dyspnoea (64%), oppressive chest pain (57%), and crackles (50%). A restrictive functional pattern was evident in 64%. Radiographic findings consisted predominantly of patchy infiltrates in 65% and a micronodular pattern in 35%. Treatment with corticosteroids did not prevent initial progression in 11 of the 14 patients and development of irreversible respiratory failure in five patients. At necropsy, besides features of OP, interstitial fibrosis and diffuse alveolar damage were evident. A low total lung capacity, the presence of crackles at admission, and increases in the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference were predictive of death. The organizing pneumonia caused by the inhalation of Acramin-FWN is characterized by a tendency to evolve into progressive interstitial fibrosis despite the use of corticosteroids. The illness is restricted to the respiratory system and once respiratory failure has developed the prognosis is poor.
Adipates↗
[Combustion gas toxicity of textiles (author's transl)].
Textiles are used so widely as interior materials of many buildings, houses, and transportation facilities, that the combustion gas has a chance of intoxication of a fire accident. Therefore this investigation was undertaken to clarify the toxicity of the gas and to obtain an index for safety standards in such cases. The combustion gases of cotton, polypropylene, acrylic, flame retardant (F.R.) cotton and F.R. acrylic fabrics were analyzed by a gas chromatograph and a GC-Mass spectorograph, and also tested with experimental animals to determine the lethal factors including blood gas analyzing technique. The gas exposuring test based on gas analysis data showed that the toxicity of these combustion products increased in the following orders: cotton, polypropylene, F.R. cotton, F.R. acrylic and acrylic. Comparative indices of the toxicity showed that acrylic increased 7.26-fold as compared with that of cotton. It was recognized that the lethal factors in the mice was due to carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen cyanide during the exposure one hour, and that sequelae due to acrolein during the seven day observation period after the exposure. Flame retardant treatment increased twice the toxicity of cotton. On the contrary, that of acrylic was reduced by 0.8 time compared with the original fabric, so that the treatment could be recommended only in case of acrylic from the safety standpoint. From the above results, it can be stressed that vigorous smoke exhaust procedure should be executed in the case of fire accidents for saving human lives.
Animals↗
Body louse remains found in textiles excavated at Masada, Israel.
A leg of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), was found in a storeroom at Masada build during the reign of King Herod the Great. The unearthed culture material clearly indicates that the room was occupied by the rebels during the first Jewish revolt against the Romans (AD 66-73/4). The context of the textiles associated with the louse and their nature suggest a rebel origin. An exuvium of a leg of the third nymphal stage of body louse was found. The first three parts of the leg (tarsus, including the tarsal claw, tibia and femur) were preserved entirely, while the fourth segment of the leg, the trochanter, was only partially conserved. The comparison of the tarsus of this specimen with the legs of present day third instar nymphs of body and head lice revealed that the leg found within the archaeological debris belongs to a body louse.
Animals↗
Genotoxicity of textile dyes evaluated with Ames test and rec-assay.
We evaluated for mutagenicity 14 commercial textile dyes used extensively in the northern part of India using both the Ames Salmonella typhimurium microsome reversion test as well as the recombination-repair (rec)-assay. The Ames test revealed that 57.14% of dyes were mutagenic and acting directly. The rec-assay detected 50% of dyes to be mutagenic; of these, 71.43% were direct acting, whereas 28.57% required Aroclor-induced exogenous metabolic activation. Used together, the two tests detected 78.57% of the dyes to be mutagenic, and a 50% correlation was found between these two tests. Groupwise, three out of four azo dyes and all five anthraquinone dyes were found to be mutagenic by the Ames assay; the rec-assay detected methine/polymethine (1 out of 3), an oxazine, and a triphenylmethane dye to be mutagenic, besides the azo (1 out of 4) and the anthraquinone (3 out of 5) dyes. The structure-activity analysis attributed the mutagenicity of dyes to the structural alerts such as phenylenediamine, amino and nitro-groups, methylation, CH=CH, and chloro groups; whereas deamination, bulkier groups, and sulfonation may be responsible for diminishing mutagenicity.
Azo Compounds↗
Genotoxicity of degradation products of textile dyes evaluated with rec-assay after PhotoFenton and ligninase treatment.
Fourteen textile and biological dyes, belonging to the azo, triphenylmethane, anthraquinone, heterocyclic, oxazine, and methine/polymethine groups, were degraded using the PhotoFenton treatment (PFT) and the Phanerochaete chrysosporium crude ligninase enzyme (ED) treatment. The genotoxicity of the dyes and of their degradation products were assessed with the rec-assay. We found that the genotoxicity depended on the dye and on the method of degradation. In general, PFT was better than ED in decreasing the genotoxicity. Basic dyes showed complete or maximum loss of genotoxicity, whereas the vat group was more resistant. The azo group showed varied results. Crystal Violet was the only dye whose genotoxicity increased after PFT. Our results suggest that PFT and ED are two effective treatment methods to reduce the genotoxicity of dyes in waste waters.
Animals↗
Performance of membrane bioreactors used for the treatment of wastewater from the chemical and textile industries.
Within the scope of the study, nine waste waters from the chemical and textile industries were treated in bench-scale (laboratory scale) and small-scale (pilot scale) membrane bioreactors. Depending on wastewater characteristics, the resulting performance varied significantly. It was observed that MBR effectiveness was determined primarily by the degree of biodegradability of the wastewater. In the course of several months of operation, no significant changes associated with the complete retention of the biomass by the membranes were observed. In some cases, it was possible to improve effluent quality by using smaller molecular separation sizes. The flux performance of the membrane modules was dependent on wastewater composition. Occasionally, non-degradable macromolecular substances concentrated in the bioreactor, resulting in strongly reduced filterability and flow performance of the membrane modules, consequently also reducing the economic viability of the process. The results demonstrate that wastewater-specific pilot tests are absolutely necessary, in particular if the technology is to be used for new applications.
Biomass↗