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PubMed1991

Development of masticatory muscles and oral behavior from suckling to chewing in dogs.

1. At the age of 20 postnatal days, more than a half of the dogs (13/20) showed incisor eruption. At the age of 25 postnatal days, half of the dogs (10/20) showed molar eruption. 2. At the age of 24 postnatal days, half of the dogs (10/20) started chewing behavior. 3. EMG amplitudes of temporal muscle were larger than that of masseter muscle until 26.5 days after birth, but they were reversed at 26.5 days after birth. 4. This suggests that in dogs the earlier teeth erupted, the earlier the dominant oral behavior was changed from suckling to mastication, and concomitantly the dominant muscle for the oral behavior was changed from the temporal to the masseter muscle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unusual cranial aspects of the Apert syndrome.

Frank cloverleaf skull is found in approximately 4% of Apert-syndrome infants. However, the usual Apert skull and its cloverleaf form are spectral in nature. In all patients, the temporal bones are obliquely situated, and the degree to which this is so determines whether no, mild, moderate, or severe cloverleafing will occur. True encephalocele rarely is found in the Apert syndrome, but pseudoencephalocele in the frontal region sometimes is confused with it. Because the Apert calvaria at birth is characterized by a widely gaping midline defect, the midfrontal region of the brain is not covered by bone during early infancy. However, with time, closure of the midline defect occurs by coalescence of bony islands, thus covering the pseudoencephalic region. Also discussed in this paper are (a) atypical calvarial development with patency of the coronal sutures in one case, (b) size and position of the temporal muscles, and (c) size and position of the superficial temporal fat pads.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latency and inhibition of human masticatory muscles following stimuli.

Latency-inhibition behavior was always produced in contracting anterior temporal muscles following the application of various stimuli to the teeth and jaws of 31 subjects. Statistically significant differences in duration were generally observed with different procedures. In half of the subjects, the first one or two closures in a sequence of repetitive tapping evoked a longer period of inhibition than subsequent closures. No reflex or latency-inhibition behavior could be produced in contracting digastric muscles. Comparisons of means for individual subjects did not follow the pattern suggested by comparisons of total sample means in almost half of the subjects.

Electromyography↗
PubMed1983

Histologic changes in rat masticatory muscles subsequent to experimental increase of the occlusal vertical dimension.

Histologic changes in various masticatory muscles were studied in Wistar rats from 12 hours to 84 days after an experimental increase of the occlusal vertical dimension. The increases applied (1 to 2 mm) were based on the amount of interocclusal space (1 mm) in the rat. A sequence of tissue reaction from early acute inflammatory destruction of myofibers to healing with myofiber regeneration was most pronounced in the deep masseter muscle of the 2 mm group (12 hours to 21 days). A similar sequence was also observed to a lesser degree in the superficial masseter and anterior temporal muscles, while no changes were detectable in the posterior temporal, medial pterygoid, and anterior digastric muscles of this group. Variable severity of tissue response in different masticatory muscles might be attributable to the amount of stretching of myofibers as a result of an increased occlusal vertical dimension. On the other hand, degenerative atrophy of myofibers in the lateral pterygoid muscle occurred within 2 days with no sign of inflammation, and these condensed myofibers persisted as late as 84 days. Based on these findings, it was suggested that displacement of the mandibular condyle would exert an important influence on the prognosis after an increase in the occlusal vertical dimension. Only a transient acute inflammation occurred in the deep and superficial masseter muscles in the 1 mm group. Except for a small number of condensed myofibers in the lateral pterygoid muscle, degenerative changes of myofibers were not revealed. Therefore, increasing the occlusal vertical dimension within the extent of the interocclusal space might be regarded as appropriate for prosthodontic practices.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Discrimination of clenches at varied jaw positions using autoregressive model coefficients of myoelectrical activities of anterior temporal and masseter muscles.

During 10% maximum clenching at intercuspal, protruded, retruded contact and lateral positions, the surface electromyograms (EMG) of bilateral anterior temporal and masseter muscles of 20 normal subjects with intact natural dentitions were recorded. The autoregressive (AR) model of the sampled EMG was then built and the obtained coefficients of the AR model were accepted as featured parameters of the EMG. Finally Bayes' stepwise discriminant analysis was used for establishing discriminant functions of estimating low level clenches at varied jaw positions. It was found that total conformation rates of internal and external sample substitution (15 and 5 subjects) were 82.67% and 78% respectively; the discriminant effect between intercuspal and retruded contact position was not up to predicted standard. The results indicate that AR model coefficients may describe the characteristics of surface EMG of masticatory muscles and easily be used in multiple statistical analysis, from which the classification and diagnosis may be taken.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Electromyographic patterns of individuals suffering from lateral tennis elbow.

This study investigated the applicability of using surface electromyography (EMG) as a tool for differentiating between persons suffering from lateral tennis elbow and the healthy age-matched adults. Temporal muscle activation patterns of the tennis elbow group were evaluated to determine if they varied between subject groups and if noted variations might be interpreted as arresting or exacerbating the injury. Sixteen subjects (Healthy Controls, n = 6; Tennis Elbow, n = 10) were tested under simulated tennis playing conditions. All subjects were males (Healthy group (CON) 38.8 +/- 13.1, Injured group (INJ) 40.8 +/- 10.8 yrs). EMG response data, temporal and spatial muscle activities, of the forearm extensors (Ext), the forearm flexors (Flex) and the triceps (Tri) were recorded for each subject during a single test session using all combinations of three different velocities on three different racket head impact locations. Data were collected at a frequency of 1000 Hz. Statistical analysis was performed using a 2 x 3 x 3 (Health status x Impact velocity x Impact location) ANOVA with repeated measures. Results indicated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the CON and INJ subject groups for the response variables associated with forearm extensor muscle activation. During simulated play, the INJ group employed an earlier, longer, and greater activation of Ext than the CON group, such changes may be considered detrimental to the healing process. These results support the use of surface EMG to quantify differences in muscle activation strategies employed by individuals suffering from soft tissue muscle microtrauma injuries and healthy controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Masticatory muscles of domestic sheep and swine in ontogenesis].

Age changes of morphometrical parameters of the masticatory muscles have been analyzed in domestic sheep and pigs of white large breed in the following age groups: 2-, 3-, 4-month-old fetuses, newborns, 4-month-old lambs, 10-month-old pigs, 18-month-old lambs, mature she-sheep and brood-sows. Uneven weight growth of the masticatory muscles in the sheep and pigs during the prenatal ontogenesis should be considered as a consequence of recapitulation of their phylogenesis, and in the postnatal ontogenesis it depends on changes in life conditions, type of nutrition, character of food and type of life. In newborn sheep the digastric, lateral, pterygoid and temporal muscles grow intensively, and in pigs--medial pterygoid and temporal ones. When they pass to roughage, in the former the mass of the musculus masseter major and medial pterygoid muscle increases, and in the latter--that of the musculus masseter major and temporal one. The masticatory muscles of the species studied increase in their mass especially intensively during the middle of the prenatal ontogenesis and during suckling period of their development. This should be taken into consideration in stock-breeding practice. In domestic pigs there is only one muscular belly in the digastric muscle. In sheep there are two bellies, separated one from another by means of a tendinous intersection, owing to crossing of the latter by the stylohyoid muscle.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Orbital, osseous, meningeal and cerebral findings in oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota). Clinico-histopathologic correlation in 2 patients].

In two patients suffering from congenital oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota) orbital, osseous, meningeal, and cerebral manifestations are documented. In a 38-year-old European with a nevus of Ota on the right side an ipsilateral orbital tumor was diagnosed and surgically removed. The histological examination revealed a primary spindle shaped malignant melanoma of the orbit. In addition, many benign melanocytes were found in the optic nerve, in the extraocular muscles, in the orbital fat tissue, and in the dura of the sphenoid. In a 17-year-old Ethiopian with a nevus of Ota of the right side an increase in size of the pigmented process was observed during puberty in the orbital fat tissue, in the extraocular muscles, in the optic nerve, in the periorbital bones, in the temporal muscle, and in the cortex of the frontal brain lobe. A deep excision from the lower eye lid revealed a histologically benign oculo-orbito-dermal melanocytosis. An irradiation was performed because of growth again after segmental excision, however without success. In the ipsilateral eye a secondary open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed. In the nevus of Ota an involvement of the orbit and of the meningo-cerebral tissue must be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Craniomandibular disorders in an urban Swedish population.

A sample of 637 persons was interviewed and examined clinically for signs and symptoms of CMD. Five percent reported daily headaches, and recurrent headaches were more frequently (P less than 0.001) reported by women (28%) than men (15%). Women more often (P greater than 0.001) had headaches upon awaking and in the afternoon. Face, eyes, throat, and neck were the most common locations of pain (20%). Women (18%) more often (P less than 0.05) reported CM symptoms than men (10%), and 16% of the women and 9% of the men considered themselves to be in need of treatment. About 20% reported oral parafunctions (clenching/grinding/biting). The most frequent clinical finding was TMJ sounds (58%). Both clicking and crepitation were more frequent in women (P less than 0.01). Palpation tenderness in the jaw muscles was most frequently found in the lateral pterygoid (34%) and temporal muscle (27%). Women generally had more tenderness and muscles tender to palpation. Mean maximal opening capacity was significantly larger in men. Only 12% of the sample were found to be free of signs of mandibular dysfunction. As signs and symptoms of CMD were common findings, routine dental examination should always include functional examination of the stomatognathic system to evaluate the need of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional decline and nutritional status in a hospitalized geriatric population: sequential study.

We analyzed the relations between nutritional status and several measures of the ability to perform the normal activities of daily living (ADL) in a long-term institutionalized geriatric population and also studied whether changes in this ability, as found ten months later, were associated with changes in the nutritional status. Nutritional status was assessed using objective anthropometric measurements (triceps skinfold, mid upper-arm circumference, midarm muscle area [AMA], midarm fat area [AFA]) and subjective clinical features (temporal muscle atrophy [TMA] and Bichat's fat atrophy [BFA]). The capacity to perform ADL was analyzed considering ability to eat and to walk, dental status, and mental performance status. Patients with total absence or loss of more than 50% of the teeth showed less AMA and AFA and greater degrees of TMA and BFA; the same happened with regard to deterioration of mental performance status. Those patients fed through a nasogastric tube showed less AFA and serum albumin and also a greater degree of TMA and BFA. Patients unable to walk without aid showed less AMA and AFA. Patients whose capacity to walk improved or whose mental performance status ameliorated showed an increase of their AMA, whereas AFA slightly decreased in those patients whose abilities to eat and to walk deteriorated. Long-term hospitalization in our center led to improvement and to deterioration of ADL in approximately the same number of patients, and similar changes were seen in the nutritional measures.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1982

[Artificial embolization with cyanoacrylate for the treatment of the extracranial arteriovenous malformation].

Two cases of the extracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) were treated by intra-arterial injection of cyanoacrylate (Aron alpha A). The first case was a 31-year-old man who had an AVM in the left temporal muscle. At operation, the feeders, the left anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries, were exposed and Aron alpha A was injected into these feeders. The pulsation of the AVM disappeared and the AVM became a hard mass. The mass was totally removed with remarkably little amount of bleeding. No complication was noted. The second case was a 23-year-old man who had an AVM in the scalp, and its feeder was the left occipital artery. The treatment was done in the same manner as in the first case. After operation the regional scalp became necrotic, but the epithelialization was completed in 3 weeks. No signs of recurrence of AVM were noted 20th and 21th month after operation in each of the cases. The recent literature were briefly reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

EMG versus force relationship in painful masseter muscles before and after intramuscular anesthetics and saline injections.

Electromyographic (EMG) activity of masseter and anterior temporal muscles, and bite force were analyzed in 28 young, fully dentate women with painful and tender masseter muscles before and after intramuscular injection of either lidocaine or saline in superficial masseter muscle. EMG-activity of the descending part of the trapezius muscle during increased bite force was also analyzed. As regards the mandibular elevators, the intraindividual relationship between slopes for EMG-force regression at low and high contraction levels before injection were the same as for healthy women investigated previously. Intramuscular injection of lidocaine reduced postural EMG-activity of the masseter muscles and EMG-force regression curve became less steep at low contraction levels. After saline injections no changes in EMG-activity were found. The EMG-activity of the descending part of the trapezius muscle was increased significantly for the total group during the strongest bite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

An electromyographic study of masticatory and lip muscle function in patients with complete dentures.

The activity of the anterior and posterior portions of the temporal muscle, of the masseter muscle, and of the upper and lower lips was studied with electromyography in 10 individuals with complete dentures. Recordings were made when the patients had old, ill-fitting dentures and 6 months after these were replaced with new dentures. The muscle activity was studied in the postural position of the mandible, during chewing and swallowing of three test foods, and during maximal biting. The maximal tooth tapping rate was also recorded. The postural muscle activity was the same with old and new dentures and comparable with that in patients with natural teeth. The muscle activity during maximal biting was markedly lower than in patients with natural teeth and lower with new than with old dentures. There was no difference in muscle activity between chewing with old and new dentures, but the activity was lower than in patients with natural teeth. This was not compensated for by a longer duration of chewing. The lips were not especially active during chewing in the complete denture wearers.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Pterional craniotomy without keyhole to supratentorial cerebral aneurysms: technical note.

BACKGROUND: Patients who have pterional craniotomy occasionally complain of scalp deformity at the frontotemporal area because of craniotomy site. Especially, this occurs as a result of inappropriate repair of the bony defect at the keyhole with the complex curvature of the surrounding bone, although burr holes buttons are used. The author presents results of pterional craniotomy that is performed without keyhole to supratentorial cerebral aneurysms. METHODS: The temporal muscle was incised a few millimeters before its insertion at the superior temporal line, leaving a small fascial cuff for anatomic reattachment during closure. Only one burr hole was placed on the superior temporal line 3 to 4 cm posteriorly from the frontal base. After clipping of aneurysm, the bone flap was fixed using a titanium clamp (CranioFix) for a burr hole and 2 miniplates. RESULTS: Postoperative three-dimensional computerized tomography scans and photographs reveal excellent cosmetic results with the smooth cranial surface without scalp deformity at 6-month follow-up. Dural laceration developed in two cases, but there was no cerebral spinal fluid leakage after repair. CONCLUSION: Our technique offers good cosmetic results and less risk of disaster by intraoperative rupture of aneurysm than the keyhole surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Masticatory muscle activity before and after elimination of balancing side occlusal interference.

The activity of the masseter and anterior and posterior temporal muscles was studied by electromyography (EMG) in the thirteen subjects with unilateral balancing side interferences and in twelve control subjects without such interferences. In both groups the EMG recordings were made during postural activity and various functions of the masticatory system and in the interference group they were repeated on two occasions following occlusal adjustment. The postural muscle activity was significantly lower in the interference than in the control group while there was no difference during maximal bite. The number of chewing cycles was somewhat longer in the interference than in the control group. During swallowing of water the maximal mean voltage amplitude was smaller in the interference than in the control group. The findings are discussed in relation to previous results and the conflicting ideas concerning occlusal factors in the aetiology of mandibular dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of occlusal splints on the asymmetry of masticatory muscle activity during maximal clenching.

The effects of stabilization splints on the electromyographic activity patterns of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles during maximal clenching in healthy subjects and subjects with different types of stomatognathic dysfunction syndrome were investigated. No marked effect of splints on the asymmetry of muscle activity during bilateral clenching was revealed immediately after splint insertion. During unilateral clenching in the intercuspal position (ICP), the relative asymmetry index (rAI) of the masseter muscles, detecting the imbalance of left and right muscular activity, was significantly increased. The use of splints suppressed the asymmetry of masseter muscle activity during unilateral clenching. This result suggests that the use of a splint is a method of suppressing clench-caused aggravation of stomatognathic dysfunction in the presence of an imbalance between left and right muscle activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Malignant maxillary tumors involving the pterygo-maxillary and infratemporal fossae: a series of 65 patients and a comparison of the 1997 and 1977 UICC-AJCC staging systems].

The prognosis for maxillary malignancies with posterior extension to the pterygo-maxillary and infratemporal fossae is worse than for those with anterior-inferior extrinsication. Maxillectomy using only an anterior approach does not enable enblock, radical resection of such tumors. Many different approaches to the infratemporal fossae have been described in the literature. The authors use a double infratemporal and transfacial approach. Between 1990 and 1998 this approach was used on 65 patients with malignant maxillary tumors. There was one post-operative death due to myocardial infarction. There were only 9 cases of temporal infection, and all were resolved. There were no cases of necrosis of either the temporal muscle or the revascularized flaps. The cases included the following tumors: spinocellular and anaplastic carcinoma (21 cases); adenoid-cystic carcinoma (16); adenocarcinoma (4); sarcoma (18); other malignant tumors (6). There were 29 primary tumors while the remaining 36 were recurrences from prior treatment. Using the UICC-AICC 1987-92 staging system there were 22 cases of T3 and 43 T4. Using the 1997 system there were 35 T3s and 30 T4s. Resection was radical in 54 cases while in the remaining 11 there were micro or macroscopic limitations at the rhinopharyngeal level and/or at the orbit apex. The NED survival percentages were: T3 59.2%; T4 28% (using the 1987-92 system) while they were T3 45.7% and T4 26.7% (using the 1997 system). In the 41 patients with carcinoma (spinocellular, anaplastic, adeno and adenoid-cystic) the NED survival percentages were: T3 54.5%; T4 23.4% (using the 1987-92 system) while they were T3 45% and T4 19% (using the 1997 system). The NED survival percentage was 41.4% for primary tumors and 36.1% for recurrences. These results lead one to conclude that this surgical technique permits good results with T3-T4 maxillary malignancies. The prognosis for recurrences is worse than for primary tumors and the prognosis for sarcoma is better than for carcinoma. The UICC-AICC staging systems are valid for prognostic purposes. The current analyses indicate that the 1987-92 system is slightly more suitable than the 1997 system. In fact, there were 13 patients which the 1987-92 system had classified as T4 and which the 1997 system had reclassified as T3. In all these cases the prognosis was more similar to that of T4 than T3.

Adolescent↗