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PubMed1994

Update on llama medicine. Parasites.

Lamoids in North America harbor a wide variety of parasites. Treatment and control methods based on previous experience with parasites of cattle and sheep have been successful, but problems do exist. First, the pharmacokinetics for most anthelmintics have not been evaluated in llamas. Second, even though llamas, sheep, and cattle share many parasites, the two most common nematodes found in llamas (C. mentulatus and T. tenuis) are not part of the parasitic fauna of livestock. This presents difficulties in basing treatment and control methods on those recommended for cattle and sheep. Variability in host response to the same parasite also hinders the use of cattle and sheep as models for the llama. This is best demonstrated by F. magna and F. hepatica; the reaction induced by the first more closely resembles those seen in cattle than sheep, but the reaction induced by the second more closely resembles those seen in sheep than cattle. Finally, parasites known to be pathogenic in livestock (e.g., N. battus) have unknown effects in llamas. These examples illustrate that we must use caution when extrapolating existing knowledge regarding the parasites of sheep and cattle to llamas. Further research on the epidemiology of parasites peculiar to the llama is needed to enhance control efforts. Improved methods of diagnosis and treatment of parasites also are areas in which further efforts are needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Dynamics of parasitic infections at four sites within lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) from the breeding colony at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba, Canada.

We enumerated parasite burdens within the blood, gizzard, ceca, and kidneys of adult female lesser snow geese Chen caerulescens caerulescens collected from the breeding colony at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba, Canada, in 1989. We observed 5 species of nematodes, 1 species of digenean, 1 species of protozoan, and an unidentified microfilaria in these geese. We compared parasite burdens between geese collected during the incubation (2-14 June) and brood-rearing (1-5 August) periods. There was a significant decrease in the prevalence and intensity of the gizzard nematode Amidostomum spatulatum and a significant increase in the prevalence of the renal coccidium Eimeria truncata between the 2 collection periods. We suggest that the changes concerning A. spatulatum reflect transmission conditions some 6 months earlier when the geese were on the wintering grounds. Changes involving E. truncata reflected transmission conditions within the previous month. Consequently, it would appear that breeding colonies are the foci for transmission of E. truncata, a significant pathogen of adults and goslings.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Endoparasites of plethodontid salamanders from Paradise Brook, New Hampshire.

Totals of 52 dusky salamanders Desmognathus fuscus, 51 two-lined salamanders Eurycea bislineata, 54 red-backed salamanders Plethodon cinereus, and 3 spring salamanders Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Plethodontidae) collected in June and August 1995 from Paradise Brook, a tributary to Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, were examined for parasites. Parasites found were Brachycoelium storeriae, Brachycoelium sp., Bothriocephalus rarus, Falcaustra sp., Omeia sp., Batracholandros magnavulvaris, and Cepedietta michiganensis. Eighty-six percent of the red-backed salamanders, a terrestrial species, harbored 1 or more parasites. Among the aquatic and semiaquatic species, 27% of the dusky and 45% of the two-lined salamanders were infected with 1 or more parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The immune response of various species to Fasciola hepatica infection].

The trematode F. hepatica is an internal parasite of many species of animals including men. In ruminants, fasciolosis is an economically important disease often resulting in a chronic and sub-clinical infection. The mechanisms of immune responses of final hosts to this infection are still poorly understood. Experimental and clinical studies reported so far suggest that both humoral and cellular effectors of the immune response are important to control the duration of F. hepatica infection. However, there are considerable variation both inter-species and between various strains of the same species in regulation of the response as well as abilities to develop resistance to subsequent infections.

Animals↗