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PubMed1994

Sex hormones in papillary carcinoma of thyroid gland and pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland.

This is a histologic study using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method for demonstration of estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and progesterone in the normal thyroid gland and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland as well as in the normal parotid gland and pleomorphic adenomas. The results show that the normal follicular epithelia of the thyroid gland and the intercalated, striated ducts in the parotid gland stained for sex hormones. Estradiol was positive in both thyroid and parotid gland tissue in females and males. In females, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were not recognized in the thyroid gland tissue and were only weakly present or negative in parotid gland tissue. In males, both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were positive. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland and pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland were positive for estradiol but not for testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. This suggests that there is a sex difference in the influence of sex hormones on the normal thyroid and parotid glands, and that estradiol exerts an influence on papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland and pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1983

[Sex differences in the development of the thyroid gland in human prenatal ontogeny].

A comparative study of the thyroid gland development in the human male and female embryos and prefoetuses was carried out. The development of incretory part of the testicles was shown to occur earlier than the differentiation of follicles in the thyroid gland and the appearance of colloid in it. Sexual differences were noted in the appearance of follicles, connective tissue, nerve fibres in the thyroid gland (earlier in the male foetuses). The processes of organ differentiation in the male foetuses were more active than in the female ones during the whole prenatal period of development. A suggestion is put forward that the sexual hormones of embryonic testicles influence the thyroid gland differentiation.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1985

[The concentration of 131I in the thyroid glands of domestic animals].

Iodine-131 concentrations in thyroid glands of cows, oxen and swine carried in the Yokohama slauterhouse were measured. The gamma-ray spectral analysis was done with a Ge(Li) detecter. It is considered that 131I in thyroid glands of domestic animals resulted from Chinese open-air nuclear tests and radioactive materials used at medical facilities. It is presumed that 131I from medical facilities was taken in swine thyroid glands from the leaving of meals of patients.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

[Radiation navigated reoperations of the thyroid gland in differentiated carcinoma].

Radiation-navigated reoperations of the thyroid gland for the differenciated carcinoma are reserved for such cases of the thyroid gland reoperations aiming to complete a total thyroidectomy and, also, to extirpate metastatically affected lymphonodes. The authors discuss this part of the above surgical procedure, its therapeutic prospects, as well as its cons. They recommend already the primary surgical procedure on the thyroid gland to be conducted carefully--i.e. to conduct at least a lobectomy of the thyroid gland followed by visualization and examination of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the parathyroid glands. They recommend the reoperations to be concentrated in specialized centres.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Accessory thyroid gland at carotid bifurcation presenting as a carotid body tumor: case report and review of the literature.

Patients with carotid body tumors referred to vascular surgeons usually undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of the workup. We present a case report of a 39-year-old woman with a presumed carotid body tumor, as was expected from clinical and MRI findings. At surgery, the ectopic thyroid tissue was suspected, and resection was performed. Histologic examination showed normal thyroid tissue with no sign of malignancy. Postoperative thyroid analysis showed a normally located, properly functioning thyroid gland. Ectopic thyroid glands are generally found in the midline, as a result of abnormal median migration. Their presence lateral to the midline with a proper functioning thyroid gland in its normal position is extremely rare. Although several submandibular thyroid glands have been reported, a close relation with the carotid arteries was described only once. When MRI scans of a presumed carotid body tumor show tumor characteristics that are not fully specific for a carotid body tumor, the possibility of ectopic thyroid tissue should be entertained, which can be the patient's only properly functioning thyroid tissue. In such cases, additional assessment, including thyroid tests, should be considered before surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Malacoplakia of the thyroid gland.

A case of malacoplakia of the thyroid gland is described in a 50-year-old Japanese woman. This lesion clinically mimicked a malignant neoplasm, and the true diagnosis of malacoplakia was made only after histologic examination; light microscopy revealed a granulomatous nodule with an accumulation of von Hansemann's histiocytes containing PAS-positive and von Kossa's-positive intracytoplasmic and extracytoplasmic inclusions known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. There were some foci consisting of neoplasm-like or hyperplastic residual follicles within the lesion. Electron microscopically, a small number of bacilliform organisms were demonstrated within the lesion. X-ray microanalysis of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies was performed and revealed the presence of phosphorus, calcium, iron, and chloride. It is suggested that the malacoplakic lesion may be associated with the hyperplastic or neoplastic follicular lesion, and bacterial infection could be important in the causation of malacoplakia of the thyroid gland.

Female↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of arginine-vasopressin on the rat thyroid gland in vitro].

The response of the rat thyroid gland to arginine-vasopressin in vitro was studied to clear a possibility of a direct regulation of this gland by hypothalamic nonapeptide neurohormones. The function of the thyroid gland was estimated by thyrocyte height and quantity of the autoradiographs on a thyrocyte. AVP makes more active hormone synthesis in thyrocytes after 30 min of incubation and it stimulates both synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones in 2 hours of incubation. The higher concentrations of AVP activate the thyroid hormone synthesis but not the secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Thymic carcinoma involving the thyroid gland: report of two cases.

Two new cases of thymic carcinoma involving the thyroid gland and manifesting as thyroid tumors are presented. One tumor occurred within the thyroid gland and the other totally involved the thyroid gland. Microscopically they showed lobular architecture separated by fibrous bands and consisted of solid islands of squamoid to spindled epithelial cells with whorl formation resembling Hassall's corpuscle and variable amounts of lymphocytes. The squamoid to spindled epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratin but negative for thyroglobulin and calcitonin and the majority of lymphocytes showed a T-cell phenotype. One of the two cases had been diagnosed initially as squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. This type of thyroid carcinoma is relatively rare, but it should be differentiated from other types of thyroid carcinomas, especially squamous cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, or anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thyroid gland flap for glottic reconstruction after vertical laryngectomy.

A thyroid gland flap was devised and applied in five cases of vertical partial laryngectomy to correct the laryngeal defect. The upper pole of the thyroid gland, dissected along with the superior thyroid artery and vein, was placed in the wound after removal of the tumor to compensate for the loss of bulk, and relined using a cervical skin flap. Good phonatory function was obtained without any disturbance of respiration or deglutition. The thyroid gland flap was adjustable to the size of the defect and easily placed in the larynx. Follow-up study for 6 to 18 months after the surgery revealed that the flap was less likely to shrink than the other flaps because of its abundant blood supply.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Thyroid gland: US screening in middle-aged women with no previous thyroid disease.

To determine the prevalence of thyroid nodules in the healthy population, ultrasonography (US) of the thyroid gland was performed in 101 women aged 49-58 years in an urban area in southern Finland where goiter is not considered endemic. Subjects with any previous thyroid disease were excluded. Thyroid nodules or abnormalities of the echo structure were found in 36 (35.6%) subjects. Seventeen (47.2%) subjects had solitary nodules, 14 (38.9%) had multiple nodules, and five (13.9%) had diffuse abnormalities. Subjects with abnormal findings at US were further examined with fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Clinical examination and blood tests were performed for evaluation of levels of thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroid antibodies. One patient had a leukemic thyroid nodule, but no primary thyroid malignancies were found. In most cases, cytologic findings were benign and nonspecific, with a variable amount of degenerative changes. Three atoxic multinodular goiters and two cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis were detected. The results are in accordance with autopsy studies indicating that focal nodular changes of the thyroid gland are common in middle-aged women.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2006

Neoplastic transformation of the thyroid gland is accompanied by changes in cellular sialylation.

Cancer of the thyroid gland is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Histological evaluation is often complicated by difficulty in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. Abnormal glycosylation of cell structures, including changes in sialylation, is a feature of the neoplastic transformation process. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between neoplastic changes in the thyroid gland and changes in sialylation, with reference to its terminal linkage type. Lectin histochemistry using three sialic acid-binding lectins: Tritrichomonas mobilensis lectin (TML), which recognizes sialic acid without linkage preference; Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin (MAL), which preferentially binds alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid; and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), which preferentially binds alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid, were used for detection of sialylated glycoconjugates in 50 human thyroid gland specimens. These included papillary, follicular, oncocytic, medullary and anaplastic carcinomas, follicular adenomas and benign follicular and parenchymatous goiter. The luminal surface of follicular cells in normal thyroid glands, adenomas and goiters showed weak or absent labelling for sialic acid. Malignant transformation of the gland was accompanied by an increase of sialic acid positivity on follicular epithelial cells, especially of alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid. Strong luminal positivity for sialic acid was found in papillary carcinomas, whereas moderate positivity was seen in follicular carcinomas. Inconsistent, weak positivity for sialic acid was documented in medullary and anaplastic carcinomas. Increased membrane sialic acid on thyroid gland cells may be an important diagnostic pathological finding, that could be useful in distinction of malignant from benign thyroid lesions, especially with respect to aspiration cytology diagnostics.

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic↗
PubMed1997

Thyroid gland abnormalities in patients with the syndrome of spotty skin pigmentation, myxomas, endocrine overactivity, and schwannomas (Carney complex)

Carney complex is a multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis syndrome that affects endocrine glands, including the pituitary, adrenals, and testes; thyroid gland involvement has not been unequivocally demonstrated. In the present study, the medical records of 12 families with Carney complex (53 affected patients) were reviewed for evidence of thyroid abnormality; 2 patients with thyroid carcinoma (1 papillary and 1 follicular; 3.8%) and 1 with follicular adenoma were identified in 3 unrelated kindreds. Six affected members of these kindreds were then screened for the presence of thyroid disease (familial cases). We also studied 5 patients with the complex who had no affected relatives (sporadic cases). These 11 patients consisted of 5 adults [mean age, 33.2 +/- 9.2 (+/- SD) yr] and 6 children and adolescents (mean age, 13.8 +/- 2.5 yr). All had normal results of physical and biochemical examination of the thyroid gland (total and free T4, T3, and TSH levels). Thyroid ultrasonography showed hypoechoic, cystic, solid, or mixed lesions in 3 of the 5 adults (60%) and 4 of the 6 children (67%). Two patients underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy, which identified follicular lesions. Thyroid gland abnormalities were documented in 5 siblings and 1 parent-child pair. We conclude that thyroid gland pathology is 1) common in patients with Carney complex; 2) includes a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from follicular hyperplasia and/or cystic changes to carcinoma; and 3) is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, like the other manifestations of the syndrome, it is therefore, a candidate component of the syndrome. Ultrasonography is useful in the detection and clinical follow-up of these lesions.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1997

The influence of smoking habits on thyroid gland volume: an ultrasonic approach.

The effects of smoking habits on thyroid function, echo-texture (nodules and/or cysts) and thyroid gland volume were determined by using ultrasound and measuring serum Thyroxin (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyrotropin (TSH) and TPO antibodies (ab-TPO) in 189 healthy smokers and non-smokers, randomly selected (111 females and 78 males) among the employees of our hospital and their relatives. When the entire group of subjects was considered the mean ratio of thyroid gland volume/body weight was found to be significantly higher in male (P < 0.05) and female (P < 0.05) smokers compared with non-smokers. In female smokers, mean serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was lower (P < 0.05) and the degree of smoking was positively correlated with the ratio of thyroid gland volume/body weight (P < 0.05). However, when the subjects with a family history of goitre in first degree relatives were excluded from our study (14 females and 9 males), no significant differences in mean ratio of thyroid volume/weight or TSH between the remaining smokers and non-smokers were detected. In both sexes, the correlation between the degree of smoking and thyroid volume, although positive, did not reach statistical significance. No difference in prevalence of abnormal echogenicity and echo-texture (nodules and cysts) between smokers and non-smokers was detected. It is concluded that smoking habits present a goitrogenic effect only in subjects with a family history of goitre but have no influence on thyroid gland texture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Ectopic submandibular thyroid tissue with a coexisting active and normally located thyroid gland: case report and review of literature.

Ectopic thyroid tissue in the submandibular space with the thyroid gland in its normal location is an extremely rare phenomenon. We present a case of a 75-year-old woman who had painless swelling in the left submandibular space and was referred to our hospital with the suspicion of having a malignant tumor originating from the submandibular gland. Histologic examination showed normal follicular thyroid tissue without any sign of malignancy. In general there are 3 explanations for the presence of ectopic thyroid tissue found in the submandibular region: (1) displacement during the course of embryonal development, (2) spread of tissue during surgery on a normally located thyroid gland, and (3) metastasis of a highly differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. We reviewed the literature with respect to the embryological background and the clinical management of such cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

[The occurence of Psammom bodies in the thyroid gland of aged rats].

The author examined the thyroid glands of 52 aged (18 to 30 months old) and 14 young (6 months old) male rats with histophysiological methods. By means of light-microscopical examinations he observed laminated colloid, i.e. psammom bodies which contained calcium and iron, in the follicles of the thyroid glands of the old rats. Founding himself upon data of the literature, he deals with the questions of the occurrence and origin of the psammom bodies. Relying on his own examinations he is of the opinion that in the case of animals involution and dystrophic of a certain degree connected with senescence calls forth on oedema which and besides also the adenomas occurring in greater numbers means a disorder of the metabolic processes taking place in the thyroid gland and a possibility of the formation of psammom bodies. Eventually, in the authors opinion it cannot be stated with certainty -- at least in the case of animals -- that there is a close relationship between the occurrence of psammom bodies and the neoplasma.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of ultrasonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in healthy small-, medium-, and large-breed dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine ultrasonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in healthy small-, medium-, and large-breed dogs and evaluate the relationships of thyroid gland size and volume with body weight and body surface area (BSA). ANIMALS: 72 dogs of small (6 Toy and 6 Miniature Poodles), medium (12 Beagles), and large breeds (12 Akitas and 36 Golden Retrievers). PROCEDURE: Each dog's thyroid gland was examined ultrasonographically with a 10- to 5-MHz multifrequency linear-array transducer. Size, shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity of thyroid lobes were evaluated on longitudinal and transverse images. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated by use of the equation for an ellipsoid (pi/6 [length x height x width]). RESULTS: Thyroid lobes appeared fusiform or elliptical on longitudinal images and triangular or round to oval on transverse images. In most dogs, thyroid lobes were hyperechoic or isoechoic, compared with surrounding musculature, and had a homogeneous echogenic pattern. Mean length, width, height, and volume of thyroid lobes were significantly greater in Akitas and Golden Retrievers, compared with findings in Beagles or Poodles; mean length, width, and height were significantly greater in Beagles, compared with findings in Poodles. Total thyroid gland volume correlated with body weight (r = 0.73) and BSA (r = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Among the dog breeds examined ultrasonographically, thyroid lobe size and volume were more variable than shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity. The correlation of thyroid gland volume with BSA suggests that size of the dog, rather than breed, should be considered when assessing thyroid glands ultrasonographically.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Metastatic tumors of the thyroid gland: a study of 79 cases in Chinese patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and pathologic impact of metastases to the thyroid gland. CASE MATERIAL: We studied the clinical/autopsy records and pathologic features of 79 Chinese patients (38 men, 41 women) with secondary tumors of the thyroid over a 26-year period. RESULTS: The incidence of thyroid secondaries at autopsy was 0.5% and at thyroidectomies for malignancy was 1.2%. Eighteen (23%) of the 79 patients presented with an enlarged mass in the thyroid. The diagnosis of metastasis in the thyroid gland was suspected clinically in six cases. Fine-needle aspiration cytology detected an 80% malignancy rate, but in only half of such cases was the diagnosis specific for secondary malignancy. Many of the metastatic lesions in the thyroid gland occurred shortly after the detection of primaries (mean latency period, 9 months). The time from diagnosis of the primary tumor to metastasis to the thyroid gland was greater than or equal to 3 years in only eight patients. The majority (81%) of the secondary tumors were carcinomas. Of these, the lung was the most common primary tumor site (43%), followed by the breast (9%) and stomach (8%). Rare sources of primary tumors, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, malignant phylloides, and osteosarcoma, were also found. The metastatic lesions in the thyroid gland could be identified macroscopically in 43 patients (54%). Lesions were often solitary (n = 24) rather than diffuse (n = 8) or multiple (n = 11). Microscopic examination revealed that secondary thyroid tumors were often moderate or poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (n = 42). All the patients died shortly after the appearance of metastatic lesions in the thyroid gland. CONCLUSIONS: Metastasis in the thyroid gland is uncommon and may be a diagnostic problem. Its presence often indicates a poor prognosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

The site of the molecular defect in the thyroid gland of the hyt/hyt mouse: abnormalities in the TSH receptor-G protein complex.

The hyt/hyt mouse has a severe and pervasive primary inherited hypothyroidism with significantly depressed serum T4, elevated serum and pituitary TSH, and reduced thyroid gland iodide uptake. Previous ultrastructural and histologic analysis of the hyt/hyt thyroid gland along with these biochemical abnormalities support an inherited defect in TSH responsiveness of the hyt/hyt thyroid gland. In order to evaluate the potential site of the defect in the hyt/hyt mouse, we have studied the hyt/hyt gland and hyt/hyt TSH from a biochemical and molecular standpoint. Based on demonstrated bioactivity of hyt/hyt serum in the McKenzie bioassay, this reduced responsiveness to TSH in the hyt/hyt mouse is not due to reduced bioactivity of hyt/hyt TSH or a major structural abnormality in the hyt/hyt TSH molecule. In comparison to hyt/ + euthyroid littermates and +/+ BALB/cBY progenitor strain mice, the hyt/hyt mouse demonstrates a twofold reduction in thyroid gland basal cAMP and a markedly diminished response of adenylyl cyclase to exogenous TSH. However, hyt/hyt cAMP production is equivalent to the euthyroid mice after stimulation of thyroid glands by forskolin, cholera toxin, PGE1, and isoproterenol. These results support a defect in the TSH-G protein-adenylyl cyclase system in the hyt/hyt thyroid gland. Specifically, these findings suggest that the hyt/hyt mouse has a defect in TSH responsivity due to an inherited defect in the thyroid gland TSH receptor molecule. Since the hyt/hyt gland makes T3 and T4 but at diminished levels, the proposed defect in the TSH receptor would still impart partial function. Both hyt/hyt and euthyroid hyt/ + littermates make TSH receptor mRNAs of 5500 and 2400 base pairs. This suggests that the receptor defect does not represent a major structural abnormality of the gene. The receptor defect could represent a reduction in receptor number, receptor-TSH affinity, or TSH receptor-G protein coupling. The specificity of this effect on adenylyl cyclase-cAMP is shown by the reduction of TSH-cAMP regulated thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin mRNAs in the hyt/hyt thyroid gland. Given the importance of TPO and thyroglobulin in normal thyroid hormone synthesis, the reductions in TPO and thyroglobulin mRNAs in the hyt/hyt thyroid gland may underlie the significant decrease in thyroid hormone production by the hyt/hyt mouse.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗