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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Microbiological and epidemiological study of streptococcal sore throat at a children's clinic: a one-year study.

From October 1973 to September 1974, throat cultures were taken from 578 patients who referred to the Children's Clinic with upper respiratory tract infection. One hundred fifty-one (26%) of the sick children yielded beta-hemolytic streptococci and 427 (74%) of the pharyngitis cases were considered as viral. The most susceptible ages for streptococcal and viral pharyngitis were 5-8 and 2-6 years respectively. The peak seasonal incidence for streptococcal sore throat was from late autumn to early spring. There was a positive correlation between the incidence of upper respiratory infection and streptococcal isolation. From 100 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated and tested, 86 were group "A", 4 group "C", 2 group "G" and 8 non-groupable. From 86 group "A" strains. 71 (82%) were typable by agglutination ("T"-typing), but only 49 (57%) by precipitation ("M"-typing). The most prevalent "M" types were types 1 and 12. There was 95% correlation between serological and bacitracin disk method for grouping of hemolytic streptococci. All strains isolated were sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, but 11 strains were resistant to tetracyclin.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Testing the efficacy of fluconazole in treatment of oral and throat candidiasis in patients after kidney transplantation].

Eleven kidney transplant recipients with the oral or/and throat candidiasis which occurred during the first 3 months after transplantation were studied. Fluconazole was administered orally in the dose of 50 mg each 24, 48, 72 h, according to creatinine clearance. No clinical symptoms of candidiasis on the third day of the treatment were observed. In all patients, negative mucosal cultures were noted at the 8th day after first fluconazole dose. During fluconazole was with in normal range. Furthermore, no changes in serum bilirubin alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities were observed. Serum creatinine decreased during this follow-up. In the 30th day after fluconazole administration cessation the mycological evidence of Candida p. reinfection were noted in 25% of patients. Fluconazole is highly efficient and safe agent to manage the oral and throat candidiasis in renal transplant recipients.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Quantitative changes of bacterial flora from the oral cavity and throat in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia].

Quantitative investigations were carried on aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of oral cavity and throat in 44 children in the age of 5-10 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, intensively treated with cytostatics, and in 23 healthy children which served as a control group. Samples of saliva from leukemic children revealed significantly higher than in control group--presence of aerobic bacteria, particularly streptococci and enterococci. Material from throat was differing only in regard to staphylococci. Moreover, in children with leukemia, Gram-negative rods were present, which was not the case in the control group.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed1997

Reconsidering sore throats. Part 2: Alternative approach and practical office tool.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a management approach for Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis that would address overuse of antibiotics and could be implemented immediately. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: No randomized, controlled trials were found; four observational studies met our criteria: simplicity, discrimination ability for GAS pharyngitis compared with throat culture, and validation in a different patient population. Only one scoring system fulfilled all three criteria. MAIN FINDINGS: Formal clinical scoring systems have the potential to improve family physicians' ability to identify and manage GAS pharyngitis. One system had been sufficiently validated to support its use in clinical practice. Four clinical characteristics (no cough, fever higher than 38 degrees C, exudate, and tender cervical nodes) linked to explicit management decisions form the basis for a sore throat score. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a clinical score for management of GAS pharyngitis can be recommended on the basis of the rarity of rheumatic fever in modern society, the resources devoted to management of upper respiratory tract illnesses, the volume of antibiotics prescribed, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance as a growing health issue.

Decision Support Techniques↗
PubMed1998

Do gastrointestinal symptoms accompanying sore throat predict streptococcal pharyngitis? An UPRNet study. Upper Peninsula Research Network.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are more common in streptococcal than nonstreptococcal pharyngitis, and, if so, whether these symptoms are useful diagnostic predictors. METHODS: Patients aged 4 and older presenting consecutively to one of three family practice clinics and one emergency department with the chief complaint of sore throat were invited to participate in the study. A nurse administered a brief symptom checklist; after documenting clinical signs, the clinician assessed and treated the patient. All patients were screened for group A streptococcus using the Abbott Test Pack Plus. Patients were enrolled from January 1996 through March 1996. Significant associations of signs and symptoms with streptococcal pharyngitis were determined by chi square, likelihood ratios were calculated, and logistic regression was used to compare diagnostic prediction models with and without GI symptoms. RESULTS: Six hundred fifty-seven consecutive patients with the presenting complaint of sore throat were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients enrolled was 19 years; the median age was 14. Thirty-two percent of the children (ages 4 to 18), 23% of the adults (ages 19 to 74), and 29% of all patients had streptococcal pharyngitis. Symptom frequencies for streptococcal and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis, respectively, were: nausea (39% vs 31%, P = .14); vomiting (14% vs 7%, P = .004); abdominal pain (27% vs 26%, P = .621); and any GI symptom (47% vs 41%, P = .45). When included in a predictive model with other significant predictors of streptococcal pharyngitis including age, palatal petechiae, absence of cough, and anterior cervical adenopathy, the addition of nausea or vomiting added slight predictive power to the models, but abdominal pain and "any GI symptom" did not. CONCLUSIONS: Nausea and vomiting are somewhat more common in streptococcal than in nonstreptococcal pharyngitis, but appear to have limited usefulness as clinical predictors of streptococcal pharyngitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Reducing the incidence of sore throat with the laryngeal mask airway.

The incidence of sore throat after the use of the laryngeal mask was assessed with a randomized trial in 839 patients. Sore throat occurred more often in women, older patients or after multiple insertion attempts. It was found that the frequency in women, but not in men, was lowered from 11.9% to 3.9% (P = 0.012) by reducing intracuff pressure to the minimum required for an effective seal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Study on the relation between HPV and tumors of the throat and larynx].

HPV structural antigens and HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 DNA sequences were detected with immunohistochemical staining and DNA dot blot hybridization in papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the throat and larynx. The positive rates of HPV antigens and HPV DNA sequences in 11 cases of papillomas were 45.5%, respectively, while the positive rates of HPV in 22 cases of squamous cell carcinomas were 22.7% and 27.3% respectively. The positive rates of HPV were in accord with those by histologic study in papilloma. The results indicate that the papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the throat and larynx may be related with HPV infection.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1998

A review of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection.

Tonsillectomy is most frequently carried out for recurrent throat infection, but there is uncertainty about its effectiveness. This paper reviews the evidence of its effectiveness obtained from a search of the Cochrane database and MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials comparing tonsillectomy with non-surgical management of recurrent throat infection. The results show that the effectiveness of a procedure such as tonsillectomy, needs to be considered in the light of its adverse effects. Attempts should be made to inform patients about the uncertainty surrounding the procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Accuracy of computer navigation in ear, nose, throat surgery: the influence of matching strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of 4 different matching strategies on the accuracy of computer navigation on the face and within the nose and rhinopharynx. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Laboratory study. SUBJECTS: Six human cadavers studied within 24 hours of death. INTERVENTIONS: A commercially available navigation system with infrared optical tracking was used for computer navigation on the face and within the nose of the subjects after matching with external fiducials or with 3 different configurations of anatomical landmarks. Navigation errors were measured and correlated to matching strategies and compared through statistical analysis. RESULTS: Matching with external fiducials on the face results in smaller navigation error than matching with anatomical landmarks. The configuration of matching strategies with anatomical landmarks also significantly determines the accuracy of computer navigation, especially when different locations of accuracy measurement are considered. CONCLUSION: Statistically significant findings have shown that the choice of a matching strategy is a major factor in the accuracy of computer navigation for ear, nose, throat surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:1462-1466

Cadaver↗
PubMed1986

Ear, nose, and throat operations in the United States, 1979 to 1984.

Using data from the National Center for Health Statistics for 1979 to 1984, I found a 5% decrease in total ear, nose, and throat (ENT) operations, the largest decline of any surgical specialty. For the same five-year period, the number of ENT surgeons increased 15%. In 1983, ENT surgeons performed 478 000 operations on tonsils and adenoids, an 18% decrease from the 1979 total (584 000). The removal of tonsils and adenoids is the eighth most common operation performed in the United States. The second most common ENT operation, nose repair and plastic operations (263 000), is the country's 14th most frequent operation. The 20 most common ENT operations constitute 87% of all ENT operations. In 1983, ENT operations represented 9% of all surgery in this country. These figures show that numbers of ENT surgical operations have decreased over the last five years, despite a constantly increasing number of ENT surgeons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Dexamethasone for the treatment of sore throat in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a single oral dose of dexamethasone for pain relief in acute exudative pharyngitis associated with infectious mononucleosis. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pediatric emergency department-based clinical trial. Patients aged between 8 and 18 years with a sore throat from clinically suspected infectious mononucleosis were eligible. Patients were randomized to receive either an oral dose of 0.3 mg/kg (maximum, 15 mg) of dexamethasone or a placebo. Patients completed a diary of symptoms and rated their pain on a visual analog scale from 0 to 100 mm at 0 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and on day 7. An improvement of 20 mm from baseline on the visual analog scale was evaluated as the primary end point. RESULTS: Twenty patients were recruited in each group; mean +/- SD age was 13.5 +/- 2.8 years. In comparison with the placebo group, a significantly greater proportion of patients given dexamethasone achieved pain relief within the first 12 hours (12/20 vs 5/19; P =.03). On further follow-up, the proportions achieving pain relief were similar between groups: 11 of 20 vs 6 of 20 at 24 hours (P =.10); 11 of 20 vs 11 of 20 at 48 hours (P>.99); 15 of 20 vs 15 of 19 at 72 hours (P =.93); and 18 of 19 vs 19 of 20 at day 7 (P>.99), with dexamethasone vs placebo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The short-lived relief of pain in acute exudative pharyngitis in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis may suggest that a single oral dose of dexamethasone may not be sufficient and that additional doses may be necessary for ensuring lasting relief.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes as tumor markers in mouth and throat rinsing fluid, nasopharyngeal swab and peripheral blood of nasopharygeal carcinoma patient.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the frequency of hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in peripheral blood, mouth and throat (M&T) rinsing fluid and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Six normal NP tissues, 43 M&T rinsing fluid, 37 NP swabs and 43 peripheral blood from healthy non-smokers and non-drinkers without a family history of NPC, and 30 NPC tumors and their matched body fluid were analyzed for the presence of hypermethylated p15, p16, Ras association domain family 1 (RASSF1A), E-cadherin, and death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) by methylation-specific PCR. Sequencing analysis was carried out on selected NPC tumors and body fluid samples. Twenty-nine (97%) tumors displayed methylation in at least 1 of the 5 genes. The methylation frequencies were 80% for p15, 77% for DAPK, 67% for RASSF1A, 53% for E-cadherin and 33% for p16. The frequency range of aberrant methylated genes in the body fluids were NP swabs (17-63%) and M&T rinsing fluid (17-50%). Methylation was found in <20% of peripheral blood for each respective gene. Methylation was, however, detected in 1 M&T rinsing fluid in which the primary tumor showed methylation free for RASSF1A. Five healthy individuals exhibited methylation for DAPK, or RASSF1A, or p15 in their body fluid samples. All body fluid samples of healthy controls showed methylation free for E-cadherin and p16. Epigenetic change is found frequently in NPC and the high detection rate in body fluids suggest its potential application in non-invasive screening of NPC or detection of residual carcinoma after treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ultrastructural evidence for secretion from the epithelium of ampulla ductus deferentis of the fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier.

Among reptiles, an ampulla ductus deferentis has been reported only in Squamata. Fairly detailed studies are available only for two species, the lizard Calotes versicolor (Fam: Agamidae) and the snake Seminatrix pygaea (Fam: Colubridae). The light microscopic study on C. versicolor revealed the ampulla to be a prominent organ, whereas the light and transmission electron microscopic study in S. pygaea revealed it to be discernable only in histological preparations. Further, the epithelium of the ductal portion of vas deferens as well as the ampulla of C. versicolor appears to contribute to the seminal plasma and can also phagocytose dead sperm, whereas in S. pygaea neither of these roles has been established. Thus, we hypothesize that there may be variations in the anatomy, histology, and the role of the vas deferens in general, and the ampulla in particular, of the squamate reptiles. In this study, the ductus deferens of the small fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana (Fam: Agamidae) was subjected to light and transmission electron microscopic analysis. In this lizard the ampulla is more prominent than in C. versicolor. The epithelium of the ductal portion of vas deferens consists of principal cells (with features reflecting roles in endocytosis and phagocytosis of dead sperm), dark cells (which are absent in the epithelium of the ductal portion of vas deferens of snakes), and basal cells. The ampulla of S. ponticeriana is differentiated into storage and glandular portions. The epithelium of the storage portion is like that in the ductal portion of the vas deferens, whereas that of the glandular portion, consisting of dark and light principal cells and foamy cells, is tall and forms into smooth villous folds. All three cell types show evidence for a role in secretion, in all likelihood different from each other, for release into the lumen to contribute to seminal plasma. These cells do not provide evidence of a role in phagocytosis of dead sperm. It appears that within the Squamata, the ductal ampulla differs in structure as well as function. We suggest that the ductal ampulla of agamid lizards is a composite gland of the ampulla ductus deferentis and seminal vesicles of mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Light and electron microscopic observations of fabrication, release, and fate of biphasic secretion granules produced by epididymal epithelial principal cells of the fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana cuvier.

The epididymis of the fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana was examined with light and transmission electron microscopy to understand the cellular mechanisms of fabrication of secretion granules in epithelial principal cells, granule release into the lumen, and the fate of the dense structured granules after reaching the lumen. Principal cells of the ductus epididymis, except at the cauda, secrete electron-dense biphasic granules copiously, which decrease in abundance from the initial segment to corpus. The principal cell possesses a prominent Golgi apparatus and all versions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), rough, smooth, and sparsely granulated. The material of the dense portion of the secretion granules, after processing at the Golgi apparatus, appears to accumulate in large ER cisternae in the supranuclear cytoplasm. It undergoes condensation when the cisternae become condensing vacuoles. Mitochondria appear to play a role in dense granule formation. The condensing vacuoles are displaced toward the apical cytoplasm when the material of the less dense portion is added to the condensing vacuoles at the Golgi area. Thus, the less dense and dense portions of the secretion granules are secreted and added to the condensing vacuoles separately. The composite granules are released into the lumen by exocytosis when the less dense portion merges with the luminal content, whereas the dense portion maintains its structured identity. The latter, initially measuring 1-2 microm in diameter, increases in size several times. It is inferred that these granules release their content gradually, resulting in the appearance of vacuoles, and suggesting that the granules have an insoluble matrix in which there is a sparingly soluble material. The substance leaching out of the granules appears to contribute to keeping the sperm quiescent and alive during storage in the male reproductive tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Detection of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in throat swabs by polymerase chain reaction.

The detection of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA was carried out in throat swabs of adults and children by the polymerase chain reaction, and isolation of virus was also attempted from peripheral mononuclear cells. Although virus was isolated only from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infants with exanthem subitum, HHV-6 DNA was detected in one of 30 healthy adults (3%), two of nine adults (22%) with common cold, two of 10 infants (20%) with exanthem subitum, four of 39 febrile children (10%) with antibody to HHV-6 (including three of 10 infants aged under 1 year old, and one of 29 children aged over 1 year old). However, HHV-6 DNA was not detected in samples from healthy neonates.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Improved detection of rhinoviruses in nasal and throat swabs by seminested RT-PCR.

A seminested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) was used to detect picornavirus (PV) RNA in cell cultures inoculated with rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (EVs). PCR tests in which a primary "touchdown" PCR was followed by secondary reactions using PV or HRV specific primers were able to differentiate HRVs of 48 serotypes from EVs. PVnRT-PCR and HRVnRT-PCR were then used to test nasal and throat swabs from adult subjects with naturally acquired respiratory virus infections. The swabs were also analysed for respiratory viruses by cell culture techniques and the rates of PV identification by the two methods were compared. PVnRT-PCR was found to be at least five times more sensitive than cell culture for the detection of PVs in these clinical specimens. Paired acute and convalescent serum samples were tested for complement fixing antibodies to adenovirus, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, Myco plasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect rises in antibody level to coronavirus types 229E and OC43. The overall rate of pathogen identification in 159 swabs from adult asthmatics increased from 28% when only cell culture and serology were used to 57% when these methods were supplemented by PVnRT-PCR.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Throat clicking as the initial symptom of Parkinson's disease.

The presenting manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) are variable, but a majority of patients note tremor as the initial symptom. Others complain of slowing of movements, loss of dexterity, fatigue, or changes in handwriting as initial symptoms. We describe a patient who developed an unusual clicking sound emanating from his throat as the initial manifestation of PD.

Aged↗