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PubMed1978

Transurethral extraction of ureteral stone guided by television fluoroscopy.

In 45 patients with ureteral calculi 2 to 8 mm in diameter, attempts were made to remove the stones transurethrally, using a Dormia extractor and television fluoroscopic monitoring. The procedure was successful in 34 patients. The success rate was 74% when the stones were 5 mm or less and 68% with the larger stones. In 10 patients when instrumental extraction failed, this was followed immediately by open surgery, for removal of stone. The reasons for failure of the transurethral procedure are presented. Great care in performance and preparedness for open surgery are always required, especially when the stone is large. Television facilities should be good and include image intensifier. There were no serious complications of instrumental or surgical removal of calculi.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

An analysis of alcohol portrayal on prime-time television.

A content and functional analysis of alcohol use was conducted on the 15 most popular prime-time television programs in late 1979. These shows were videotaped and then rated by two independent observers. Interrater agreement, averaged over all code categories, was 91%. Results indicated that alcohol use and verbalizations about alcohol are frequent occurrences on prime-time television. Antecedent conditions to alcohol ingestion were identified. However, no consistent behavioral consequences of alcohol use were observed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Decreased survival for childhood leukemia in proximity to television towers.

Previously, an increased risk of childhood leukemia was identified among children who resided in an inner ring (radius -4 km) of 3 municipalities surrounding television towers, compared with children who resided in an outer ring (radius approximately 4-12 km) of 6 municipalities surrounding, but farther away from, the towers, which are situated in North Sydney, Australia. In the current study, the authors examined the survival experience of these children for all childhood leukemias, and for acute lymphatic leukemia (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 9th revision [ICD-9] rubric 204.0) in particular. Of 123 cases of acute lymphatic leukemia, 29 cases (16 of whom died) were in the inner ring of municipalities nearest the towers, and 94 cases (34 of whom died) occurred in the outer, more-distant ring. There was a significant difference in survival rates between the 2 groups (log-rank test, p = 0.03; Wilcoxon, p = 0.05). The 5-yr survival in the inner ring of municipalities was 55%, and in the outer ring was 71% (i.e., subjects in the inner ring were 23% less likely to survive than those in the outer ring); at 10 yr, survival in the inner and outer rings was 33% and 62%, respectively. Following adjustment, the mortality rate ratio that the authors used to compare the inner ring with the outer ring was 2.1 (95% confidence interval = 1.1, 4.0). There was an association between residential proximity to the television towers and decreased survival among cases of childhood leukemia in North Sydney, Australia.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Serial position effects in recall of television commercials.

Does the position of a television commercial in a block of commercials determine how well it will be recalled? The findings of naturalistic studies can be affected by uncontrolled presentation, viewing, and retention variables. In the present article, college students viewed lists of 15 commercials in a laboratory simulation and recalled the product brand names. In an immediate test, the first commercials in a list were well recalled (a primacy effect), as were the last items (a recency effect), in comparison with the recall of middle items. In an end-of-session test, the primacy effect persisted, but the recency effect disappeared. Embedding lists within a television program again produced better recall of the first items during end-of-session tests of recall and recognition. These results offered convergent validity for the naturalistic studies of commercial memory, and they supported the usefulness of combining laboratory and field methods to answer questions about everyday memory.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Audience perceptions of candidates' appropriateness as a function of nonverbal behaviors displayed during televised political debates.

Compared to televised debates using a single-screen format, such debates using a split screen presenting both debaters simultaneously show viewers the nonverbal reactions of each debater's opponent. The authors examined how appropriate or inappropriate such nonverbal behaviors are perceived to be. Students watched one of four versions of a televised debate. One version used a single-screen format, showing only the speaker, whereas the other three versions used a split-screen format in which the speaker's oppodent displayed constant, occasional, or no nonverbal disagreement with the speaker. Students then rated the debaters' appropriateness. Analysis indicated that the opponent was perceived to be less appropriate when he displayed any background disagreement compared to when he did not. The students perceived the speaker as most appropriate when his opponent displayed constant nonverbal disagreement.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Television--a resource for nurse educators to teach the community about health maintenance and disease prevention.

This brief history and description portrays how the half-hour television Health Talk programs were formulated, produced, and utilized. The Health Talk Committee is using valuable experts from the community to deliver nursing educational information to nurses, students and the community on disease prevention and maintenance of good health. Using television as a vehicle for transmitting this information seems to be an effective and efficient mode to assist people in learning about disease prevention and health maintenance.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2004

[Medicine in television. An ethical problem?].

Television programs where medical procedures are shown with progressive realism generate problems that physicians need to know and analyze. The authors analyze this issue, based on the respect to patient's dignity and the principles of bioethics. Medical programs on TV present specific problems to the different agents involved in them: TV media, physicians, health organization, public and patients or relatives that are exposed. Physicians have the responsibility to educate the society using the most efficient methods of public communication, including television. The problem is not how much can be shown but how to do it, making sure that the dignity of patients, the privacy of their stories and their own and their relative's feelings are always strictly cherished. The respect towards the patient is accomplished through a valid informed consent, the reverence to his face as an expression of his personhood, and the way in which his body is exposed. The authors conclude that TV programs on health and medical subjects are valuable methods to educate society and that physicians, in their function of social educators, should take part in them truly reassuring the respect to patient's dignity and to the bioethical principles of beneficence, autonomy and justice.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's television viewing, body fat, and physical fitness.

PURPOSE: The study examines the relationship between children's television (TV) viewing and physical fitness. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from questionnaires and objective measures were analyzed. SETTING: Data were collected during the fall of 1990 from public elementary school students in a suburban California city. SUBJECTS: Approximately 98% of eligible students participated. Of these, 10% were dropped due to missing data, yielding a final sample of 284 girls and 304 boys. MEASURES: Children reported their amount of TV viewing on a typical summer day; parents reported their child's TV viewing on a typical weekday during the school year. Cardiovascular fitness was the 1-mile run/walk. Body fat was both the child's body mass index (BMI) and skinfolds. Additional measures included muscular strength/endurance and flexibility. RESULTS: Mile run/walk times were associated with both parental (eta 2 = .051 and .031 for boys and girls, respectively) and child reports (eta 2 = .020 and .028) of the child's amount of TV viewing. Parental reports, but not child reports, of the child's TV viewing were related to BMI (eta 2 = .041 and .058) and skinfolds (eta 2 = .050 and .029). Neither measure of children's TV viewing was related to muscular strength/endurance or flexibility. CONCLUSIONS: Children's TV viewing seems to be weakly and inconsistently related to various components of physical fitness. However, given the tracking of cardiovascular disease risk factors from childhood into adulthood and the high proportion of children who watch television, these relationships are worthy of further study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure to televised alcohol ads and subsequent adolescent alcohol use.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of televised alcohol commercials on adolescents' alcohol use. METHODS: Adolescents completed questionnaires about alcohol commercials and alcohol use in a prospective study. RESULTS: A one standard deviation increase in viewing television programs containing alcohol commercials in seventh grade was associated with an excess risk of beer use (44%), wine/liquor use (34%), and 3-drink episodes (26%) in eighth grade. The strength of associations varied across exposure measures and was most consistent for beer. CONCLUSIONS: Although replication is warranted, results showed that exposure was associated with an increased risk of subsequent beer consumption and possibly other consumption variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Interface assessment: elderly users of an interactive television system.

Assessment of an interactive television service has highlighted potentially major barriers regarding the ease and desirability of access by elderly users. The kinds of service available through such technology vary widely as do the interaction operations required to achieve the goal of each service. For many interfaces, in particular those in the workplace, some element of explicit training or extended practice may be necessary and appropriate to achieve proficient use. However, in order to attract paying customers to television based interactive services, the expectation should be of a rapid and fairly effortless route to proficiency. Evidence is presented which indicates no positive effects of previous experience with a combined set of interactive services and it is argued that this is mainly due to a lack of explicit information and to inconsistencies (mainly between service providers) in the operation rules (both, explicit and implicit) provided.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

High-definition true-colour television for use in minimally invasive medical procedures.

Endoscopes are key elements in the application of minimally invasive medical procedures. Thereby, image quality, ease of application and safety are of decisive importance for the user. This communication is primarily concerned with aspects relating to image quality. Standard television technology is presently used in endoscopes for image presentation purposes. It is however shown, that the inherent optical quality of most endoscopes exceeds the performance of standard TV. Accordingly, a special purpose advanced digital television system exhibiting true colour performance has been developed. Since endoscopic images usually are circular, its aspect ratio is quadratic with a spatial resolution of 1000 x 1000 pixels. It has furthermore a temporal resolution of 1 to 30 Hz noninterlaced and a contrast resolution of 56.6 dB. The design and performance of the system is documented.

Endoscopes↗
PubMed1984

New horizons: the changing world of television.

These are just some of the new opportunities that television is opening up for nonprofits. I should mention that, there are also certain other implications, such as the fracturing of the mass TV audience into more fragmented markets. This means that nonprofit organizations will have to produce more PSA's to reach its audience. There'll also be more competition for available public service time. Finally, as pay TV grows, nonprofit organizations may have to produce special programming for this medium. There's several things we can comfortably predict for the future. One, television will continue to change. And two, the successful nonprofit organizations will be those who seriously explore the new opportunities today.

Organizations, Nonprofit↗
PubMed1975

Television in the operating room.

Television serves a number of useful purposes in the operating room. For the operating room supervisor, television surveillance provides an easy, economical method of keeping abreast of surgical and turnaround activities in each operating room. For the surgeon it provides an excellent vehicle for teaching, record keeping, remote viewing, and two way communication with the clinical pathology and x-ray departments, as well as with other consultants.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1975

The mountain goes to Muhammed: broadcast television for continuing education in nursing.

To meet the needs of North Carolina nurses for leadership training as well as their need to have continuing education in their local community, the Continuing Education Program of the School of Nursing designed a course in leadership using the medium of broadcast television combined with direct instructor contact. Phase I prepares a group leader to coordinate Phase II in the local work-setting. Phase II is a series of ten two-hour classes in the participating home agency consisting of 1/2 hour of televised input-lecture, quizzes, dramatic vignettes and graphics- combined with 1 1/2 hours of practice which is guided by a workbook.

Communication↗
PubMed1975

Effect of television violence on children and youth.

One hundred forty-six articles in behavioral science journals, representing 50 studies involving 10,000 children and adolescents from every conceivable background, all showed that violence viewing produces increased aggressive behavior in the young and that immediate remedial action in terms of television programming is warranted. Four major issues are covered: effects on learning, emotional effects, the question of catharsis, and effects on aggressive behavior. The research findings regarding each of these issues are summarized, as well as the controversial 1972 Surgeon General's report, Television and Social Behavior. The time is long past due for a major, organized cry of protest from the medical profession in relation to what, in political terms, I consider a national scandal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Smoking scenes in Japanese television dramas].

BACKGROUND: Exposure to smoking scenes in movies and TV dramas has been known to be a trigger for young people starting habitual smoking, but it has not been clarified to what extent youth is routinely exposed to smoking scenes in television programs in Japan. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the status quo of smoking scenes and smoking-related items in serial TV dramas targeting young audience in Japan. METHOD: Seven TV dramas targeting a young audience broadcast between July and September, 2001 were analyzed. A total of 63 hours of TV programs were divided into units of three minutes (a total of 1,264 units). All the units were reviewed for smoking scenes, description of social contexts related to smoking behavior, existence of smoking and smoking-related items. FINDINGS: Among the 1,264 three-minute units, 129 (10.2%) contained smoking behavior, and 258 (20.4%) depicted smoking environment with presence of smoking-related items. Smokers were male actors (126 units, 97.7%), aged 20-40 years (118 units, 91.5%), leading actors (72 units, 55.8%), and were smoking alone (80 units, 62.0%). Smoking places mainly took place in indoor settings (56 units, 43.4%). Ashtrays were the most frequently observed smoking-related items (8.1% of the total units). The smoking scenes with actions other than smoking itself accounted for 70 units (54.3% of the smoking scenes). As for the actions other than smoking, working (28 units, 21.7%) and eating (17 units, 13.2%) were commonly observed. Regarding smoking scenes without any other actions, 32 units (24.8%) were observed in the beginning or ending telops, and 27 units (20.9%) showed a person smoking without doing anything else. There were only 3 units (0.2%) which were against smoking behavior. Approximately 30% of the Japanese serial television drama scenes featured tobacco use in story plots. As the general features of the smoking scenes, most of them do not necessarily require smoking in the story. Furthermore, there was little consideration about separation of designated smoking areas.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Televised education: experience in Senegal].

As a possible response to the shortage of qualified teachers in Africa, a promising pilot study using television is being carried out at the A. Le Dantec University Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. Trainees at the Dakar Medical School receive long-distance coaching mainly in video-assisted surgery from experts at several partner centers in Europe, namely: Rangueil Hospital in Toulouse, France, IRCAD in Strasbourg, France and Saint Peter's Hospital in Brussels, Belgium. Results support more widespread use of televised courses.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed2003

The promised planet: alliances and struggles of the gerontocracy in American television science fiction of the 1960s.

American science fiction television series of the 1960s dramatized the complex conflicts raging throughout society in simple, allegorical terms. The power struggle between the older and younger generations that pervaded many of the conflicts and social reform movements of this era was explored in the four most imaginative and acclaimed science fiction television series of the 1960s: The Twilight Zone (1959-1965), The Outer Limits (1963-1965), Star Trek (1966-1969) and Lost in Space (1965-1968). Each show presented the mature male as the bearer of culture, the holder of power and the keeper of the scientific mysteries, but instead of a standardized response to the problem of the 'generation gap' and the ever-increasing polarization of American society along generational lines, these dramas offered both pessimistic and optimistic views of the outcome of contemporary intergenerational social strife.

Aging↗