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PubMed2005

Extended HBV vaccination in liver transplant recipients for HBV-related cirrhosis: report of two successful cases.

The effectiveness of hepatitis B virus vaccination in liver transplant recipients for hepatitis B virus-related end-stage liver disease is controversial. We report two successful cases, who developed sustained protection after long-term vaccination. Case 1. A 58-year-old male, transplanted 9 years earlier, received three intramuscular monthly doses of 40 microg of recombinant S vaccine and developed an anti-hepatitis B surface titre of 154 IU/L. After an additional 40 microg dose, he reached an anti-hepatitis B surface peak of 687 IU/L and then maintained a "protective" titre (>100 IU/L) without further vaccinations for the next 40 months. At this time, revaccination with three monthly doses of 40 microg resulted in an anti-hepatitis B surface titre greater than 25,000 IU/L, sustained over time. Case 2. A 56-year-old woman, transplanted 8 years earlier, first received three intramuscular monthly doses of 40 microg of S vaccine without developing any detectable anti-HBs. She was then given multiple intradermal vaccine doses which resulted in a titre of 37 IU/L. Next, after readministration of three 40 microg intramuscular monthly doses, she developed an anti-HBs titre of 280 IU/L. In the following 4 years, the anti-HBs titre dropped below 100 IU/L four times (at month 20, 30, 38 and 44) and readministration of single 40 microg doses of vaccine was always sufficient to restore a protective titre. Conclusion. Extended HBV vaccination may afford valid protection against HBV recurrence in selected liver transplant recipients.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Acute inflammation is the harbinger of glomerulosclerosis in anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis.

The degree of glomerular inflammation and injury during immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is felt to be critical to the eventual development of glomerulosclerosis, although the relative contributions of acute and chronic inflammation are uncertain. By grading the initial dose of antibody in accelerated anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis, we observed that only animals with the most substantial acute inflammation (in terms of neutrophil influx and acute proteinuria) developed sustained proteinuria followed by an increase in serum creatinine and evidence of severe glomerulosclerosis. Chronic inflammation (i.e., glomerular macrophage influx and evidence of glomerular cell proliferation), in contrast, was evident without the development of glomerulosclerosis. Decreasing the degree of acute inflammation during severe nephritis by complement depletion diminished both the initial and sustained proteinuria and the influx of neutrophils, prevented the terminal increase in serum creatinine, and attenuated the evolution of glomerulosclerosis. Complement depletion, however, did not affect peak proteinuria, macrophage influx, or glomerular cell proliferation. Regression analysis of the entire data set demonstrated that acute (day 1) proteinuria was predictive of the eventual histopathological index, more so than chronic (day 7) proteinuria. To recapitulate, glomerulosclerosis following antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis appears to be substantially dependent on the degree of acute inflammatory injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterizing a sustainability transition: goals, targets, trends, and driving forces.

Sustainable development exhibits broad political appeal but has proven difficult to define in precise terms. Recent scholarship has focused on the nature of a sustainability transition, described by the National Research Council as meeting the needs of a stabilizing future world population while reducing hunger and poverty and maintaining the planet's life-support systems. We identify a small set of goals, quantitative targets, and associated indicators that further characterize a sustainability transition by drawing on the consensus embodied in internationally negotiated agreements and plans of action. To illustrate opportunities for accelerating progress, we then examine current scholarship on the processes that influence attainment of four such goals: reducing hunger, promoting literacy, stabilizing greenhouse-gas concentrations, and maintaining fresh-water availability. We find that such analysis can often reveal "levers of change," forces that both control the rate of positive change and are subject to policy intervention.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Current concepts of the roles of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in folliculogenesis.

Around 400 follicles sequentially mature and ovulate during an average woman's reproductive lifetime. From birth to the menopause, the other approximately 99.98% of her follicles begin development but never complete it. Instead they default to atresia due to inadequate stimulation by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Follicular growth to the stage of antrum formation (approximately 0.25 mm diameter) is independent of gonadotrophic stimulation. Antrum formation and further growth to the stage at which follicles become potentially able to begin preovulatory development (2-5 mm diameter) require tonic stimulation by FSH. Before onset of puberty, blood concentrations of FSH do not rise sufficiently to sustain development beyond this stage, therefore all antral follicles become atretic. After puberty, as each menstrual cycle begins, FSH concentrations rise beyond a critical 'threshold' and multiple follicles are recruited to begin pre-ovulatory development. Due to increases in its responsiveness to FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH), one of these follicles becomes selected to ovulate while the remainder become atretic. At mid-follicular phase, the dominant follicle reaches > or = 10 mm in diameter and increasingly synthesizes oestradiol. Tonic stimulation by FSH and LH, underpinned by local paracrine signalling, maintains oestrogen secretion by the dominant follicle, which grows to > or = 20 mm in diameter before it ovulates in response to the mid-cycle LH surge. The development-related response to LH shown by the pre-ovulatory follicle raises the possibility that exogenous LH might be used as an adjunct to therapy with exogenous FSH in clinical ovulation induction regimens where the aim is to induce monovulation.

Estrogens↗
PubMed1995

WHO fellowships--what do they achieve?

Training health professionals is one of WHO's major strategies for improving health care in the developing world. The aim, to strengthen a country's own capacity rather than injecting expertise from outside, is in the best tradition of sustainable development. But how effective is this so called "capacity building in human resources"? Since it accounted for $43m of WHO's budget in 1992-3 and is considered by WHO to be a major contribution to health in individual countries, it deserves detailed examination.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social scenarios in Latin America and the Caribbean].

A wide range of sources have pointed out the magnitude and depth of the social problems that trouble Latin America and the Caribbean and the risks that these problems pose for democracy. Although there are other issues that merit consideration, this article briefly outlines nine key social problems: 1) the increase in poverty, 2) the impact of poverty, 3) unemployment and informal employment, 4) deficiencies in public health, 5) problems in education, 6) the newly poor, 7) the erosion of the family, 8) increasing crime, and 9) the perverse cycle of socioeconomic exclusion. Solving these problems must not be delayed. It is urgent to move to a comprehensive view of development that achieves a different balance between economic and social policies, and that recognizes the indispensable role of these policies in achieving truly sustainable development. At stake are problems that not only concern resources, but also priorities, levels of equity, and the organization of society. Facing up to this poverty and inequity requires an in-depth assessment of these economic policies' social consequences, of the crucial subject of Latin American inequity--the greatest in the world--and of the role of social and public policies.

Caribbean Region↗
PubMed2003

Economic empowerment and reproductive behaviour of young women in Osun state, Nigeria.

Women are increasingly being recognised as equal partners in development. However, there is a growing awareness that negative health, social and economic consequences act as barriers in their efforts to contribute to sustainable development. Consequently, to fully harness the potentials of women in this regard, these barriers have to be addressed. This paper utilises qualitative data collected as part of an intervention programme designed to increase access to reproductive health information/services and economic resources among young women in Osogbo, Nigeria. The aim was to provide reproductive health information and training in basic business skills and micro-credit facilities to enable beneficiaries to establish private businesses. Findings from the study highlight the importance of the relationship between female education, access to economic resources as a means of furthering empowerment of women especially in terms of their reproductive behaviour. The paper argues that increased access to resources is a major factor toward ensuring the much desired empowerment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Planning for the sustainability of community-based health programs: conceptual frameworks and future directions for research, practice and policy.

Attention to the sustainability of health intervention programs both in the US and abroad is increasing, but little consensus exists on the conceptual and operational definitions of sustainability. Moreover, an empirical knowledge base about the determinants of sustainability is still at an early stage. Planning for sustainability requires, first, a clear understanding of the concept of sustainability and operational indicators that may be used in monitoring sustainability over time. Important categories of indicators include: (1) maintenance of health benefits achieved through an initial program, (2) level of institutionalization of a program within an organization and (3) measures of capacity building in the recipient community. Second, planning for sustainability requires the use of programmatic approaches and strategies that favor long-term program maintenance. We suggest that the potential influences on sustainability may derive from three major groups of factors: (1) project design and implementation factors, (2) factors within the organizational setting, and (3) factors in the broader community environment. Future efforts to develop sustainable health intervention programs in communities can build on the concepts and strategies proposed here.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2026

Cloning of two Hsp70 genes and association analysis between SNP haplotypes and high temperature tolerance trait in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

Aquaculture is suffering the challenge from high temperature climate. Two Hsp70 genes, PcHsp70-1 and PcHsp70-2, as key genes involved in the high temperature tolerance of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were identified and cloned in this study. Their molecular features and expression patterns were characterized, revealing the distinct tissue-specific upregulation expression under high temperature stress (33 °C). Two SNPs, PcHsp70-1 (SNP258) and PcHsp70-2 (SNP555) were examined to associate with high temperature tolerance in three populations (n = 675). The genotypes of PcHsp70-1-SNP258 (GA) and PcHsp70-2-SNP555 (TT) were significantly associated with stronger high temperature tolerance. Notably, individuals carrying the haplotype of Hap I (GG + TT) showed a survival rate exceeding 70% under high temperature stress, whereas, the Hap VIII (AA + CT) showed it at 5.2%. RNA interference of PcHsp70-1 resulted in a significant decrease expression of the gene GSH-Px and its encoding protein (glutathione peroxidase) activity, and damage in intestinal tissue under high temperature stress. The transcriptome result revealed that PcHsp70-1 participates in regulation of the pathways related to cytoskeletal construction, immune response, apoptosis, and antioxidant defense. These findings indicate that PcHsp70 genes are crucial for the cellular stress response under high temperature stress. The developed Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers provide valuable tools for the marker-assisted selection of high temperature tolerant crayfish varieties, supporting the sustainable development of aquaculture under the challenge of global warming.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Techno-economic assessment of municipal solid waste management in Jordan.

Mismanagement of solid waste leads to public health risks, adverse environmental impacts and other socio-economic problems. This is obvious in many developing countries around the world. Currently, several countries have realized that the way they manage their solid wastes does not satisfy the objectives of sustainable development. Therefore, these countries, including Jordan, which forms the case study presented here, have decided to move away from traditional solid waste management (SWM) options to more integrated solid waste management approaches. Unfortunately, in many developing countries like Jordan, the lack of adequate resources to implement the necessary changes is posing a serious obstacle. The present paper discusses the various practices and challenges of solid waste management in Jordan from both a technical and economic perspective. An overview of the current practices and their environmental implications in three major cities of the country, which generate more than 70% of the country's solid waste, is presented. Recent literature on solid waste management in Jordan has been reviewed; and data on the total amount of municipal solid waste generated, compositional variations over the last two decades, and future projections are presented. The necessity, importance and needs of solid waste recovery and reuse are identified. The review of the legal frameworks indicated that there is a need for detailed and clear regulations dealing specifically with solid waste. The service cost analysis revealed that none of the municipalities in Jordan sufficiently recover the cost of the services, with more than 50% being subsidized from the municipalities' budgets. The allocation of the available resources was analyzed and service performance indicators assessed. Factors that should be taken into consideration when making the decision to move from a traditional SWM approach to a more integrated approach are highlighted and suggestions for a more smooth transition are recommended.

Cities↗
PubMed2002

[Healthy Cities projects in Europe].

The WHO Healthy Cities Project has been developed in Europe to place health high on the agenda of city decision-makers. It has promoted comprehensive local strategies for health and sustainable development. Cities endorse principles and strategies, establish project infrastructures, work on specific goals, products, changes, and outcomes, and invest in formal and informal networking and cooperation. Consistent research and development efforts are contributing towards a more evidence-based policy making and to the emergence of a framework to meet the demands of the new public health movement.

Europe↗
PubMed2006

Impairment of alternative macrophage activation delays cutaneous leishmaniasis in nonhealing BALB/c mice.

Expressed on various cell types, the IL-4Ralpha is a component of both receptors for IL-4 and IL-13. Susceptibility of BALB/c mice to Leishmania major is believed to be dependent on the development of IL-4- and IL-13-producing Th2 cells, while IFN-gamma secretion by Th1 cells is related to resistance. Despite a sustained development of Th2 cells, IL-4Ralpha-deficient BALB/c mice are able to control acute cutaneous leishmaniasis, suggesting that IL-4Ralpha-bearing cells other than Th2 cells contribute to susceptibility. To analyze the contribution of the IL-4Ralpha on macrophages, recently generated macrophage/neutrophil-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice on a susceptible BALB/c genetic background were infected with L. major. Strikingly, macrophage/neutrophil-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice showed a significantly delayed disease progression with normal Th2 and type 2 Ab responses but improved macrophage leishmanicidal effector functions and reduced arginase activity. Together, these results suggest that alternative macrophage activation contributes to susceptibility in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

River systems as providers of goods and services: a basis for comparing desired and undesired effects of large dam projects.

In developing countries, large dam projects continue to be launched, primarily to secure a time-stable fresh-water supply and to generate hydropower. Meanwhile, calls for environmentally sustainable development put pressure on the dam-building industry to integrate ecological concerns in project planning and decision-making. Such integration requires environmental impact statements (EISs) that can communicate the societal implications of the ecological effects in terms that are understandable and useful to planners and decision-makers. The purpose of this study is to develop a basic framework for assessing the societal implications of the river ecological effects expected of a proposed large dam project. The aim is to facilitate a comparison of desired and potential undesired effects on-site and downstream. The study involves two main tasks: to identify key river goods and services that a river system may provide, and to analyze how the implementation of a large dam project may alter the on-site capacity and downstream potentials to derive river goods and services from the river system. Three river goods and six river services are identified. River goods are defined as extractable partly man-made products and river services as naturally sustained processes. By four main types of flow manipulations, a large dam project improves the on-site capacity to derive desired river goods, but simultaneously threatens the provision of desirable river goods and services downstream. However, by adjusting the site, design, and operational schedule of the proposed dam project, undesirable effects on river goods and services can be minimized.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2003

Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India.

Conservationists in the recent years view local peoples' support for protected areas management as an important element of biodiversity conservation. This is often linked to the direct benefits, which local communities get from the protected areas. These benefits could be in the form of biomass resources, park funds diverted to local villages by state agencies and revenue from wildlife tourism. There are a very few studies which have attempted to study the direct relationship between benefits from wildlife tourism and local support for conservation. In India, wildlife tourism is restricted, and mostly controlled by state and private agencies. Wildlife conservation policy does not view tourism in protected areas as a source of revenue for the local communities. The present study examines the local people's attitudes towards wildlife tourism and the impact of benefits from tourism on the local support for Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR), India. STR is a flagship for tourism where protected areas are increasingly being visited and where local support for wildlife tourism has not been studied adequately. Results indicate that two-thirds of the respondents were positive towards tourism and support for conservation. The respondents were aware that more tourism benefits are possible from a well-conserved protected area. There appears to be correlation between benefits obtained by local people from wildlife tourism and other sources, and support for protected area existence, suggesting that benefits impact people's attitudes towards conservation. Some of the main problems are the unequal distribution of tourism benefits, lack of locals' involvement in tourism and development. There is a need to clearly address these issues, so that protected areas may get the support of local people, which may lead to sustainable development.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The deep South network for cancer control: eliminating cancer disparities through community-academic collaboration.

African Americans have a substantially increased mortality rate compared to Whites in many cancers, including breast and cervix. The Deep South Network for Cancer Control (the Network) was established to develop sustainable community infrastructure to promote cancer awareness, enhance participation of African Americans and other special populations in clinical trials, recruit and train minority investigators, and develop and test innovative community-based cancer control measures to eliminate cancer mortality disparities in special populations. This article describes the steps necessary to form the network and the process and activities required to establish it as an effective infrastructure for eliminating disparities between Whites and African Americans in the United States.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Bradycardia increases the arrhythmogenic effect of endothelin.

The effect of permanent bradycardia on the proarrhythmic action of endothelin-1 (ET) was investigated in 24 open-chest anesthetized mongrel dogs. In 12 dogs, permanent bradycardia was induced by radiofrequency ablation of the AV node and the hearts were paced at 70 beats/min. ET (60 pmol/min) was infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery. Blood pressure, coronary blood flow (CBF), and atrial and ventricular epicardial surface ECG were recorded continuously. Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia developed in every dog with permanent bradycardia, and ventricular fibrillation terminated the experiments in 11 cases. Bradycardia prolonged the basal QT but there was no difference in the frequency corrected QTc time between the two groups. ET prolonged the QT time in a similar fashion in both groups. In the control group, six dogs developed sustained ventricular tachycardias and ventricular fibrillation occurred in nine cases. EADP was found in six cases of eight registered. Signs of myocardial ischemia did not accompany the development of arrhythmias. We conclude that permanent bradycardia augments the direct proarrhythmic effect of ET in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

International health and emerging infectious diseases.

This article explored the role of international health in reducing the impact of infectious diseases by espousing the monumental application of global electronic communication and socioeconomic development initiatives. The interaction between the society and environmental changes have dramatic effects on the frequency of infectious diseases worldwide. Development of dams, human population expansion, migration patterns, urbanization and the invasion of hitherto virgin forests, and global warming enhance the proliferation of vectors of infectious diseases. Sustainable development and emphasis on primary prevention initiatives, coupled with the application of technology to improve farming, provision of safe water and electrification of rural communities, are significant steps in infectious disease control.

Attitude to Health↗