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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Two-fold repeated (betaalpha)4 half-barrels may provide a molecular tool for dual substrate specificity.

Some bacterial genomes contain an incomplete set of genes encoding phosphoribosyl isomerases, raising the question of whether there exists broadened substrate specificity for the missing gene products. To investigate the underlying molecular principles of this hypothesis, we have determined the crystal structure of the bifunctional enzyme PriA from Streptomyces coelicolor at 1.8 A resolution. It consists of a (betaalpha)(8)-barrel fold that is assembled by two symmetric (betaalpha)(4) half-barrels. The structure shows how its active site may catalyse the isomerization reactions of two different substrates, and we provide a plausible model of how the smaller of the two substrates could be bound in two different orientations. Our findings expand the half-barrel ancestor concept by demonstrating that symmetry-related half-barrels could provide a smart solution to cope with dual substrate specificity. The data may help to unravel molecular rationales regarding how organisms with miniature genomes can keep central biological pathways functional.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2006

Structure-function analysis of a bacterial deoxyadenosine kinase reveals the basis for substrate specificity.

Deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs) catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a deoxyribonucleoside (dN), a key step in DNA precursor synthesis. Recently structural information concerning dNKs has been obtained, but no structure of a bacterial dCK/dGK enzyme is known. Here we report the structure of such an enzyme, represented by deoxyadenosine kinase from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (Mm-dAK). Superposition of Mm-dAK with its human counterpart's deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) reveals that the overall structures are very similar with a few amino acid alterations in the proximity of the active site. To investigate the substrate specificity, Mm-dAK has been crystallized in complex with dATP and dCTP, as well as the products dCMP and dCDP. Both dATP and dCTP bind to the enzyme in a feedback-inhibitory manner with the dN part in the deoxyribonucleoside binding site and the triphosphates in the P-loop. Substrate specificity studies with clinically important nucleoside analogs as well as several phosphate donors were performed. Thus, in this study we combine structural and kinetic data to gain a better understanding of the substrate specificity of the dCK/dGK family of enzymes. The structure of Mm-dAK provides a starting point for making new anti bacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

A new evolutionary variant of the streptogramin A resistance protein, Vga(A)LC, from Staphylococcus haemolyticus with shifted substrate specificity towards lincosamides.

We found a new variant of the streptogramin A resistance gene, vga(A)LC, in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus resistant to lincomycin and clindamycin but susceptible to erythromycin and in which no relevant lincosamide resistance gene was detected. The gene vga(A)LC, differing from the gene vga(A) at the protein level by seven amino acid substitutions, was present exclusively in S. haemolyticus strains resistant to both lincosamides and streptogramin A (LS(A) phenotype). Antibiotic resistance profiles of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins Vga(A)(LC) and Vga(A) in the antibiotic-susceptible host S. aureus RN4220 were compared. It was shown that Vga(A)LC conferred resistance to both lincosamides and streptogramin A, while Vga(A) conferred significant resistance to streptogramin A only. Detailed analysis of the seven amino acid substitutions, distinguishing the two related ABC proteins with different substrate specificities, identified the substrate-recognizing site: four clustered substitutions (L212S, G219V, A220T, and G226S) in the spacer between the two ATP-binding cassettes altered the substrate specificity and constituted the lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance phenotype. A transport experiment with radiolabeled lincomycin demonstrated that the mechanism of lincosamide resistance in S. haemolyticus was identical to that of the reported macrolide-streptogramin B resistance conferred by Msr(A).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Significance of individual amino acid residues for coenzyme and substrate specificity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus.

17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl) is a NADPH dependent member of the short-chain dehydrogenase reductase (SDR) superfamily. Recently, we prepared a homology-built structural model of 17beta-HSDcl using the known three-dimensional structure of homologous 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase from the fungus Magnaporthe grisea. This model structure directed our studies of structure-function relationship of the fungal 17beta-HSD, as one of the model enzymes of the SDR superfamily. In this work, we investigated the significance of individual amino acid residues for coenzyme and substrate specificity. We performed site directed mutagenesis of R28, a basic residue conserved in most NADPH dependent SDR structures; T200, found only in Streptomyces hydrogenans 3alpha,20beta-HSD and Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenases; and H230, a residue corresponding to the substrate specificity important H221 in human 17beta-HSD type 1. All recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Kinetic evaluation of individual mutations was performed by analysis of progress curves of interconversions between 4-estrene-3,17-dione and 4-estrene-17beta-ol-3-one, in the presence of NADPH and NADP(+); according to the Theorell-Chance reaction mechanism. The results demonstrate the role of the selected amino acid residues; R28 seems to interact with the NADPH 2'-phosphate group; T200 may be involved in binding and dissociation of NADPH/NADP(+); while H230 and the neighboring A231 appears not to be responsible for substrate specificity of 17beta-HSDcl.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1996

Two splice variants of a tyrosine phosphatase differ in substrate specificity, DNA binding, and subcellular location.

Four different forms of a non-receptor type protein-tyrosine phosphatase are generated by alternative splicing; two of these forms (PTP-S2 and PTP-S4) are major forms, which are expressed in rat as well as human cells. Here we report that PTP-S2 binds to nonspecific DNA in vitro and localizes in the nucleus upon transfection in HeLa cells. PTP-S4 does not bind to nonspecific DNA and shows perinuclear and cytoplasmic localization. Removal of the C-terminal 34 amino acids of PTP-S4 gives rise to a truncated protein, which binds to nonspecific DNA and localizes to the nucleus. PTP-S4, but not PTP-S2, interacts strongly with the isolated nuclear matrix. The two forms of this tyrosine phosphatase show different substrate specificity in vitro, a feature novel to splice variants of tyrosine phosphatases. Mitogenic stimulation induces mRNAs for PTP-S2 as well as for PTP-S4 in the G1 phase during liver regeneration. These results suggest that alternative splicing gives rise to two protein-tyrosine phosphatases with distinct substrate specificities and subcellular locations. The 34 amino acids at the C terminus of PTP-S4 play a critical role in determining substrate specificity, subcellular location, and interaction with nuclear matrix and DNA.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2006

Mutational analysis of polar amino acid residues within predicted transmembrane helices 10 and 16 of multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCC1): effect on substrate specificity.

Human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) has a total of 17 transmembrane (TM) helices arranged in three membrane-spanning domains, MSD0, MSD1, and MSD2, with a 5 + 6 + 6 TM configuration. Photolabeling studies indicate that TMs 10 and 11 in MSD1 and 16 and 17 in MSD2 contribute to the substrate binding pocket of the protein. Previous mutational analyses of charged and polar amino acids in predicted TM helices 11, 16, and 17 support this suggestion. Mutation of Trp(553) in TM10 also affects substrate specificity. To extend this analysis, we mutated six additional polar residues within TM10 and the remaining uncharacterized polar residue in TM16, Asn(1208). Although mutation of Asn(1208) was without effect, two of six mutations in TM10, T550A and T556A, modulated the drug resistance profile of MRP1 without affecting transport of leukotriene C4, 17beta-estradiol 17-(beta-d-glucuronide) (E(2)17betaG), and glutathione. Mutation T550A increased vincristine resistance but decreased doxorubicin resistance, whereas mutation T556A decreased resistance to etoposide (VP-16) and doxorubicin. Although conservative mutation of Tyr(568) in TM10 to Phe or Trp had no apparent effect on substrate specificity, substitution with Ala decreased the affinity of MRP1 for E(2)17betaG without affecting drug resistance or the transport of other substrates tested. These analyses confirm that several amino acids in TM10 selectively alter the substrate specificity of MRP1, suggesting that they interact directly with certain substrates. The location of these and other functionally important residues in TM helices 11, 16, and 17 is discussed in the context of an energy-minimized model of the membrane-spanning domains of MRP1.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of substrate specificities of sialidase activity between purified enzymes from influenza virus A (H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes) and B strains and their original viruses.

Sialidases possessing enzyme activity were solubilized from mouse-adapted influenza viruses A/PR/8/34 (A/PR8, H1N1), A/Guizhou/54/89 (A/Guizhou, H3N2) and B/Ibaraki/2/85 (B/Ibaraki) by proteolytic digestion and purified by affinity chromatography and/or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The purified sialidases were observed as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of purified sialidases from A/PR8, A/Guizhou and B/Ibaraki against sodium p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-neuraminate were 6.5, 7.5 and 5.5, respectively. The purified sialidase (N1) from A/PR8 and its original virus showed enzyme activity with similar substrate specificity, and preferentially hydrolyzed alpha (2-->3)sialyllactose and bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM). Purified sialidase from B/Ibaraki hydrolyzed alpha (2-->3)sialyllactose, alpha (2-->6)sialyllactose and most glycoproteins, especially BSM, but the intact virus showed higher sialidase activity against sialyllactoses than against glycoproteins and gangliosides. These results indicate that the purified enzyme and the original virus of B/Ibaraki have different substrate specificities of sialidase activity. Purified A/Guizhou sialidase (N2) hydrolyzed alpha (2-->3)sialyllactose and porcine stomach mucin but not alpha (2-->6)sialyllactose and BSM. The original virus of A/Guizhou showed substrate specificity similar to its purified enzyme, except that the virus was active against BSM.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
PubMed1995

Involvement of Tyr24 and Trp108 in substrate binding and substrate specificity of glycolate oxidase.

Tyr24 and Trp108 are located in the active site of spinach glycolate oxidase. To elucidate their function in substrate binding and catalysis, they were replaced by phenylalanine and serine, respectively. The [Y24F]glycolate oxidase mutant enzyme showed a tenfold higher Km value for glycolate. L-lactate and DL-2-hydroxybutyrate also showed higher Km values, however, the substrate specificity was unchanged as compared to the wild-type enzyme (Km increases in the order glycolate < DL-2-hydroxybutyrate < L-lactate < L-mandelate). The turnover number and the rate of reduction, found to be rate limiting in catalysis, were only slightly affected by the deletion of the hydroxyl group. These findings suggest that Tyr24 is mostly involved in substrate binding. The spectral features of the [Y24F]glycolate oxidase suggest that a fraction (50-80%) of the protein bears a flavin N(5) adduct instead of the oxidized cofactor. Crystals obtained from the isolated [Y24F]glycolate oxidase mutant protein allowed the determination of the three-dimensional structure. Although the structure was low resolution (0.3 nm), it is evident that the structure determined is that of the N(5) adduct species. In addition to the lacking hydroxyl group of Tyr24, we also observed movements of the amino acid side chains of Arg164 and Trp108, the latter replacing a water molecule in the substrate-binding pocket. Other features predominantly found in the class of flavoprotein oxidases, such as stabilization of the covalent N(5)-sulfite adduct and of the paraquinoid form of 8-mercapto-FMN, were found to be conserved. [W108S]Glycolate oxidase, in contrast, showed dramatic effects on both the Km of substrates as well as the turnover number. The Km for glycolate was increased some hundred fold and the turnover number was decreased 500-fold. In addition, it was found that the higher homologs of glycolate, L-lactate and DL-2-hydroxybutyrate had turnover numbers similar to those found with the wild-type enzyme, although the Km values also increased dramatically. These results indicate that Trp108 is of major importance in catalysis and that this residue is involved in determining the substrate specificity of glycolate oxidase.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1988

GTP-binding proteins in human platelet membranes serving as the specific substrate of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin.

Two GTP-binding proteins serving as the specific substrate of islet-activating protein (IAP), pertussis toxin, were purified from human platelet membranes as heterotrimers with an alpha beta gamma-subunit structure. The alpha of the major IAP substrate had a molecular mass of 40 kDa and differed from that of Gi 1 or Go previously purified from brain membranes. The partial amino acid sequences of the 40 kDa alpha completely matched with the sequences which were deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the human Gi 2 alpha gene. On the other hand, the alpha of the minor IAP substrate purified from human platelets was about 41 kDa and cross-reacted with an antibody raised against alpha of brain Gi 1 (Gi 1 alpha). These results indicate that the major IAP substrate present in human platelet membranes is a product of the Gi 2 alpha gene.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1987

A new GTP-binding protein in differentiated human leukemic (HL-60) cells serving as the specific substrate of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin.

A GTP-binding protein serving as the specific substrate of islet-activating protein (IAP), pertussis toxin, was partially purified from human leukemic (HL-60) cells that had been differentiated into neutrophil type. The partially purified protein, referred to as GHL, predominantly consisted of at least two polypeptides with molecular masses of 40,000 daltons (alpha) and 36,000 or 35,000 daltons (beta). The structure was similar to Gi or Go previously purified from rat brain as an alpha beta gamma-heterotrimeric IAP substrate (Katada, T., Oinuma, M., and Ui, M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 8182-8191), although the existence of the gamma of GHL was unclear. The 40,000-dalton polypeptide contained the site for IAP-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation and the binding site for guanine nucleotide with a high affinity. The 36,000- and 35,000-dalton polypeptides were cross-reacted with the affinity-purified antibody raised against the beta of brain Gi and Go. Limited proteolysis with trypsin and immunoblot analyses with the use of the affinity-purified antibodies raised against the alpha of brain Gi or Go indicated that the alpha of GHL was different from the alpha of Gi or Go. Kinetics of guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) binding to GHL was also quite different from that to brain Gi or Go. Incubation of GHL with GTP gamma S resulted in a resolution into GTP gamma S-bound alpha and beta(gamma) thus purified had abilities to inhibit a membrane-bound adenylate cyclase activity and to associate with the alpha of brain IAP substrate in a fashion similar to the beta gamma of brain IAP substrates, suggesting that there were no significant differences in the biological activities between the beta(gamma) of GHL and those of Gi or Go. Physiological roles of the new GTP-binding protein, GHL, purified from the neutrophil-like cells in receptor-mediated signal transduction are discussed.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin↗
PubMed2006

Kinetic properties and substrate specificities of two recombinant human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-IV isozymes.

N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT)-IV catalyzes the formation of the GlcNAcbeta1-4 branch on the GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-3 arm of the core structure of N-glycans. Two human GnT-IV isozymes (GnT-IVa and GnT-IVb) had been identified, which exhibit different expression profiles among human tissues and cancer cell lines. To clarify the enzymatic properties of the respective enzymes, their kinetic parameters were determined using recombinant full-length enzymes expressed in COS7 cells. The K (m) of human GnT-IVb for UDP-GlcNAc was estimated to be 0.24 mM, which is 2-fold higher than that of human GnT-IVa. The K (m) values of GnT-IVb for pyridylaminated (PA) acceptor sugar chains with different branch numbers were 3- to 6-fold higher than those of GnT-IVa. To compare substrate specificities more precisely, we generated recombinant soluble enzymes of human GnT-IVa and GnT-IVb with N-terminal flag tags. Both enzymes showed similar substrate specificities as determined using fourteen PA-sugar chains. They preferred complex-type N-glycans over hybrid-types. Among the complex-type N-glycans tested, the relative activities of both enzymes were increased in proportion to the number of GlcNAc branches on the Man alpha1-6 arm. The Man alpha1-6 arm of the acceptors was not essential for their activities because a linear pentasaccharide lacking this arm, GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-3Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4 GlcNAc-PA, was a substrate for both enzymes. These results indicate that human GnT-IVb exhibits the same acceptor substrate specificities as human GnT-IVa, although GnT-IVb has lower affinities for donors or acceptors than GnT-IVa. This suggests that GnT-IVa is more active than GnT-IVb under physiological conditions and that it primarily contributes to the biosynthesis of N-glycans.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Single amino acid substitutions affecting the substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli K-12 nucleoside-specific Tsx channel.

The Tsx protein from the Escherichia coli outer membrane is a channel-forming protein containing a nucleoside-specific binding site. The antibiotic albicidin enters the cell via this substrate-specific channel. Because albicidin is toxic for E. coli at a very low external substrate concentration, the Tsx channel is likely to contain a binding site for this antibiotic. To identify residues involved in the Tsx substrate-specific channel activity, we devised a selection scheme to isolate albicidin-resistant tsx mutants synthesizing Tsx proteins with defects in their nucleoside uptake function. We recovered seven distinct albicidin-resistant tsx alleles, six point mutations and a 39-base pair duplication. The mutants with a duplication of residues 21-33 of Tsx or with single amino acid substitutions of residue Gly28 (to Arg) and Ser217 (to Arg) are completely deficient in nucleoside uptake at a low substrate concentration. Substitutions of Phe27 to Leu, Gly28 to Glu, Gly239 to Asp, and Gly240 to Asp result in a Tsx protein partially defective in nucleoside transport. These mutant proteins still permit nonspecific diffusion of serine indicating that the mutations do not result in a block of the Tsx channel. Our results are discussed in terms of a model for the topological organization of the Tsx protein within the outer membrane of E. coli.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of substrate specificities of transglutaminases using synthetic peptides as acyl donors.

Transglutaminase (TGase) is an enzyme that catalyzes acyl transfer reactions between primary amines and Gln residues in proteins or peptides. Substrate specificities of TGase, Ca2+-independent microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), and Ca2+-dependent tissue type transglutaminase from guinea pig liver (GTGase) and fish, Red sea bream (Pagrus major), liver (FTGase), for acyl donors were investigated using synthetic peptides containing Gln residues and Gln analogues with different lengths of side chain. MTGase dose not recognize the Gln analogues as a substrate and has strict substrate specificities toward L-Gln. Substrate peptides with a variety of sequences around the Gln residue, GXXQXXG (X=G, A, S, L, V, F, Y, R, N, E, L) were synthesized and used as acyl donors. As an acyl acceptor, the fluorescent reagent monodancyl cadaverine was used and the reactions analyzed with RP-HPLC. Substitution of the C-terminal of a Gln residue with a hydrophobic amino acid accelerated the reaction by GTGase and FTGase. N-terminal substitution of Gln residues had similar effects on the reaction by MTGase.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2003

Substrate specificity of glutaminyl cyclases from plants and animals.

Glutaminyl cyclases (QC) catalyze the intramolecular cyclization of N-terminal glutamine residues of peptides and proteins. For a comparison of the substrate specificity of human and papaya QC enzymes, a novel continuous assay was established by adapting an existing discontinuous method. Specificity constants (kcat/Km) of dipeptides and dipeptide surrogates were higher for plant QC, whereas the selectivity for oligopeptides was similar for both enzymes. However, only the specificity constants of mammalian QC were dependent on size and composition of the substrates. Specificity constants of both enzymes were equally pH-dependent in the acidic pH-region, revealing a pKa value identical to the pKa of the substrate, suggesting similarities in the substrate conversion mode. Accordingly, both QCs converted the L-beta homoglutaminyl residue in the peptide H-beta homoGln-Phe-Lys-Arg-Leu-Ala-NH2 and the glutaminyl residues of the branched peptide H-Gln-Lys(Gln)-Arg-Leu-Ala-NH2 as well as the partially cyclized peptide H-Gln-cyclo(N epsilon-Lys-Arg-Pro-Ala-Gly-Phe). In contrast, only QC from C. papaya was able to cyclize a methylated glutamine residue, while this compound did not even inhibit human QC-catalysis, suggesting distinct substrate recognition pattern. The conversion of the potential physiological substrates [Gln1]-gastrin, [Gln1]-neurotensin and [Gln1]-fertilization promoting peptide indicates that human QC may play a key role in posttranslational modification of most if not all pGlu-containing hormones.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Cellular localization and substrate specificity of isoelectric forms of human liver neuraminidase activity.

The four major isoelectric forms of human liver neuraminidase (with pI values between 3.4 and 4.8) have been isolated by preparative isoelectric focusing and characterized with regard to their substrate specificity using glycoprotein, glycopeptide, oligosaccharide and ganglioside natural substrates. All forms exhibited a rather broad linkage specificity and were capable of hydrolyzing sialic acid glycosidically linked alpha 2-3, alpha 2-6 and alpha 2-8, although differential rates of hydrolysis of the substrates were found for each form. The most acidic form 1 (pI 3.4) was most active on sialyl-lactose, whereas form 2 (pI 3.9) and 3 (pI 4.4) were most active on the more hydrophobic ganglioside substrates. Form 4 (pI 4.8) was most active on the low-Mr hydrophilic substrates (fetuin glycopeptide, sialyl-lactose). Each form was less active on the glycoprotein fetuin than on a glycopeptide derived from fetuin. Organelle-enriched fractions were prepared from fresh human liver tissue and neuraminidase activity on 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid was recovered in plasma membrane, microsomal, lysosomal and cytosolic preparations. Isoelectric focusing of the neuraminidase activity recovered in each of these preparations resulted in significantly different isoelectric profiles (number, relative amounts and pI values of forms) for each preparation. The differential substrate specificity of the isoelectric forms and the different isoelectric focusing profiles of neuraminidase activity recovered in subcellular-enriched fractions suggest that specific isoelectric forms with broad but defined substrate specificity are enriched at separate sites within the cell.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Probing the substrate specificity of aminopyrrolnitrin oxygenase (PrnD) by mutational analysis.

Molecular modeling and mutational analysis (site-directed mutagenesis and saturation mutagenesis) were used to probe the molecular determinants of the substrate specificity of aminopyrrolnitrin oxygenase (PrnD) from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. There are 17 putative substrate-contacting residues, and mutations at two of the positions, positions 312 and 277, could modulate the enzyme substrate specificity separately or in combination. Interestingly, several of the mutants obtained exhibited higher catalytic efficiency (approximately two- to sevenfold higher) with the physiological substrate aminopyrrolnitrin than the wild-type enzyme exhibited.

Amines↗
PubMed1985

Substrate specificities of insulin and epidermal growth factor receptor kinases.

The abilities of insulin and EGF stimulated protein kinases to phosphorylate a series of exogenous substrates were compared using wheat germ lectin purified preparations of solubilized rat liver membranes. Three different kinds of substrates were found: substrates phosphorylated primarily by insulin stimulated kinase, substrates phosphorylated primarily by EGF stimulated kinase and substrates phosphorylated by both kinases to a similar extent. These results indicate that the insulin and the EGF receptor kinase have different, but overlapping, substrate specificities. In vivo, phosphorylation of cellular proteins by various hormone receptor kinases may be part of the signal transmission process for actions of the hormones. Different substrate specificities of kinases of different hormone receptors may therefore represent an important mechanism to preserve the specificity of the hormonal signal at the post receptor level.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2004

Comparative mechanistic and substrate specificity study of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase Schizosaccharomyces pombe Synaptojanin and SHIP2.

Inositol-5-phosphatases are important enzymes involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes from synaptic vesicle recycling to insulin signaling. We describe a comparative study of two representative inositol-5-phosphatases, Schizosaccharomyces pombe synaptojanin (SPsynaptojanin) and human SH2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase SHIP2. We show that in addition to Mg2+, transition metals such as Mn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ are also effective activators of SPsynaptojanin. In contrast, Ca2+ and Cu2+ are inhibitory. We provide evidence that Mg2+ binds the same site occupied by Ca2+ observed in the crystal structure of SPsynaptojanin complexed with inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (Ins(1,4)P2). Ionizations important for substrate binding and catalysis are defined for the SPsynaptojanin-catalyzed Ins(1,4,5)P3 reaction. Kinetic analysis with four phosphatidylinositol lipids bearing a 5-phosphate and 54 water-soluble inositol phosphates reveals that SP-synaptojanin and SHIP2 possess much broader substrate specificity than previously appreciated. The rank order for SPsynaptojanin is Ins(2,4,5)P3 > phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) approximately Ins(4,5)P2 approximately Ins(1,4,5)P3 approximately Ins(4,5,6)P3 > PtdIns(3,5)P2 approximately PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 approximately Ins(1,2,4,5)P4 approximately Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 approximately Ins-(2,4,5,6)P4 approximately Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5. The rank order for SHIP2 is Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 > Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 > PtdIns(3,4,5)P4 approximately PtdIns(3,5)P2 approximately Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 approximately Ins(2,4,5,6)P4. Because inositol phosphate isomers elicit different biological activities, the extended substrate specificity for SPsynaptojanin and SHIP2 suggest that these enzymes likely have multiple roles in cell signaling and may regulate distinct pathways. The unique substrate specificity profiles and the importance of 2-position phosphate in binding also have important implications for the design of potent and selective SPsynaptojanin and SHIP2 inhibitors for pharmacological investigation.

Binding Sites↗