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PubMed1987

A modified trans-membrane migration method for measuring the effect of drugs on sperm motility.

1. The trans-membrane migration ratio (TMMR) technique is a simple method for quantitating and comparing the effect of drugs on sperm motility. 2. The ultrafilter membrane (Nucleopore) used allows mixing between the solutions on either side resulting in 21-fold dilution of a drug initially mixed with semen. 3. The concentration of drug originally mixed with semen does not remain constant over the incubation time. 4. The phosphate buffer saline (PBS) in the lower chamber should be replaced by PBS containing the same concentration of drug as in the upper chamber so that a homogenous system is established throughout the incubation. 5. Reports of previous studies using this technique may have underestimated the effect of drugs on sperm motility.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1980

Use of the elaborated multiple exposure photography (MEP) method in routine sperm motility analyses and for research purposes.

Elaboration of the three basic components incorporated in the recently developed multiple exposure photography (MEP) method for objective sperm motility determination is described. This includes an improved version of the 10-micrometers counting chamber, modified procedures of photography, and a system for easier calculation of the results. During the last 2 years several thousands of sperm motility analyses were performed with the elaborated technique. In our institute this method has totally replaced motility evaluation by subjective estimation and has become the sole method for semen assessment performed during routine clinical work-up and research studies. This method is compared with other still-camera photographic techniques, and data about duration of performance, details of the relatively low cost of analysis, and specifications of some of its components are presented as well.

Humans↗
PubMed2007

Ambient manganese exposure is negatively associated with human sperm motility and concentration.

BACKGROUND: Occupational and experimental animal studies indicate that exposure to high levels of manganese impairs male fertility, but the effects of ambient manganese in humans are not known. METHODS: We measured blood levels of manganese and selenium in 200 infertility clinic clients in a cross-sectional study. Correlations between metals and semen variables were determined, adjusting for other risk factors. Outcomes were low motility (<50% motile), low concentration (<20 million/mL), or low morphology (<4% normal). We also investigated dose-response relationships between quartiles of manganese exposure and sperm parameters. RESULTS: High manganese level was associated with increased risk of low sperm motility (odds ratio = 5.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.6-17.6) and low sperm concentration (2.4; 1.2-4.9). We saw a U-shaped dose-response pattern between quartiles of manganese exposure and all 3 sperm parameters. CONCLUSION: Ambient exposure to manganese levels is associated with a reduction in sperm motility and concentration. No adverse effects were seen for high selenium.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of measurements of human sperm motility characteristics by the automated CellSoft system and time-exposure photomicrography.

Human sperm motility characteristics in 28 semen samples with sperm concentrations less than 40 x 10(6) ml-1, as determined by the World Health Organization manual analysis (WHO, 1987), were measured by the automated CellSoft semen analyser (Cryo Resources Ltd, New York, NY, USA) using different system parameter settings (Mortimer & Mortimer, 1988a). The results were compared with those obtained by time-exposure photomicrographic (TEP) analysis. It was found that the settings of the minimum video frame rate and the threshold velocity used to distinguish motile from immotile sperm by the automated CellSoft system had a significant influence on measurements of percentage motility but not on linear velocity. At the five different parameter settings used in the present study, the automated CellSoft system gave significantly lower mean values for percentage motility in comparison with the WHO manual and TEP analyses. Measurements for linear velocity between the automated CellSoft system and TEP analyses were found not to be significantly different in these defined semen samples.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Effect of osmolality on the initiation of sperm motility in Xenopus laevis.

1. Seminal plasma of the South African clawed toad Xenopus laevis exhibited osmolality around 250 mosmol/kg isotonic to blood plasma. 2. Spermatozoa remained immotile when the semen was diluted in solutions of 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl or 200 mM glucose containing 20 mM Hepes-NaOH buffer which exhibited almost the same osmolalities (approximately 240 mosmol/kg) as seminal plasma. 3. The spermatozoa became motile in these three solutions if the osmolalities were decreased. 4. These suggest that motility of Xenopus sperm is suppressed by seminal osmolality in the reproductive organ and initiated by a decrease of osmolality when they are spawned into hypotonic fresh water.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between etiological factors and total motile sperm count in 350 infertile patients.

The prevalence of different etiologic factors has been evaluated in 350 male patients consulting the same physician in an urban, ambulatory setting for primary or secondary infertility of more than 1 year. Environmental factors such as alcohol or drugs represented 12% of the etiologies, acquired diseases such as varicocele and prostatitis 40%, congenital diseases and primary testicular failure 16.2%, idiopathic cases 19.4%, and abnormality of sperm transport 7.4%. The severity of sperm alterations in the different etiologic categories was evaluated by the total motile sperm count per ejaculate (TMS) (normal > 16). The TMS was less than 5 in classical causes of male infertility such as testicular failure, endocrinopathy, cancer, or antisperm antibodies. It was more than 10 in controversial causes of infertility such as varicocele, prostatis, chlamydial infections, and professional exposure to heat. After treatment, there was a nonsignificant increase of the TMS in the latter cases. In cases of azoospermia of pituitary origin, the TMS was normalized by a hormonal treatment. In some cases of azoospermia of possible obstructive origin, sperm appeared in the ejaculate after diclofenac treatment. The utility of andrological investigation and treatment is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cryopreservation of European catfish Silurus glanis sperm: sperm motility, viability, and hatching success of embryos.

The aim of this study was to elaborate cryopreservation methods for ex situ conservation of European catfish. The success of sperm cryopreservation was evaluated by post-thaw sperm motility and velocity, percentage of live spermatozoa and fertility (hatching rates) using frozen/thawed sperm. The best hatching rates of 82-86% were obtained with sperm stored for 5 h before freezing in immobilizing solution and frozen with Me2SO in concentrations of 8, 10, and 12%, or with a mixture of 5% Me2SO and 5% propandiole. These results did not significantly differ from the fresh sperm control sample. The percentage of live spermatozoa in frozen/thawed sperm did not correlate with hatching rate or motility of spermatozoa, but was negatively correlated with velocity of spermatozoa (r=-0.47, P=0.05). The percentage motility in frozen/thawed sperm ranged from 8 to 62%, when sperm was stored in immobilizing solution 5h before freezing. The average value in the fresh sperm (control) was 96%. The frozen/thawed sperm motility rate significantly correlated with the hatching rate (r=0.76, P=0.0002), but not with the percentage of live spermatozoa (r=0.16, P=0.52) or the sperm velocity (r=0.07, P=0.79). The velocity of frozen/thawed spermatozoa ranged from 37 to 85 microm/s, whereby methanol concentrations of 7.5 and 10% resulted in highest velocities. Freezing sperm volumes of 1-4 ml did not affect the quality of frozen/thawed sperm.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

In vitro inhibition of sperm motility by some local mineral water drinks.

The effect of eight common local mineral water drinks in Ile-Ife, Nigeria (seven cola and one lemon-based) on sperm motility in vitro was carried out. There was no significant difference in the pH values of all the drinks, the pH ranged between 2.30-2.50. After one minute, Pepsi-Cola had the least inhibitory effect on sperm motility, Bitter-lemon had the strongest effect, while the other brands had varying effects between the two extremes. The percentage motility inhibition by the mineral water drinks is also a function of the initial total sperm count in the semen.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of infertile couples by intrauterine artificial insemination homologous (AIH) of motile sperm collected by swim-up in human serum.

Twenty six couples with long standing infertility were treated by intrauterine AIH. Seminal and/or cervical factors were responsible for negative or poor coital test (PCT); retrograde ejaculation occurred in one case. A highly concentrated motile sperm suspension was obtained by swim-up procedure into fasting human serum and utilized for intrauterine insemination. Timing of ovulation was checked with the aid of ultrasound monitoring of follicular development. Totally, 120 cycles were treated. The pregnancy rate was 23.3%. Intrauterine AIH with motile sperm recovered by swim-up in human serum appears a valuable approach in the treatment of infertile couples with poor PCT as well as in cases of retrograde ejaculation.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed1998

Correlation of sperm motility with mitochondrial enzymatic activities.

Until now, little attention has been paid to the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to germinal tissue disorders. The target of this study was to investigate the relationship between sperm motility and mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities. The results obtained showed that semen samples of control individuals (n = 33) have substantially higher activities of complexes I, II, and IV compared with those of asthenozoospermic subjects (n = 86). Moreover, a direct and positive correlation was found in the whole population studied between spermatozoa motility and all the mitochondrial respiratory complex activities assayed (I, II, I+III, II+III, and IV). The ratio of these enzymes to citrate synthase (a reliable enzymatic marker of mitochondrial volume) activities did not correlate with sperm motility. This suggests that motility depends largely on the mitochondrial volume within the sperm midpiece. These observations could be of physiopathological relevance because they suggest that factors affecting the mitochondrial energy production could be then responsible for particular cases of idiopathic asthenozoospermia.

Citrate (si)-Synthase↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of sperm motility by laser--Doppler-spectroscopy in an in-vitro fertilization programme.

Laser-Doppler-spectroscopy represents a new, fast and reliable technical method for the assessment of several parameters of sperm motility including the percentage of spermatozoa which are motile, and mean spermatozoal velocity. Serial measurements of these parameters in routine andrological work permit standards for four main spermiogram diagnoses to be established. Laser-Doppler-spectroscopy was used to verify alterations in the motility of spermatozoa after capacitation in an in-vitro fertilization programme. An enhancement of 16% for total sperm motility and 36% for mean spermatozoal velocity could be observed. The results of in-vitro fertilization after various spermigram diagnoses, combined with long-term observations of mean spermatozoal velocity, may be considered as another step towards the elucidation of sperm-oocyte interactions. Comparisons between the development of embryos revealed significant differences between normo- and asthenozoospermic men versus oligozoospermic patients.

Fertilization in Vitro↗
PubMed1992

The effects of lignocaine on human sperm motility.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the motility of human sperm incubated with various concentrations of lignocaine. METHODS: Eleven semen samples with a sperm density greater than or equal to 20 x 10(6) ml and progressive motility greater than or equal to 40% were prepared using a swim-up technique. Aliquots from each sample were incubated for 4 hr under capacitating conditions with lignocaine concentrations of 100, 10, 1, and 0.1 microgram/ml and without additional lignocaine as a control. Digital computerized motion analysis was performed on all samples at 1, 2, and 4 hr after the addition of lignocaine. RESULTS: After 2 hr of incubation a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the percentage of sperm with a curvilinear velocity greater than 100 microns/sec was observed in those samples incubated with 100 micrograms/ml lignocaine. This stimulatory effect was no longer apparent after a further 2 hr of incubation. No other significant changes were identified in any of the motility parameters examined. CONCLUSIONS: No adverse effects on human sperm motility were identified during incubation with low concentrations of lignocaine. A transient stimulatory effect was observed at a lignocaine concentration of 100 micrograms/ml.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

Factors affecting sperm motility. VIII. Velocity and survival of human spermatozoa as related to temperatures above zero.

The effect of temperature on motility and survival of ejaculated human spermatozoa was investigated with the aid of the multiple exposure photography (MEP) method for objective sperm motility determination. Fresh specimens from healthy donors were analyzed while being heated or cooled gradually, or during their storage at various temperatures from 0 to 48 degrees C. Sperm velocity increased steadily from zero to 50.4 nm/sec between freezing point and body temperature. Thereafter, their activity dropped dramatically and total immobilization occurred at 45 degrees C. The induced immobilization was reversible providing exposure to those extreme temperatures was short enough to prevent permanent damage. Sperm survived up to 24-48 h when stored at 23 degrees C, while at body temperature, their survival in vitro was much shorter and rarely extended beyond 12 h. Their longevity was still shorter at higher or lower temperatures, especially when approaching 48 degrees C. With the aid of the combined supravital staining and MEP methods it was found that temperatures of extreme levels induced mainly immobilization rather than a spermicidic effect. The possible mechanism of thermal effect on sperm motility and some of its practical implications are discussed.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1986

Seminal prostaglandins in men with subnormal sperm motility and therapeutic treatment.

The contents of prostaglandins in seminal plasma from a total of 73 men were evaluated. The subjects were grouped as follows: normospermic men, patients with impaired motility, patients with small untreated varicocele and patients with impaired motility and Kallikrein therapy. Sperm density, morphology and motility were examined. High performance reversed phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with specific radioimmunoassays were used for the determination of PGE2, PGI2 and PGF2 alpha. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.025; F-test) between the PGI2 concentrations in patients with impaired motility (5.6 +/- 1.4 pg/mg protein) and normal men (8.8 +/- 3.7 pg/mg protein). PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were significantly different in patients with varicocele (p less than 0.025, F-test). Wide ranges of prostaglandins occurred in the Kallikrein-group with no significant differences. We conclude that: a) PGI2 is an additional prostaglandin compound in seminal plasma, b) its measurement may not be useful as diagnostic parameter in subfertile men and c) Kallikrein has no influence on the prostaglandin content in seminal plasma and other seminal parameters as motility, motility index and sperm counts.

Dinoprost↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of two techniques used to collect normal and motile sperm.

To improve the quality of sperm for intra-uterine insemination (IUI) or in-vitro fertilization (IVF) swim-up (SU) and migration-sedimentation (MS) methods were compared, for the selection of morphologically normal and motile sperm. In 74 patients consulting for couple infertility, it was shown that MS gave a better yield of motile sperm than did SU. An improvement in morphology and motility was achieved, especially in asthenospermia (motility less than 40%) and/or teratospermia (normal shape less than 40%). The percentage of midpiece and tail abnormalities was lowered by the MS technique. It is proposed that the MS method be used for IUI and IVF, adapting the number of tubes to the initial sperm concentration.

Fertilization in Vitro↗
PubMed1975

Impetus to transferring non-motile sperm in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis.

Effect of intratesticular pressure was examined on non-motile sperms in the testis whether they move toward the epididymis when it is raised. The head portion of the epididymis of the dog was cut apart at the proximal portion to the testis fully exposing the lumen of the epididymis. The electric stimulation of perivascular nerves of the spermatic cord caused spermatozoa to flow out onto the incision site at 5 min. The number of them increased progressively, almost innumerable at 15 min. These results support the view that the elevated intratesticular pressure by electric stimulation surely works to transfer non-motile sperm in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Urogenital infection and sperm motility.

Male accessory sex gland infections are considered as potential hazards to male fertility. Various pathophysiological concepts have evolved from experimental and clinical studies that begin to explain the effects of bacteria and immunological events on the function of spermatozoa and sperm motility in particular. Besides direct influences of pathogenic bacteria on spermatozoa whose impact on the motility of human spermatozoa is reviewed herein, recent studies have identified and evaluated infectious mediators that appear to be responsible for specific molecular processes in infections that particularly affect the motility of spermatozoa. This review will focus in detail on direct bacterial effects of sperm motility, the role of seminal leucocytes and the impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the motility of spermatozoa.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2003

Effect of diltiazem and methylene blue on human sperm motility, viability and cervical mucus penetration: potential use as vas irrigants at the time of vasectomy.

The purpose of this study was to identify compounds that could potentially be useful for vas irrigation at the time of vasectomy. We studied the in vitro effects of a group of membrane-active and ion-channel blocking agents on human sperm motility, viability and cervical mucus penetration. Diltiazem, an anti-arrhythmic drug, and methylene blue, an agent commonly used in vasography, showed the most promising effects with marked reduction of sperm motility and cervical mucus penetration after incubation with sperm for a short period of 15 min. Diltiazem was more effective than methylene blue in inhibiting the motility and viability of sperm. Furthermore, unlike methylene blue, diltiazem significantly compromised sperm viability. Other compounds studied, such as lidocaine, nicardipine and Neosporin((R)), showed only partial inhibitory activity. Based on the data reported herein, both diltiazem and methylene blue appear to be suitable candidates to be developed for vas irrigation at the time of vasectomy.

Calcium Channel Blockers↗