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PubMedDate not supplied

Depression and anxiety in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of perceived social support.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is a common, disabling, autoimmune disease with significant psychiatric sequelae. AIMS: We aimed to identify the prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis attending hospitals, and to elucidate the role played by illness variables, disability variables and psychosocial variables in predicting levels of depression and anxiety. METHODS: We assessed depression, anxiety, arthritis-related pain, arthritis-related disability and perceived social support in 68 adults with rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: Sixty-five per cent of patients had evidence of depression (37.5% moderate or severe) and 44.4% had evidence of anxiety (17.8% moderate or severe). Both depression and anxiety were highly correlated with several measures of arthritis-related pain and functional impairment. After controlling for age, gender, marital status and duration of arthritis, perceived social support was a highly significant independent predictor of both depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that increasing social support may be particularly important in the management of depression and anxiety in rheumatoid arthritis.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2003

[Meaning of "becoming" in the Japanese psychopathologic view as compared with the German-speaking view].

Until now, Japanese cultural concepts such as "ki" and "aida" were used to introduce new perspectives to psychopathology. Universal concepts can also serve this purpose when the culturally different connotations are worked out. In this study,we discuss the concept "becoming," which is not only universal but also undoubtedly one of the key words in psychiatry. As is well known,Zutt made a contribution to psychopathology with a clear differentiation between "becoming" and "doing." It is interesting that some Japanese linguists also mentioned the same difference, namely that between the Japanese logic of "becoming" and the Western logic of "doing." Accordingly, tai-jin-kyôfu as anxiety about "becoming" is contrasted with sociophobia as anxiety about "doing." However, "becoming" in the sense of Zutt is different from the Japanese in three aspects,namely the physical, social and temporal ones. These differences refer to the various meanings of "nature." Finally,we mention the possibility of applying the Japanese term "becoming" to psychopathology.

Altruism↗
PubMed2007

[Evaluating extensive consciousness disturbance. Roulette or well-founded forensic diagnostics?].

The difficulties of experts to judge and evaluate so-called affect crimes are due to theoretical and conceptual shortcomings on the one hand and problems of reproducibility on the other. This study describes an attempt to set up diagnostic guidelines for such cases. A vulnerability/stress model was developed which integrates features from different areas: predisposition (including social perception, thinking, and problem solving), triggering conditions (mainly derived from stress theories and concepts), and the established Sass criteria (1983). The characteristics of these respective diagnostic features were collected from a sample of 31 criminal responsibility examinations. Finally, implementing multivariate analysis, 13 criteria were established that could be useful in evaluating criminal responsibility with regard to consciousness disturbances in that they enable testimony based on the prognostic and discriminant validity of the individual criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The FTF (Five to Fifteen): the development of a parent questionnaire for the assessment of ADHD and comorbid conditions.

This paper describes the development of a new parent questionnaire ("Five to Fifteen", or the FTF) for elicitation of symptoms and problems typical of ADHD and its comorbidities. The FTF comprises 181 statements related to behavioural or developmental problems that can be endorsed as either "does not apply" (0), applies sometimes or to some extent" (1), "definitely applies" (2), plus a number of open-ended questions including some about the child's strengths. The items are arranged into eight different domains (memory, learning, language, executive functions, motor skills, perception, social skills, and emotional/behavioural problems), most of which can be subdivided into subdomains. For each domain, a mean score ranging from 0-2 can be calculated. A representative sample (n=1350) of the total population of 6-15-year-old children was targeted. Parents of 63% of these completed a questionnaire and returned it to the researchers. Boys showed significantly more problems than did girls across domains and age. Younger children had more problems than pre-adolescents and adolescents (except in the domains of social skills and emotional/behavioural problems). Executive dysfunction was common, and 5.3% of all children in the population had clear problems suggesting a diagnosis of ADHD according to parent report. The paper provides means, medians, and 90(th) and 95(th) centiles for individual items as well as for the eight domains. The Discussion centres on whether or not the FTF can (or should) be used in school-aged children for the identification of children at risk for ADHD or other early childhood onset neuropsychiatric disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Social competence and emotional/behaviour problems in 6-16 year-old Swedish school children.

Social competence and emotional/behavioural problems as reported by parents on a Swedish version of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) were examined in 1308 Swedish school-aged children/adolescents recruited from a stratified, random sample of schools in urban, semirural, and rural areas in Uppsala County, Sweden, and from Stockholm, the capital city of Sweden. The overall response rate was 80.6%. Few gender differences were found, but adolescents received higher problem scores and higher social competence scores than the younger children. Children from the middle SES groups were regarded as having higher social competence levels, and children from the lower SES groups had higher emotional/behaviour problem scores. Children from the larger cities consistently obtained higher problem scores. Those who had received help during the previous year because of psychological problems (2%) had much higher problems scores than those who had not received help. The levels of emotional/behavioural problems in children and adolescents in the present sample seem to be comparable to those reported in similar Scandinavian studies where the CBCL has been used. However, they were considerably lower than those commonly reported in epidemiological studies of children/adolescents from other countries and cultures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Readiness for HIV testing among young people in northern Nigeria: the roles of social norm and perceived stigma.

This study examined the predictors of readiness for HIV testing among young people in northern Nigeria, paying special attention to the role of stigma. Stigma is measured at two levels: individual and community (social norm). There are commonalities and differences in the correlates of readiness among men and women. For men and women, knowledge about HIV prevention, knowledge about a source for VCT, discussion about condom use for HIV prevention and perceived risk are strong predictors. Knowledge that an apparently healthy person can be HIV-infected is only significant for women. Perceived stigma is a significant predictor for both men and women although the specific dimension of note differs between the sexes. Social norm is strongly and directly associated with readiness among men but has no apparent influence among women. For both sexes, social norm appears to have strong mediating influence on the relationship between personal perceived stigma and readiness. The results strongly suggest that to eliminate HIV-related stigma, it is not enough to target individual cognitive processes; strategic efforts should target social structures in order to change negative social norms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Organizational cultural competency: shifting programs for Latino immigrants from a client-centered to a community-based orientation.

This paper discusses how the organizational cultural competency of social service agencies may be improved by shifting the philosophy of service delivery from a client-centered to a community-based orientation. This analysis is based on two years of fieldwork and interviews that were conducted as part of an action research project initially developed to increase the number of certified Spanish speaking Latino family childcare providers and knowledge about Latino immigrant families in the Midwest. In developing a culturally-specific certification program in Spanish, both the Latino participants and the bilingual program director challenged the agency to consider how the social context and social location of its participants required a more holistic community approach.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The evaluation of homophobia in an Italian sample.

Homophobia has not been systematically studied by Italian social scientists. This study was an initial investigation of the nature of homophobia among Italians, using an Italian version of a scale measuring the construct, and investigated personality and other factors related to homophobia. We examined (1) whether a male military personnel group had more homophobic attitudes than a group of comparably aged male university students; (2) whether personal characteristics and personality factors were correlated with homophobia; and (3) whether there were gender differences in homophobia between male and female university students. Male officers of the Italian Marine Corps were compared to male university students of the same age with respect to homophobia and personality characteristics. In addition, a sample of male university students was compared to female students. The instruments used were the Italian versions of the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS) and the 16 Personality Factor Inventory (16 PF). Results showed significantly higher homophobia among the military personnel than among male students. Consistent with previous research, male university students demonstrated more negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian people than female students.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sex differences in affective responses to homoerotic stimuli: evidence for an unconscious bias among heterosexual men, but not heterosexual women.

Antigay bias is a well-documented social problem among heterosexual men, though heterosexual women display a lesser tendency toward this bias. Startle eye blink has been established as a valid measure of the affective component of antigay bias in heterosexual men. In the current study, a sample of 91 heterosexual women and 87 heterosexual men were exposed to a variety of sexual photographic stimuli accompanied by startle probes. Heterosexual men who expressed more bias against gay men using a social distance measure (i.e., discomfort with being in close quarters with a gay man) displayed a startle response consistent with greater negative affect (e.g., fear and disgust) toward gay male stimuli, while those with less self-reported antigay bias did not display a physiological bias against gay men, and none of these men showed a relationship between bias against lesbians and physiological responses while viewing lesbian images. There were no such physiological manifestations of antigay bias in heterosexual women while viewing lesbian or gay male images, even among those who self-reported such bias. It appears that heterosexual women do not tend to have the same affective response toward homosexuals that some heterosexual men experience.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Sex of experimenter and social norm effects on reports of sexual behavior in young men and women.

Past studies indicate that men generally report having had more sexual experience and sexual partners than women, as well as an earlier age at first intercourse. At least some of these findings may partially reflect different responses to certain contextual variables in research. College students (266 men and 463 women) were asked to anonymously report their sexual attitudes and behavior after reading one of three fictitious statements about research findings regarding gender differences in sexuality. Some past findings were replicated, with men reporting somewhat more sexual experience and more permissive sexual attitudes than women. However, women reported a significantly younger age at first intercourse than did men. While there was no significant sex difference for total number of sexual partners, there was a significant interaction. With female research assistants (but not with male assistants), men reported more sexual partners when they were told that women are now more sexually permissive than men. This finding appeared to be largely a function of the men who scored higher on measures of hypermasculinity and ambivalent sexism. Women's reports were not significantly affected by the wording of the cover sheet, regardless of the sex of the research assistant. Even in this anonymous survey, the sex of the experimenter and the nature of the statement about research findings had an impact on the sex differences that were found. In light of these results, some previous conclusions about male-female differences in sexual behavior may need to be examined more closely.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The impact of first-grade "friendship group" experiences on child social outcomes in the fast track program.

Many interventions for children's behavior problems successfully utilize a group format for social skills training, providing opportunities for practice and performance feedback from peers. Recent studies however, suggest that grouping aggressive children together may reduce intervention effectiveness or even increase risk. The present study examined the relative impact of children's own behavior and their experiences with peers in the first-grade "friendship groups" of Fast Track, a multi-component preventive intervention program. Two-hundred sixty-six children (56% minority, 29% female) participated in 55 friendship groups. Children's own positive and negative behavior in friendship groups was related to relative improvements in social cognitive skills, prosocial behavior, and aggression, assessed through child interviews, teacher ratings, and peer sociometric nominations. Results from hierarchical linear models also revealed that the amount of peer escalation children received for their disruptive behavior during sessions impeded some intervention gains, whereas mere exposure to other children's positive or negative behavior was rarely related to outcomes.

Aggression↗
PubMed2007

Involvement or isolation? The social networks of children with autism in regular classrooms.

Including children with autism in regular classrooms has become prevalent; yet some evidence suggests such placements could increase the risk of isolation and rejection. In this study, we used social network methods to explore the involvement of children with autism in typical classrooms. Participants were 398 children (196 boys) in regular 2nd through 5th grade classes, including 17 children (14 boys) with high functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome. Children reported on friendship qualities, peer acceptance, loneliness, and classroom social networks. Despite involvement in networks, children with autism experienced lower centrality, acceptance, companionship, and reciprocity; yet they did not report greater loneliness. Future research is needed to help children with autism move from the periphery to more effective engagement with peers.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Pathological gambling in Montreal's Chinese community: an anthropological perspective.

Pathological gambling has been identified as a major issue in Montreal's Chinese community. A variety of sources attest to the fact that, though we live in an increasingly heterogeneous society, the services provided to minority communities for preventing and treating pathological gambling are inadequate. An anthropological approach that takes into account cultural characteristics of one's community could lead to better strategies for acknowledgement, definition, diagnosis and treatment of pathological gambling among culturally different communities. Research paths that could help to provide effective treatment and services to specific populations are suggested. An overview of the way the Chinese view gambling, pathological gambling and treatment is presented. The concepts of fate, destiny and luck in Chinese thought, as well as Montreal's Chinese community social norms related to gambling are then described. The incorporation of those cultural understandings in future studies and treatment attempts is suggested.

Asian↗
PubMed2005

Gambling, exchange systems, and moralities.

History and ethnography show us that, across societies of the past and present, gambling varies considerably with respect to its organization, social meanings, and how it is regarded in moral terms. This paper presents a basic scheme for analyzing the relationship between gambling and society. A theoretical starting point is that reciprocity is fundamental to social and economic systems. An anthropological theory of exchange systems makes a broad distinction between a structural dimension (generalized versus balanced reciprocity) and a normative dimension (from voluntary to involuntary). A model of four basic forms of reciprocity, each having a characteristic exchange mode and morality, can thus be constructed. Gambling is here understood as an exchange system embedded in the reciprocal orders of society and having a necessary relationship to these; it can take on the characteristics of such an order or it can be regarded as conflicting with it. Much of the variation in the form and morality of gambling therefore emerges as systematic and explainable by a theory of forms of reciprocal exchange.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1984

Characteristics and correlates of effective and ineffective social supports.

The paper examines cohorts of individuals with helpful and unhelpful social supports identified in a longitudinal study of stressful events, social supports and health. Specific features of the quantity and quality of social relationships leading to help and support are examined. Individuals with helpful social supports describe their social networks as smaller and appear to derive support primarily from spouse and close family relationships. No significant differences in the number of multiplex and reciprocal relationships were found. Subjects reporting the least helpful social supports also reported significantly more stressful events in the past five years and significantly more childhood events.

Adult↗