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PubMed2003

Introduction of a HIV vaccine in developing countries: social and cultural dimensions.

Using insights from studies on social and cultural aspects of immunization in Africa and Asia the paper discusses the introduction of a HIV vaccine from three perspectives. Firstly, it shows how at the side of public health programs local differences will impact on the introduction of a new vaccine. Secondly, it elaborates how at the side of the users of vaccinations acceptance, non-acceptance and demand of and for a new vaccine are related to local vaccination cultures, images of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and perceptions of vaccine potency and efficacy. Thirdly, it points out socio-cultural aspects of the introductory process. Tailoring health education and social marketing to local conditions and local interpretations of globally provided information will be decisive for a successful introduction. Strong public health programs with highly motivated and appropriately supported staff are another necessary condition.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral development and socialization of infants in a free-ranging group of howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata).

A 22-month field study was carried out on free-ranging mantled howlers in Costa Rica. Six female and 5 male infants were observed systematically from birth until they died, left the group, or the study ended. Interaction patterns, activity patterns, and proximity data were analyzed from 703 h of focal observations and 753 h of ad lib observations. Developmental trends in weaning and nonmother care were associated with mothers' feeding patterns, suggesting an increase in maternal feeding efficiency. As howler immigration patterns resulted in groups of adults of low relatedness, analyses based on social bonding or kin selection were inappropriate, and socialization patterns instead appeared to prepare howler infants to respond predictably in an adult world. Females, which were more sociable as adults, were also more sociable as infants, initiating interactions and reacting positively. They also exhibited less weaning stress than males. Males, which were forced out of the group sooner, remained solitary longer, and primarily interacted with adult females as adults, were forced to be independent sooner, reacted negatively to interactions, and ceased interacting with adult males by 3 months of age. Ecological constraints on development could not be determined from this study, although there was no evidence for developmental trends being influenced by predator stress.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Aging and development in social insects with emphasis on the honey bee, Apis mellifera L.

Honey bee colonies typically consist of about 20-40 thousand workers, zero to few thousand males (drones), depending on the time of year, and a single queen, the mother of the colony. Workers typically live 3-6 weeks during the spring and summer and can live about 4months during the winter. Queens are longer lived. Anecdotes of queens living 2-3years are not unusual, though they normally live less than a year in commercial hives. Little is known about the life span of drones. Queens develop from fertilized eggs that are not different from the eggs that develop into workers. Queens are, however, twice as large, have specialized anatomy, live much longer, and develop faster from egg to adult. All of these differences are derived from differences in larval rearing environment, primarily nutrition. The developmental trajectory of a female larva from worker into a queen can be determined as late as the third day of larval development, after this time the developmental pathway is fixed for a worker phenotype. The total time of larval development is only 5-6 days, therefore, just 2-3 days of differential feeding can lead to profound differences in development, and longevity. Workers undergo age development after they become adults. Workers usually initiate foraging behavior when they are 2-3 weeks old. The age at which a worker initiates foraging is a strong determinant of her length of life. This is presumed to be a result of the hazards of foraging, but natural senescence also occurs. Some bees remain in the nest and are never observed to forage, thereby outliving their forager sisters. Corresponding to this behavioral development are changes in the sizes of glands and the production of glandular products, increases in biogenic amine titers within the brain, an increase in the volume of specific regions of the brain, and changes in the neural system that affect perception of stimuli, and learning and memory. These age-related changes in behavior are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Genetic variation has been demonstrated for many of these life history and behavioral traits. Selection and genome mapping studies have demonstrated relationships between the neural system, behavior, and life history traits.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Promoting WID in Jordan.

Founded in 1977, the Queen Alia Fund (QAF) has been promoting social development in Jordan for 15 years by providing social services, and educational and vocational training at the grassroots. The fund, which is the country's principal nongovernmental organization (NGO), operates a network of over 40 community development centers. Under its women's programs, the fund targets such areas as literacy, health, skill training, family planning (FP) and the environment. Princess Basma Bint Talal, chairperson, QAF, introduced the activities of the fund and expressed concern for population issues in Jordan during a meeting with JOICFP Deputy Executive Director Yasuo Kon on October 13 in Tokyo. "Jordan has a very high birthrate and rapid population expansion," she said. "This places very big burdens on services; so we are now very concerned with trying to relieve this situation." Noting that FP is a very sensitive issue in Jordan. Princess Basma said that a program for birth spacing had recently been adopted nationally. She added that both JOICFP and QAF shared many mutual priorities in their approaches including a shared emphasis on health education activities. "We'd very much like to see a fostering and promoting of relations between Japanese and Jordanian NGOs, particularly in this field, and we would be delighted if we could explore the possibility of further cooperation through some of the services we offer in Jordan in this regard," she said.

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Family relationships and the development of social competence in adolescence.

Resilient adolescents are notable for their social competence, which enables them to form and maintain close relationships. The evidence is that adolescents' social competence is derived from their experience of close relationships within their family. On the basis of structured interviews, adolescents' working models of attachments can be categorized into secure, dismissive, or pre-occupied. These attachment styles are associated with very divergent beliefs about the self and others, with differing patterns of emotion regulation and with differing risk profiles for maladjustment. Parenting styles and family relationships appear to have considerable influence on attachment behaviour. Further evidence for the importance of the family comes from research on ego development. Family level behavioural patterns have been discerned from family research interviews which are associated with stagnation or advancement in ego development during adolescence. Though the results suggest causal connections, the direction of effects is far from clear. Longitudinal research underpins the importance of childhood temperament as a contributing factor to the quality of the family environment that the child and then adolescent experiences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Children who cross cultures.

The subject of this study is the effects of transcultural sojourn and culture shock on the psycho-social development and school achievement of Dutch children. One hundred and three Dutch children in the age range 6-17 years who stayed abroad with their parents for at least two years and returned to Holland were compared with 81 Dutch classmates of the same age and sex. The class teacher and parent(s) were the informants. The transcultural group showed more behavioural problems on the Dutch version of the Child Behavior Checklist developed by Achenbach. Parents of the transcultural group regarded their children on a modified Graham & Rutter questionnaire as less happy than the control parents. However, no differences were found for academic achievement or problem behaviour at school as assessed by the teacher version of the CBCL, the 'Teacher's Report Form' (TRF). Organizations which send their employees abroad should direct more attention to employees' children. Attention given by parents and teachers to language problems and school performance should not pre-empt close attention to the psycho-social development of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Thyroid function and pubertal development in malnutrition.

Thyroid function and pubertal development of aborigines (Orang Asli) and Malays at different socioeconomic strata were assessed among 1136 subjects aged 7 years and above. Anthropometric measurements, goitre and pubertal staging were done. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and growth hormone were measured using radioimmunoassays (RIA) and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by immunoradiometric assays (IRMA). It was found that serum T3 in children was significantly higher in Malays from rural areas, girls and children aged less than 13 years. However, in adults, T3 was significantly associated with anthropometric indices. On the contrary, serum T4 levels were higher among children from urban areas. In adults, serum T4 levels were significantly related to nutritional status and they increased according to the levels of social development, being lowest in remote areas and highest in urban areas. However, serum TSH levels were significantly higher in Orang Asli at all ages and among malnourished children. By using multiple regression, apart from age, gender and ethnicity, nutritional status was a significant predictor for T3 levels in children and adults. Presence of goitre was an important factor which determined the T4 levels in children and adults after controlling for other factors. It was also a predictor for TSH levels in children but not in adults. Fasting serum growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly higher among less privileged groups and decreased according to social development. Serum growth hormone was negatively correlated with anthropometric indices and had a significant association with malnutrition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

How mothers influence the development of litter-mate preferences in Belding's ground squirrels.

We performed three experiments to examine the role of mothers in the development of litter-mate preferences in captive juvenile Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi. First, when observed in the absence of mothers, juveniles did not play preferentially with litter-mates, which suggests that mothers somehow influence the ontogeny of litter-mate preferences. Second, when mothers were present but unable to intervene in social interactions, juveniles displayed litter-mate preferences, which suggests that mothers do not influence their offsprings' social development by directly intervening in social interactions. In another group, mothers were removed daily, a few hours before nocturnal immergence, and returned the following morning. Juveniles in this group did not display litter-mate preferences and at night they occupied burrows with many more non-litter-mates than litter-mates. These results suggest that associating with non-litter-mates can compromise the development of litter-mate preferences, and implies that mothers indirectly influence social development by affecting the identities of sleeping partners. Third, newly emergent juveniles that interacted only with litter-mates for 3 days in the absence of mothers subsequently preferred litter-mates over non-litter-mates as play partners. This result demonstrates that once litter-mate preferences are instilled, due in part to social experiences during juveniles' initial days above-ground, the preferences are expressed even in the absence of mothers. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the presence of S. beldingi mothers is important to juvenile social development, but that mothers do not actively direct the ontogeny of their offsprings' social relationships. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Affective neuroscience and the development of social anxiety disorder.

Recent studies on the familial distribution and longitudinal outcome of SAD emphasize developmental aspects of the syndrome, consistent with the developmental psychopathology perspective. Key questions in this area concern factors that mediate familial transmission and that predict outcome. Prior studies provide incomplete answers to these questions. Recent studies in affective neuroscience suggest potential avenues for answering these questions. As reviewed in the current article, fMRI studies of face processing provide examples of such potentially informative research directions.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Lead in ancient human bones and its relevance to historical developments of social problems with lead.

Concentrations of metabolic lead in buried ancient bones are obscured by replacement of calcium in apatite by excessive amounts of soil moisture Pb. Concentrations of metabolic barium in bones are affected in a similar way. Added soil Pb and Ba, expressed as log(Pb/Ca) versus log(Ba/Ca) among various bones at a given burial site, are positively covariant, with about 5-fold more soil Pb added for each unit of added soil Ba. The typical natural metabolic Ba/Ca ratio in contemporary people can be measured unambiguously because it as unaffected by industrial pollution. It applies to ancient people because it has not changed historically. The intercept of the covariance curve for buried bones of a given ancient population at the known metabolic Ba/Ca ratio indexes the corresponding metabolic Pb/Ca ratio in bones of that population. Lead levels which prevailed in Romans appear to have been similar to those in contemporary people, which are approximately 1000-fold above natural levels in humans determined by this method in ancient Peruvians. This indicates that studies of natural biochemical reactions in cells free of industrial Pb should be made, because most present biochemical knowledge is founded on data obtained from systems polluted with Pb 1000 to 100000-fold above natural levels. The 5000 year history of smelting Pb by humans indicates that a system of education fostered by genetically common lower brain center functions operated on hundreds of successive generations in a context of cultural changes invoked by feedback from developments in engineering technologies to give rise to the difference between present typical and prehistoric natural levels of Pb in humans. Archaeological and anthropological studies of early developments in writing, music and metallurgy by ancient Peruvians and Persian peoples should be combined with PET-scan studies of their descendants to discover if, as preliminary archaeological data suggest, the two ancient populations differed on a genetic basis in higher brain functions, yet are indistinguishable as metallurgical engineers. This would demonstrate that higher centers of the human brain did not exercise guiding control, through hundreds of generations, over those developments of engineering technologies which resulted in the extreme pollution of the earth's biosphere with poisonous Pb.

Barium↗
PubMed1996

Macaque social culture: development and perpetuation of affiliative networks.

Maternal affiliative relations may be transmitted to offspring, similar to the way in which maternal rank determines offspring rank. The development of 23 captive female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until adulthood. A multivariate analysis compared relations among age peers with affiliative relations, kinship, and rank distance among mothers. Maternal relations were an excellent predictor of affiliative relations among daughters, explaining up to 64% of the variance. Much of this predictability was due to the effect of kinship. However, after this variable had been controlled, significant predictability persisted. For relations of female subjects with male peers, on the other hand, maternal relations had no significant predictive value beyond the effect of kinship. One possible explanation of these results is that young rhesus females copy maternal social preferences through a process of cultural learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Why do levels of human welfare vary among nations?

This article investigates what factors explain the wide differences in human welfare among nations. Applying the theory of human need developed by Doyal and Gough, the authors construct a series of indicators of need satisfaction and use these to map contemporary national levels of welfare. They criticize past cross-national studies of welfare outcomes for using a single index of welfare, usually the Physical Quality of Life Index. A comprehensive model of national differences in need satisfaction is then developed. Seven theories are deployed and are tested against the evidence using path analysis, which permits different causal patterns to be simultaneously considered. The authors conclude that per capita incomes are only one of several factors explaining cross-national variations in need satisfaction: the degree of economic and political independence, the extent of democracy and human rights, the capacity and dispositions of the state, and relative gender equality all positively and independently affect a nation's level of welfare. Economic development alone cannot guarantee social development.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2006

Preparing the work force for retirement--the role of occupational health nurses.

As baby boomers reach retirement, the need to develop realistic plans is pressing. Recent political and social developments involving Social Security, savings accounts, and pensions indicate a need for greater self-sufficiency. The greatest challenges facing retirees are maintenance of self-sufficiency, productivity, generativity, and social satisfaction. Employers can optimize the investment in their work force by implementing policies and work practices that take advantage of the improved cognitive functions of aging workers despite their declining physical abilities. Occupational health nurses have the skills in policy development, regulatory issues, and ergonomic principles to advise corporate leaders. Occupational health nurses can organize and present retirement planning skills to the work force in a variety of formats and with targeted content.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Drugs in development for social anxiety disorder: more to social anxiety than meets the SSRI.

Individuals with social phobia (SP) fear and avoid a wide variety of social and performance situations in which they are exposed to unfamiliar persons or to possible scrutiny by others. The lifetime prevalence of SP is estimated to be as high as 13%. It is frequently co-morbid with and usually precedes the onset of other psychiatric illnesses and is associated with significant occupational and social impairment, including academic and vocational underachievement. Fortunately, there are effective treatments for this common and debilitating condition. There is currently considerable evidence for the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and especially the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of this disorder. However, SSRIs are generally preferred as the first-line treatment of choice due to the advantages of SSRIs over MAOIs in terms of safety and tolerability. Despite encouraging results, current treatments most often produce partial symptomatic improvement, rather than high end-state functioning. While current first line treatments for social phobia target the serotonergic system, it is important to remember that different social fears are likely to have different developmental roots and may be based on quite different neurobiological systems. In this article we provide a review of current pharmacotherapeutic options for SP, current knowledge of the neurobiology of SP, and a review of new and promising directions in pharmacological research. It is increasingly clear that serotonin (5-HT) is unlikely to be the whole story in SP and that other brain chemical systems, especially the dopaminergic, noradrenaline-corticotropin releasing hormone and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) dependent systems, most probably have an important role to play in a substantial percentage of cases. A number of new and novel agents, including the substance P antagonists, GABA agonists and CRF antagonists show considerable promise in the treatment of SP. However, in order to enhance the understanding of the neurobiology and treatment response of SP, we need to develop more sophisticated theory-driven typologies of SP.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The development of social group formation in normal and mentally retarded persons from early childhood through old age: neuropsychiatric, developmental, and cognitive implications.

To test the hypothesis that mentally retarded persons exhibit identifiable styles of social grouping, the size and sex composition of spontaneous social groups were studied in 570 mentally retarded and 3,030 nonretarded persons from preschool-elderly ages. Both populations showed similar developmental trends: group sizes increased through childhood, decreased thereafter until middle age, and increased again in the elderly. However, mentally retarded persons formed smaller groups at all ages: solitary individuals predominated with few groups larger than dyads. A subgroup of lower-functioning retarded persons formed even smaller groups. Nonretarded females were more aggregative than males, but mentally retarded persons showed no such sex differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Olfaction in the development of social preferences in the human neonate.

Olfactory perception in the human neonate has been largely ignored. The present experiments examine the possibility that neonates can use smell to locate a food source and that they can differentiate between their own mother and another mother on the basis of smell. Head-turning to breast pads was used in perference tests. Although the neonate did not appear to be able to use smell to localize a food source, significantly more babies spent more time turning towards their own mother's breast pad than towards a clean breast pad at five days of age. By six days of age babies were showing a differential response between their own mother's breast pad and another mother's breast pad, although this differentiation was not present at two days of age.

Age Factors↗