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PubMed1978

Medical and social work student perceptions of deviant conditions: descriptive label, cause and help source.

The focus of this paper is on medical and social work student perceptions of the descriptive label, cause and treatment source for seven conditions; mental illness, mental subnormality, alcoholism, drug addiction, homosexuality, unmarried pregnancy and venereal disease. Responses to questionnaire items were examined to ascertain whether there were differentials by career choice (medicine and social work) and by class year (first and final year). The students indicated that the seven deviancies should be described as sick or handicapping conditions, that causes are social and psychological, and that treatment should be given by private and social sources. When reference to medical aspects of the conditions is made, the students select psychiatric rather than general medical options. Both medical and social work students tended to choose neutral, rather than negative and stigmatizing terms of reference for the conditions. While students in the different school years made similar response overall, multiple responses were much more frequent among those preparing for social work rather than medical careers and among students in their final year of schooling.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Street youth: social imbalance and health risks.

Street youth are children and adolescents who express, through their bodies and lives, misery and social abandonment. Paradoxically, they are also the embodiment of resistance and survival strategies in a very unfavourable environment. The current deterioration of citizens' rights and the social inequalities reflect the consequences of vicious cycles of economic and political crises in Brazil. Poverty conditions reach levels of misery and create strategies of survival that create multiple high-risk health situations. Many other factors make up the complex dynamics of these conflicts in which the limit of rejection and social abandonment are expressed in the violence of extermination. The proposals and solutions cannot be dissociated from the reality of this country and of the street youth lifestyle. Effective health education within this social context is difficult, but possible with the development of appropriate audio-visual material and the dissemination of preventive health information. A commitment to action must permeate all levels of decision making within the health system and in our society, for it is the essence of democracy and human rights.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The overlap of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with other common mental disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The literature on the overlap (co-morbidity) of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with conduct disorder, specific learning disability, and anxiety disorders was reviewed to examine: (i) the evidence for ADHD being a syndrome distinct from the other conditions; and (ii) the evidence for co-morbid patterns representing meaningful subtypes of ADHD. METHODOLOGY: Narrative review of the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Conduct disorder is distinguished from ADHD by prognosis, patterns of association and familial aggregation. Pure' disorders are uncommon, however, and there is little evidence to support a distinct co-morbid subtype. There are few data that reliably distinguish ADHD from specific learning disabilities, but there are weaknesses in research to date. A specific ADHD+learning disabled subtype may exist, but as yet the implications for treatment are not known. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is distinguished from anxiety by symptom discrimination, factor analysis, patterns of association, familial aggregation and treatment response. There is evidence for a distinct ADHD+anxiety subtype.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1997

Longitudinal study of the mental health of caregivers caring for elderly patients with dementia: effect of institutional placement on mental health.

One hundred and three family caregivers of relatives with dementia were longitudinally surveyed to examine the course of caregivers' mental health after the relatives had been placed in full-time care facilities. Mental health was assessed twice, with a 6-month interval, using the Japanese version of the 60-item General Health Questionnaire. The degree of social dysfunction was significantly reduced within 6 months after placement, while the other indicators of mental health (e.g. anxiety-insomnia, depression, somatic symptom and psychiatric morbidity) were not reduced within this term. However, anxiety-insomnia and psychiatric morbidity were significantly reduced more than 6 months after placement. Analyses by caregivers' lineal relations to the relatives indicated that only daughters-in-law showed a significant decrease in anxiety-insomnia and a marginal reduction in psychiatric morbidity. This study suggests that caregivers' social dysfunction was more greatly reduced than anxiety-insomnia and psychiatric morbidity within a relatively short term after placement, and that its effects on mental health might vary with the lineal relations.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Painting group portraits: studying life outcomes for aggressive and withdrawn children.

Aggression and social withdrawal have long been of interest to personality psychologists. The present article presents a longitudinal study of the development of children selected from a community sample who were high on aggression and withdrawal. The selection of outcome variables is discussed, and outcomes during adolescence are described. For both males and females, high aggressiveness was predictive of low intelligence, poor school achievement, and psychiatric problems. For females, high aggressiveness was also predictive of general health problems. High social withdrawal was predictive of poor school achievement. Females who were high on withdrawal also had an elevated rate of abortions. Individuals who were high on both aggression and withdrawal had relatively poor social competence, had general problems with behavior, had low intelligence, and were performing poorly in school.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Adolescents' social strategies: patterns and correlates.

An unselected sample of adolescents (n= 504) was given a test measuring their social strategies in affiliative context, and emotional and behavioral problems. Four groups of adolescents were identified according to the certain patterns of the social strategies they deployed: Active optimistic group (n= 107), Defensive functional group (n= 159), Avoiders group (n= 89), and Learned helplessness group (n= 140). The degree of stability of a cluster solution was studied when the method for cluster analysis was changed, showing that the four-cluster solution captures the essential relationships between the variables. The membership of the strategy groups was associated in theoretically meaningful ways to the anxiety/depression, withdrawal, and social problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Practitioner review: problems in children's peer relations: what can the clinician do?

This paper describes the assessment and treatment of children with peer relationship problems. The first part of the paper is organized around five topics: peer rejection, peer neglect, the absence of friendships, reputation in the peer group, and peer group affiliations. Next, a series of assessment methods is delineated, including peer, teacher, parent and self reports, as well as direct observational procedures. Finally, we suggest a number of treatment options, including social skills training, social cognitive interventions, and co-operative group interventions.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder: a review of the empirical evidence.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing controversy over the distinction between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder is important to resolve because of the implications regarding an understanding of the aetiology and prognosis, and the diagnostic and clinical practices relating to these conditions. This paper provides a critical evaluation of current published research evidence. METHOD: Databases, such as PsychINFO and Medline, as well as book chapters, reference lists from relevant articles, and recent editions of key journals were searched for all relevant studies (until 2002) which incorporated participants diagnosed with high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder using either cluster analysis or comparative approaches to examine similarities and differences between these groups. Keywords used in the searches included autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, autism, high-functioning autism, and pervasive developmental disorder. RESULTS: On the basis of the available evidence, there seem to be few qualitative differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder. CONCLUSION: There is currently insufficient evidence to establish the validity of Asperger's disorder as a syndrome distinct from high-functioning autism. The findings are consistent with the view that these disorders belong on an autism spectrum.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Effects of transitory cognitive impairment on psychosocial functioning of children with epilepsy: a therapeutic trial.

The authors report a trial of the use of anti-epileptic medication to treat possible cognitive deficits due to subclinical epileptiform EEG discharges in 10 children with psychosocial and educational problems associated with epilepsy. Medication intended to suppress the EEG discharges was added to the children's existing drug regime. In all instances, epileptiform activity, assessed by 24-hour periods of ambulatory monitoring, was reduced on active medication compared with placebo. In general, there was improvement of psychosocial function on active treatment: eight children improved, there was no change in one and one deteriorated. No psychosocial deterioration attributable to adverse effects of the medication was detected in those completing the trial. Despite possible confounding factors, the findings are in accordance with the view that subclinical EEG discharges can impair psychosocial function, which may be ameliorated by anti-epileptic medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The transition to parenthood: I. The rating of prenatal marital competence.

This article is the first of three that will present data from the Timberlawn Psychiatric Research Foundation Young Family Project, a study of the development over time of competent family systems. The Project is briefly described and findings are presented from the initial data collection period. The operational definitions of marital competence and the Continuum of Marital Competence are presented, and the data are interpreted to suggest that the spouses' levels of individual psychological health, their agreement on values, and their socioeconomic status are related to the level of marital competence. The level of prenatal marital competence at Time 1 is used as an independent variable with which to predict both changes in marital structure and incorporation of the child into the family system at 3 months and 1 year postpartum. The results of these analyses will be presented in two subsequent articles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Role of family factors in adolescent delinquency in an Elazig/Turkey reformatory.

Family is one of the most important factors in the social and psychological progress of an adolescent. Social behavior disorders in childhood have been reported to be caused by many factors that may lead children to commit a crime. Our study included a total of 106 convicted adolescents from Eastern Turkey in a reformatory and 126 unconvicted adolescents with a similar socio-economic status. A survey form was completed during a face-to-face interview and a review of official records was undertaken. The role of family disruption, education levels of parents, the rate of imprisonment among first- and second-degree relatives, migration as a family from their place of birth, and the number of delinquent children in the family were evaluated. There was a significant difference between the conditions in the families of convicted and unconvicted adolescents. Family factors play an important role in the development of adolescent delinquency. To prevent or decrease this rate of childhood or adolescent delinquency, there needs to be an improvement in the socio-cultural conditions of families.

Adolescent↗