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PubMed2001

Hospital separations indicate increasing need for prevention of diabetic foot complications in central Australia.

The aim of this study was to guide service provision for prevention of diabetic foot complications through the analysis of hospital separation data for those with diabetes in central Australia. We reviewed the hospital separation data for central Australia from 1992 to 1997 for adults known to be diabetic and those with diabetic foot complications. Foot complications were identified from International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision (ICD-9) codes. Additionally, we assessed the proportion of cases with diabetic foot, identified by ICD-9 coding and confirmed by record review, that were identified by Australian National-Diagnostic Related Group-Version 3 (AN-DRG-3) coding. Separations with diabetes doubled from 352 in 1992 to 796 in 1997. This represents an increase from 1232 to 2521 separations per 100,000 people over 15 years of age. Separations with foot complications increased threefold from 28 in 1992 to 90 in 1997, a rate increase from 98 to 285 per 100,000 people over 15 years of age. The proportion of diabetes separations that had foot complications remained around 10% during the 6 year period. Aboriginal people made up 89% of the individuals with foot complications and 91% of separations for diabetic foot. Foot complications were predominantly of the more acute type (90%), amenable to early intervention. The AN-DRG-3 code for diabetic foot identified only 59% (37/63 in 1997) of the separations identified by the ICD-9 codes, and admitted primarily for foot complications in Alice Springs Hospital. The known burden of hospital care for diabetes and diabetic foot complications has increased markedly in recent years. A combination of changes in prevalence, primary care utilisation, detection, hospital access or re-admission rates may underlie the observed increases. As it is very unlikely that diabetes or diabetic foot complications are being over diagnosed, or that the hospitals are over utilised, this analysis shows there is an increasingly apparent need for improved prevention of diabetic foot complications. Therefore primary health care systems should ensure that they implement evidence-based care for preventing foot complications among people with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Marital separation and health: stress and intervention.

Marital separation is a stressful life event implicated in much current thinking and practice in mental health, health psychology and psychosomatic medicine. This study examines marital separation in a controlled, prospective design. The participants were 314 Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) subscribers followed over a two year period. Marital separation was experienced by 127 of these participants early in the two-year study period. A stratified random half of these separated individuals participated in a short-term psychoeducational group intervention, "Seminars for the Separated." Measures of psychosocial adjustment and medical utilization were analyzed to describe correlates of marital separation and to evaluate the intervention. Statistically significant increases in medical utilization by people experiencing marital separation were observed in comparisons with married control subjects. Much of this increased utilization occurred in the year surrounding the actual separation and may be accounted for by mental health visits as well as nonmental health contacts with the health plan. The effects of the intervention were not evident until controls for baseline levels of medical utilization were introduced into the multivariate analysis. Even then, intervention effects were slight. Methodological problems and implications for further study are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Separation of Q beta and Q gamma charge components in frog cut twitch fibers with tetracaine. Critical comparison with other methods.

Charge movement was measured in frog cut twitch fibers with the double Vaseline-gap technique. 25 microM tetracaine had very little effect on the maximum amounts of Q beta and Q gamma but slowed the kinetics of the I gamma humps in the ON segments of TEST-minus-CONTROL current traces, giving rise to biphasic transients in the difference traces. This concentration of tetracaine also shifted V gamma 3.7 (SEM 0.7) mV in the depolarizing direction, resulting in a difference Q-V plot that was bell-shaped with a peak at approximately -50 mV. 0.5-1.0 mM tetracaine suppressed the total amount of charge. The suppressed component had a sigmoidal voltage distribution with V = -56.6 (SEM 1.1) mV, k = 2.5 (SEM 0.5) mV, and qmax/cm = 9.2 (SEM 1.5) nC/microF, suggesting that the tetracaine-sensitive charge had a steep voltage dependence, a characteristic of the Q gamma component. An intermediate concentration (0.1-0.5 mM) of tetracaine shifted V gamma and partially suppressed the tetracaine-sensitive charge, resulting in a difference Q-V plot that rose to a peak and then decayed to a plateau level. Following a TEST pulse to greater than -60 mV, the slow inward current component during a post-pulse to approximately -60 mV was also tetracaine sensitive. The voltage distribution of the charge separated by tetracaine (method 1) was compared with those separated by three other existing methods: (a) the charge associated with the hump component separated by a sum of two kinetic functions from the ON segment of a TEST-minus-CONTROL current trace (method 2), (b) the steeply voltage-dependent component separated from a Q-V plot of the total charge by fitting with a sum of two Boltzmann distribution functions (method 3), and (c) the sigmoidal component separated from the Q-V plot of the final OFF charge obtained with a two-pulse protocol (method 4). The steeply voltage-dependent components separated by all four methods are consistent with each other, and are therefore concluded to be equivalent to the same Q gamma component. The shortcomings of each separation method are critically discussed. Since each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, it is recommended that, as much as possible, Q gamma should be separated by more than one method to obtain more reliable results.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sequence of centromere separation: effect of 5-azacytidine-induced epigenetic alteration.

The factors which control the sequential separation of the various chromosomes in a genome at the meta-anaphase junction are not well understood. In genomes in which separation is correlated with the quantity of pericentric heterochromatin one factor appears to be the epigenetic nature, namely condensation, of pericentric heterochromatin. When we induced decondensation of pericentric heterochromatin in mouse cells with 10(-6), 4x 10(-6) and 6x10(-6) M 5-azacytidine (5-AC) for 8 h, it resulted in alteration of the sequence of centromere separation. The centromeres which lacked pericentric heterochromatin appeared not to have been affected because there could not be an epigenetic alteration induced by 5-AC. The major effect was on chromosomes with the largest quantity of pericentric heterochromatin. These chromosomes separated at significantly higher frequency than in the untreated population. We also treated human cells, in which separation does not depend upon the quantity of heterochromatin, with 2x10(-5) and 6x10(-6) M 5-AC for 5 and 8 h. Compared with the control, 5-AC treatment resulted in an increased frequency of separated centromeres of acrocentric chromosomes in relation to those of non-acrocentric chromosomes. In the control the acrocentric chromosomes are the last to separate; in the treated population there was almost random separation of the two types of chromosomes. This epigenetic alteration might be another factor which results in genesis of aneuploidy.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Parental separation, adolescent psychopathology, and problem behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the effects of parental separation on the occurrence of adolescent psychopathology and problem behaviors at age 15 years. METHODS: Data collected during the course of a 15-year longitudinal study were used to examine a sample of 935 children with respect to exposure to parental separation during childhood, measures of adolescent psychopathology and problem behaviors at age 15 years, and prospectively collected confounding factors. RESULTS: Children exposed to parental separation during childhood had elevated risks of a range of adolescent problems, including substance abuse or dependence, conduct or oppositional disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, and early-onset sexual activity. However, adjustment for confounding factors explained a large amount of the increased risks of adolescent disorder, and after adjustment for confounders the odds ratios between exposure to parental separation and adolescent outcomes ranged from 1.07 to 3.32 with a median value of 1.46. The ways in which boys and girls responded to parental separation were similar. CONCLUSIONS: While the results suggested that children exposed to parental separation had increased risks of adolescent problems, much of this association appeared to be spurious and arose from confounding social and contextual factors that were present in the child's family before parental separation. However, even after such control, the results suggested that exposure to parental separation during childhood was associated with small but detectable increases in risks of adolescent conduct disorder, mood disorder, and substance abuse disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The traction angle and cervical intervertebral separation.

Seventeen normal young adults were evaluated for cervical intervertebral separation under different traction angles through motorized intermittent traction in the supine position. In all cases, the anterior and posterior intervertebral spaces were increased by traction at neutral position and in 30 degrees flexion, but not in 15 degrees extension. The effects of separation were 1) neutral position: anterior intervertebral separation C4-5 (12%) greater than C3-4 (8%), posterior intervertebral separation C6-7 (37%) greater than C3-4 (22%) greater than C4-5 (19%); and 2) 30 degrees flexion: anterior intervertebral separation C2-3 (21%) greater than C4-5 (16%) greater than C5-6 (15%) greater than C3-4 (10%), posterior intervertebral separation C6-7 (20%) greater than C5-6 (19%) greater than C4-5 (17%). There was a significant decrease in intervertebral separation posteriorly in extension traction, especially at C6-7 (-50%), C5-6 (-37%), C4-5 (-26%), and C3-4 (-14%). The separation of facet joint surfaces was found after traction at 15 degrees extension, but not in the neutral or flexion positions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Flow separation in a computational oscillating vocal fold model.

A finite-volume computational model that solves the time-dependent glottal airflow within a forced-oscillation model of the glottis was employed to study glottal flow separation. Tracheal input velocity was independently controlled with a sinusoidally varying parabolic velocity profile. Control parameters included flow rate (Reynolds number), oscillation frequency and amplitude of the vocal folds, and the phase difference between the superior and inferior glottal margins. Results for static divergent glottal shapes suggest that velocity increase caused glottal separation to move downstream, but reduction in velocity increase and velocity decrease moved the separation upstream. At the fixed frequency, an increase of amplitude of the glottal walls moved the separation further downstream during glottal closing. Increase of Reynolds number caused the flow separation to move upstream in the glottis. The flow separation cross-sectional ratio ranged from approximately 1.1 to 1.9 (average of 1.47) for the divergent shapes. Results suggest that there may be a strong interaction of rate of change of airflow, inertia, and wall movement. Flow separation appeared to be "delayed" during the vibratory cycle, leading to movement of the separation point upstream of the glottal end only after a significant divergent angle was reached, and to persist upstream into the convergent phase of the cycle.

Air Pressure↗
PubMed1997

Auditory localization, detection of spatial separateness, and speech hearing in noise by hearing impaired listeners.

In two groups, one with sensorineural and the other with conductive-mixed hearing loss, measures were made of single-source localization and speech intelligibility in both spatially separate and nonseparate noise. There was also a test for detecting when two sounds came from the same location or from separate ones. Localization test results confirmed earlier findings, namely, disruption of vertical plane ability generally, and a further, particular disturbance to horizontal plane localization in the conductive-mixed group. Compared with a normal control group, there were only slight signs of benefit from separation of speech and noise in the region lateral to the listener, and virtually none in the frontal region. The new test, spatial separateness, had elements in common with both of the other tests, and links were observed from localization to separateness detection, and from separateness to benefit from separation of speech and noise. Localization was also related to speech hearing in nonspatially separated noise.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chorioamniotic membrane separation following open fetal surgery: pregnancy outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To review the incidence of posthysterotomy chorioamniotic membrane separation and delivery outcome following open fetal surgery [myelomeningocele (MMC); cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM); congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH); sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT)]. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of a maternal population undergoing open fetal surgery at a single tertiary level program (1998-2001) following the initiation of close postoperative ultrasound follow-up for membrane separation. Onset of membrane separation was coded as not present (NP), immediate (<2 weeks) or delayed (>2 weeks) from day of surgery. RESULTS: Fifty-three charts were reviewed: MMC 43, CCAM 7, CDH 1, and SCT 2. In the MMC group there were 26 NP, 8 immediate, and 9 delayed. Preterm labor occurred in 4 patients with only 2 having had membrane separation. Risk of membrane separation is increased for surgery done at less than 23 weeks gestation (p < 0.005). Delay from MMC surgery to delivery was 11.0, 9.8, 12.0 weeks for NP, immediate, and delay, respectively. In the MMC group, there were 3 neonatal deaths (NND) at 9, 9, and 21 days post surgery (PROM/PTL; chorioamnionitis, PROM/PTL, respectively). No membrane separation was present in the CCAM, CDH, and SCT cases. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Membrane separation was significantly more likely to occur if surgery was performed prior to 23 weeks. (2) Membrane separation post hysterotomy (17/50 = 34%) may be associated with an increased risk of PROM but not delivery before 30 weeks gestation. (3) Delivery prior to 33 weeks gestation for MMC groups was 12/43 (28%) with 3 NND (7%). (4) Elective delivery at 36-37 weeks gestation was possible for 43% of the fetal surgery population.

Amnion↗
PubMed1978

Experimental evaluation of streamline patterns and separated flows in a series of branching vessels with implications for atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

Flow conditions in four models representing the aortic bifurcation, iliac bifuraction, and a renal artery branch were investigated at volumetric flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 4000 over the complete range of flow division between daughter vessels. Qualitative flow streamline patterns and quantitative definition of those flow conditions leading to disturbed flow (flow separation ) were determined primarily at steady flow with a limited set of pulsatie experiments. Under conditions of no flow separation, common characteristic streamline patterns not parallel to the center lines of parent or daughter tubes were found for all models. These effects were accentuated with increasing Reynolds number. Flow separation was inducible through alteration of flow division between daughter vessels or by an increase in flow rate. Each of the four models had distinct combinations of flow division ratio and flow rate which gave: (1) no flow separation, (2) flow separation at the outside of the right daughter tube, and (3) flow separation at the outside of the left daughter tube. Models representing the renal artery also had regions of simultaneous left- and righthand separation on the outside of their daughter tubes. The separated flows observed here displayed streamlines forming an open vortex with flows entering and leaving. These regions, which occur only at distinct combinations of flow rate and flow division, may be key centers where platelet aggregates may form, release constituents, and cause vessel injury.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed1989

Diagnostic significance of flow separation in the carotid bulb.

Pulsatile blood flow within the normal carotid sinus involves at least two distinct components. That near the flow divider is laminar and antegrade, whereas a boundary layer separation zone in the posterolateral aspect exhibits transient blood flow reversal. It is now possible to document these flow velocity components using pulsed Doppler ultrasound methods. When atherosclerosis develops, it preferentially involves the posterolateral bulb region, obliterating the normal configuration of the sinus with consequent loss of the flow separation zone. It was therefore hypothesized that if flow separation could be detected, it should be predictive of a normal angiogram. To assess this, we evaluated 20 symptomatic patients and two with only bruits found by duplex scanning to have flow separation in either one or both carotid bulbs and who also underwent cerebral angiography. Initial diagnoses were stroke in seven, reversible ischemic neurologic deficit in one, transient ischemic attack in 12, and bruit in two. Flow separation was bilateral in 13 patients (59%). There were 15 patients with symptoms in the territory of a carotid bulb exhibiting flow separation. By angiography, of the 35 bulbs with boundary layer separation, 27 (77%) were normal, with the remainder showing lesions that reduced the diameter of the vessel by 20% or less. Final diagnoses of the 15 patients with symptoms ipsilateral to a carotid sinus exhibiting flow separation were fibromuscular disease in two, lacunar stroke in three, dissection in two, subclavian steal in one, cardiogenic embolus in three, migraine in one, hyperventilation syndrome in one, kink of the mid-internal carotid artery in one, and no diagnosis in one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carotid Arteries↗
PubMed1994

Adsorption of proteins out of plasma onto glass from a separated flow.

Perturbations in the adsorption of plasma proteins caused by flow separation were studied quantitatively. An instrument was constructed that causes flow to separate over approximately half the width of a standard microscope slide and the pattern of protein deposition in and near the separated flow was observed by staining the slide with black iron oxide. The slide was mounted at the edge of a Couette flow field established between two concentric cylinders, the outer of which was rotating. The slide was located on the stationary, inner cylinder just downstream of a rectangular bar that causes the flow to separate. After exposure to dilute plasma injected upstream of the bar, the slide was removed and stained with oxide suspension. The resulting, visible pattern was scanned through a video camera and analyzed to yield relative values of stain density that could be quantified. The oxide patterns suggest that proteins were deposited onto the slide less rapidly in and just downstream of the separated flow region than farther downstream. At a shear rate of 6.61 s-1, corresponding to a velocity of 1.32 cm s-1 0.2 cm above the point of flow separation, overall amounts of adsorbed proteins increased with exposure time in the range 3-30 min with the exception of a period from 10 to 11 min when all data show a temporary decrease. In calibration experiments, oxide failed to adhere to slides exposed to purified albumin but adhered copiously to slides exposed to purified fibrinogen. These results suggest that the oxide patterns following plasma exposure are attributable primarily to fibrinogen and that the temporary decrease in the separated flow experiments is attributable to the displacement of fibrinogen by a less stainable protein, conjecturally high molecular weight kininogen and factor XII. This study yields quantitative information confirming earlier findings that were less controlled and non-quantitative. It confirms the hypothesis that the sequence of protein deposition from dilute plasma to glass surfaces is delayed in regions of separated flow.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1995

Development of a simple valid method for the complete removal of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins from IGFs in human serum and other biological fluids: comparison with acid-ethanol treatment and C18 Sep-Pak separation.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)s circulate in plasma as large mol wt proteins bound to specific proteins, termed IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). As IGFBPs have been shown to produce artifacts in IGF radioligand assays, various extraction procedures have been proposed to eliminate IGFBPs from biological samples before radioligand assays. Comparison of acid-ethanol and C18 Sep-Pak extraction methods, the two most widely used procedures for separation of IGFs from IGFBPs in human serum samples, with the established gold standard (Sephadex G-75 acid gel filtration) revealed that a significant amount of IGFBP activity survived the acid-ethanol extraction and C18 Sep-Pak separation techniques. We, therefore, have developed a simple novel method comprising a combination of two techniques, involving separation based on size and separation based on centrifugation. In this method, serum samples were acidified and applied to Bio-Spin columns containing BSA-pretreated Bio-Gel Polyacrylamide-10 (P-10). Upon centrifugation, IGFBPs eluted in the void volume. IGFs were then eluted with 1 mol/L acetic acid containing 0.1 mol/L NaCl upon subsequent centrifugation. The efficacy of Bio-Spin P-10 separation for the complete removal of IGFBPs was determined by Western ligand blot analysis and determination of IGFBP-3 levels by RIA in the extracted serum samples. The recovery of exogenously added IGF-I to the serum samples was greater than 90%. Comparison of IGF-I and IGF-II values determined in 12 human serum samples after Bio-Spin P-10 separation with those obtained after separation with the established gold standard method (Sephadex G-75) revealed a correlation greater than 0.9. In contrast to the established gold standard method, which is tedious and time consuming, Bio-Spin P-10 separation offers the advantage of speed, such that 50 or more samples can be processed in less than 4-6 h. Application of Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration to determine the IGF-I and IGF-II levels in 14 normal and 15 age-matched postmenopausal osteoporotic women revealed that 1) both IGF-I and IGF-II levels were reduced by 30% (P < 0.01) and 20% (P < 0.05), respectively, in osteoporotics; and 2) both IGF-I and IGF-II levels correlated with bone mineral density in the pooled data from normal and osteoporotic populations even when age was held constant (P < 0.05).

Acids↗
PubMed2004

Separation and identification of photosynthetic antenna membrane proteins by high- performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Functional proteomics of membrane proteins is an important tool for the understanding of protein networks in biological membranes. Nevertheless, structural studies on this part of the proteome are limited. The present review attempts to cover the vast array of methods that have appeared in the last few years for separation and identification of photosynthetic proteins of thylakoid membranes present in chloroplasts, a good model for setting up analytical methods suitable for membrane proteins. The two major methods for the separation of thylakoid membrane proteins are gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. Isoelectric focusing in a first dimension followed by denaturing sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in a second dimension is an effective way to resolve large numbers of soluble and peripheral membrane proteins. However, it is not applicable for isolation of native protein complexes or for the separation of highly hydrophobic membrane proteins. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), on the other hand, is highly suitable for any type of membrane protein separation due to its compatibility with detergents that are necessary to keep the hydrophobic proteins in solution. With regard to the identification of the separated proteins, several methods are available, including immunological and mass spectrometric methods. Besides immunological identification, peptide mass fingerprinting, peptide fragment fingerprinting or intact molecular mass determination by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) have been shown to be very sensitive and effective. In particular, identification of proteins by their intact molecular mass is advantageous for the investigation of numerous biological problems, because it is rapid and reflects the full sequence of the protein and all its posttranslational modifications. However, intact molecular mass determinations of gel-separated membrane proteins are hampered due to the difficulties in extracting the hydrophobic proteins from the gel, whereas HPLC on-line interfaced with ESI-MS enables the rapid and accurate determination of intact molecular masses and consequently an unequivocal protein identification. This strategy can be viewed as a multidimensional separation technique distinguishing between hydrophobicity in the first dimension and between different mass-to-charge ratios in the second dimension, allowing the separation and identification even of isomeric forms.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2004

Hydrodynamic separation of grain and stover components in corn silage.

Mixing fresh silage in water resulted in partial segregation of grain from stover. Grain concentration was 75% in the sunk material when silage was relatively dry (64% moisture content [MC]) and 41% when silage was relatively wet (74% MC). Partial drying to remove 20 percentage units of moisture prior to water separation increased grain concentration to 92%, and complete drying increased grain concentration to 99%. Sieving without drying followed by water separation resulted in a grain concentration of 79%. A byproduct of water separation is a large amount of soluble and deposited fine particles in the effluent: 18% of original dry matter after one separation, and between 21 and 26% after eight separations. In an industrial setting, hydrodynamic separation of silage with minimal pretreatment could provide a feedstock with a high concentration of grain (75-80%). In a laboratory setting, hydrodynamic separation with prior oven drying could provide a method to separate grain from stover in corn silage by reaching a grain concentration higher than 99%.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Evaluating amalgam separators using an international standard.

BACKGROUND: Most amalgam particles generated during placement and removal of amalgam restorations are captured by chair-side traps and suction system traps and filters. Particles not captured can end up in the wastewater discharged from the dental office. Environmental initiatives to reduce the discharge of mercury-containing products such as dental amalgam waste into the environment have sparked interest in the use of amalgam separators. METHODS: The authors used International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 11,143 for Amalgam Separators in a laboratory test to evaluate the amalgam removal efficiency of 13 commercially available amalgam separators and two commercially available filtration devices not marketed as amalgam separators but that have the potential to be used as such. RESULTS: All 13 amalgam separators and the two filtration devices exceeded the ISO Standard 11,143 requirement of 95 percent amalgam removal efficiency. The authors found statistical differences in the efficiency of the separators and filtration devices. No differences were found between the "empty" and "full" conditions for each separator. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This laboratory evaluation shows that amalgam separators and the filtration devices removed at least 97.05 percent of the amalgam in samples with particle-size distribution as specified in ISO Standard 11,143.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Separation between HIV-positive women and their children: the French prospective study, 1986 through 1993.

OBJECTIVES: We studied the risk and circumstances of separation (due to either maternal death or drug use) between women infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and their children. METHODS: This analysis was based on the French Prospective Study of Infants Born to HIV-seropositive Women (1986 through 1993). Data recorded at each follow-up visit included the mother's effective presence with the child and the child's care after separation. RESULTS: A child's cumulative risk of long-term or permanent separation from his or her mother was 37% at 60 months. Maternal drug use was associated with an added risk during the child's first years (adjusted relative risk [RR]=3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.3, 5.0). The risk among drug users was even higher when the mother used injection drugs during pregnancy (adjusted RR=2.9, 95% CI=1.9, 4.3). Risk of early separation related to drug use tended to diminish since survey initiation. After separation, 57% of the children were placed through child welfare services and 43% were cared for by relatives. CONCLUSIONS: In the French Prospective Study, 2% to 3% of HIV-infected children were separated each year from their mothers as a result of the mothers death from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Separations related to drug use have decreased over the years, and the family is becoming the most frequent carer after separation.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Effects of concentrated separator dried beet pulp on nutrient digestibility, milk production, and preference of Holstein cattle.

Concentrated separator by-product was fed to cattle to determine TDN, milk production, and feed preference. The TDN content of concentrated separator by-product was determined using a substitution method involving a basal diet of alfalfa and grass hay and a treatment diet of alfalfa and grass hay plus 10% added concentrated separator by-product. Four ruminally cannulated cows in a replicated 2 x 2 Latin square design were used. The estimated TDN content of concentrated separator by-product was 59.3%. Twenty midlactation dairy cows were fed either a control ration containing 20% molasses dried beet pulp or a treatment ration containing 20% concentrated separator by-product dried beet pulp. Cows in the treatment group produced significantly less daily milk and 3.5% FCM than the control group. Percentages of milk fat, protein, lactose, and SNF were not different between treatments. Eight Holstein heifers were used to determine feed preference. Heifers were given a choice among 20% molasses dried beet pulp (control) or 10, 15, or 30% concentrated separator by-product dried beet pulp. Heifers showed no preference between 10 or 15% concentrated separator by-product dried beet pulp and control, but preferred the control over the 30% concentrated separator by-product dried beet pulp.

Animal Feed↗