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PubMed2004

Testosterone levels and stress in women: the role of stress coping strategies, anxiety and sex role identification.

This study evaluated the relation between testosterone changes in response to anticipatory stress and several psychological variables that contribute to the stress reaction. Salivary testosterone was determined in 76 female students under stress-free conditions and before an important examination. Individual stress reactions were highly variable in direction and extent: both significant increases and decreases were found. Thus the data did not confirm previous findings of general increases in testosterone levels under stress in women. Depending on the women's level of trait anxiety (assessed via STAI) and the general use of positive or negative cognitive coping strategies (assessed via SVF), we found significant differences in their baseline testosterone levels. Individual endocrine changes under stress were correlated with baseline testosterone levels: High testosterone concentrations at rest were more likely to drop under anticipatory stress than low concentrations. These contrasting effects can be explained by the significant interaction of trait anxiety and the sex role dimension of masculinity (assessed via BSRI) with testosterone production in females.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Effect of some drugs, experimental stress and estrus on unstable and fixed conditioned alimentary motor reflexes in cats. Reproduction and stress. Part V.

Reproduction of fixed conditioned alimentary motor reflexes in long-time laboratory kept cats in the course of the year is remarkably influenced by the sexual cycle. Estrus, anestrus, gestation and deliveries act upon the reflex reproduction in a similar way like deliberate application of experimental stress of various intensity. The study of the antistress efficacy of drugs modifying psychological functions and mental states in the method of reproduction of fixed alimentary motor reflexes under stress must specify the actual effect of experimental stress. Experimental sensory stress represented by intermittent sound of 98 dB and intermittent light (0.6 joules) acting with simultaneous frequency of 6 Hz was found to generally impair reflex reproduction over the whole period of twelve months. Correct response latencies were significantly prolonged and incorrect motor reactions significantly increased. If reflex reproduction was impaired due to the sexual cycle, simultaneous sensory stress still aggravates the impairment. The definition of the actual efficacy of experimental stressing thus necessarily requires regular control experiments in the course of the year with reproduction influenced neither by stress nor drugs at least at forthightly intervals.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects of stress and stress-therapy on plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity.

Beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity (B-ELI) was determined in the plasma of ten patients in presurgical stress conditions and after administration of dehydrobenzperidol (DHB, n = 3) and DHB plus fentanyl (Innovar, n = 7). Human B-ELI was determined by radioimmunoassay. The B-ELI was extracted from plasma with ODS-silica columns. B-ELI plasma levels increased significantly (P less than 0.02) during stress (7,7 +/- 1.2 fmol/ml and 23.3 +/- 4.1 fmol/ml for the control and stress, respectively). After administration of DHB plus fentanyl, a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) of B-ELI plasma levels was observed as compared with the presurgical stress conditions (10.1 +/- 0.8 fmol/ml and 21.1 +/- 5.2 fmol/ml, respectively), whereas no significant difference was observed (p greater than 0.05) in B-ELI plasma levels obtained in the DHB group compared with presurgical stress conditions (10.4 +/- 5.0 fmol/ml, and 28.3 +/- 7.1 fmol/ml, respectively). These results suggest a direct correlation between the emotional stressful situation of presurgery and increase in B-ELI plasma levels. The findings obtained with administration of DHB plus fentanyl seem to lend support to the hypothesis that this premedication is a good stress therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Stress reactions and stress fractures in the high performance athlete. Causes, diagnosis and therapy].

From 1987 until July 1991 70 athletes with stress reactions or stress fractures were treated in the orthopaedic department of the Hannover Medical School. The average age of the 42 male and 28 female athletes was 22.6 years. The number of athletes involved in track and field sports was 29 (41.4%), in gymnastics 9 (12.9%) and in soccer 5 (7.1%). The most common bone injured was the tibia in 29 (41.4%), followed by the tarsal navicular in 21 (30.0%), the midfoot in 17 (24.3%) and the fibula in 4 (5.7%) athletes. In three cases double stress fractures were found in adjacent locations; in one case a stress fracture of the opposite navicular occurred after the initial tarsal navicular stress fracture had healed, and in another case the tarsal navicular was found to be fractured again. Thirty-seven percent of the athletes claimed sudden increase in training intensity was the cause; 33% felt that the increased sprinting and jump activities were the reason for their complaints. In some athletes pain started after an ankle sprain. Standard diagnostic procedure consisted in X-rays in two planes and three-phase bone scanning. In tarsal navicular or tibial locations additional tomograms were performed. MRI and CT scans were reserved for unclear findings and to exclude the possibility of a tumorous or inflammatory process. A new grading system was introduced that covers all forms of stress reactions from periostitis to pseudarthrosis. Clinical symptoms, sport disabilities, radiological and bone scan findings were graded from A to D. Using a modified Wilson classification, all radiologically recognizable stress reactions could be classified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Mammalian small stress proteins and responses to stress].

When cells are exposed to heat stress or chemical stress, expression of genes for heat shock proteins or stress proteins (HSPs) is enhanced and the proteins are accumulated in cells. The cells with increased HSPs exhibit tolerance against the additional stress. HSPs are expressed also in unstressed tissues or cells for essential biochemical cellular processes including growth and differentiation. Since the responses of HSPs in tissues to stress loaded to a whole living body are much more sensitive compared to those in cultured cells, it is suggested that endogenous factors modulate the stress-induced expression of HSPs. Here we summarize the responses of small HSPs (alpha crystallins, HSP27 and p20) to stress and their modifications by various factors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Dobutamine stress tetrofosmin SPECT; evaluation of short rest-stress protocol and head to head comparison with MIBI in detection of coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of same day short rest-dobutamine stress Tetrofosmin (TF) SPECT imaging protocol and to compare TF SPECT results with MIBI SPECT in the same subjects who were unable to perform treadmill exercise or were unsuitable for pharmacological vasodilator stress. METHODS: The study group consisted of 19 patients (2 female and 17 male, with a mean age of 53.8 +/- 7.9 yrs) in whom coronary artery disease (CAD) had been proven or excluded at coronary angiography (CA). MIBI SPECT imaging was performed first. TF SPECT images were obtained one week after MIBI imaging. Immediately after the rest SPECT imaging in both of the MIBI and TF studies, patients underwent dobutamine stress tests. Rest-stress radiotracer doses and dobutamine doses were the same for both TF and MIBI studies. While 60 min waiting periods were applied for MIBI study, only 30 min waiting periods were applied for TF study after the rest and stress injections. Images were evaluated by visual and quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Dobutamine stress parameters were similar for both studies. Although in TF study, the time between radiopharmaceutical injection and imaging was shorter than in MIBI study, there was no significant difference between heart-to-liver (H/Li) and heart-to-lung (H/Lu) ratios. According to CA results, diagnostic accuracy was similar for TF and MIBI. While sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for TF study were calculated as 82%, 84% and 82%, respectively, the corresponding values for MIBI were 82%, 88% and 84%, respectively. This clinical study has shown comparable diagnostic performance for the detection of CAD between MIBI and TF. Good correlation was found between segmental analysis for both studies. CONCLUSION: MIBI and TF showed similar perfusion defects and good segmental correlation during dobutamine stress with the same quality images. Both radiopharmaceuticals may be acceptable with this imaging protocol. Besides this, TF study showed better reversibility degree (55%) in a shorter time when compared to MIBI study (25%) in perfusion defects (especially in segments with severely decreased perfusion or no uptake).

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Comparative analysis of the hspA mutant and wild-type Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 under salt stress: evaluation of the role of hspA in salt-stress management.

DNA microarray analysis has previously revealed that hspA, which encodes a small heat-shock protein, is the second most highly expressed gene under salt stress in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Consequently, an hspA deletion mutant was studied under various salt stresses in order to identify a potential role of HspA in salt stress management. The mutant had a growth disadvantage under moderate salt stress. It lost the ability to develop tolerance to a lethal salt treatment by a moderate salt pre-treatment when the tolerance was evaluated by cell survival and the level of major soluble proteins, phycocyanins, while the wild-type acquired tolerance. Under various salt stresses, the mutant failed to undergo the ultrastructural changes characteristic of wild-type cells. The mutant, which showed higher survival than the wild-type after a direct shift to lethal salt conditions, accumulated higher levels of groESL1 and groEL2 transcripts and the corresponding proteins, GroES, GroEL1, and GroEL2, suggesting a role for these heat-shock proteins in conferring basal salt tolerance. Under salt stress, heat-shock genes, such as hspA, groEL2, and dnaK2, were transcriptionally induced and greatly stabilized, indicating a transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanism of acclimation to salt stress involving these heat-shock genes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

Stress function index, a novel index for risk stratification and prognosis using stress echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to define an appropriate parameter for risk stratification and prognosis of patients undergoing stress echocardiography. BACKGROUND: Among stress echocardiography variables, peak wall-motion score index (WMSI) and ejection fraction (EF) have been shown to be independent and significant predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Data on the impact and importance of each parameter in risk stratification and prognosis are limited. METHODS: We evaluated 1560 patients (59 +/- 13 years; 51% men) undergoing stress echocardiography (36% treadmill, 64% dobutamine). Peak WMSI was derived from the cumulative sum of 16 left ventricular segments divided by sum of visualized segments at peak stress. The ratio of peak WMSI to EF was calculated for the entire cohort. Based on this ratio and using the receiver operating characteristic curve, patients were divided into 3 groups: low- (< 1.9), intermediate- (1.9-3.1), and high- (> 3.1) risk subgroups. Follow-up (2.8 +/- 1.1 years) for confirmed myocardial infarction (n = 26) and cardiac death (n = 38) were obtained. RESULTS: Stress echocardiography effectively risk stratified patients into low- (0.7%/y), intermediate- (2.0%/y), and high- (4.4%/y) risk subgroups (P < .0001) based on the ratio of peak WMSI to EF. Cox proportional hazard model showed that risk stratification based on the ratio of peak WMSI to EF (global chi2 = 106.05; P < .0001) provided incremental value beyond that provided by risk stratification by peak WMSI (global chi2 = 79.23; P < .0001) or risk stratification by EF alone (global chi2 = 87.12; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of peak WMSI to EF (stress function index) provides best incremental prognostic value and effectively risk stratifies patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups and is better than risk stratification by either peak WMSI or EF alone. The results of stress echocardiography should routinely combine peak WMSI and EF for effective risk stratification.

Dobutamine↗

PubMed1995

Stress-induced left ventricular dysfunction in silent and symptomatic myocardial ischemia during dobutamine stress test.

The extent and severity of dobutamine-induced left ventricular (LV) dysfunction with and without angina were evaluated in 105 consecutive patients with significant coronary artery disease and a positive dobutamine stress echocardiographic test, defined as new or worsening wall motion abnormalities during high-dose dobutamine stress (up to 40 micrograms/kg/min). Wall motion score (WMS) was derived using a 16-segment, 4-grade scoring method. The difference between stress and rest WMS (delta WMS) was derived as a global measure of stress-induced LV dysfunction. Typical angina occurred in 61 patients (58%) during the test. There was no significant difference between patients with or without angina with respect to age, gender, prevalence of previous myocardial infarction, multivessel disease, or number of diseased coronary arteries. Patients with angina had a higher prevalence of a history of angina before the test. Rest, stress, and delta WMS, number and distribution of ischemic segments, and number of segments with an increase in regional WMS of > or = 2 were not significantly different in patients with or without angina. ST-segment depression was more frequent in patients with angina (56% vs 29%, p < 0.05). Patients with (vs those without) ST-segment depression had a significantly higher number of ischemic segments with normal baseline contraction, an equal total number of ischemic segments, and a similar delta WMS. It is concluded that in patients with anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease, the amount of stress-induced LV dysfunction evaluated by dobutamine stress echocardiography is similar in patients with or without angina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Stress echocardiography. Part II. Dobutamine stress echocardiography: techniques, implementation, clinical applications, and correlations.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the rationale, methods, and clinical applications for dobutamine stress echocardiography. DESIGN: We review our experience with the first 1,000 Mayo Clinic patients who underwent this procedure and discuss studies from the literature that have assessed the accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in determining the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Mayo protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography is presented, and the indications for use of this test and comparisons of sensitivity and specificity with other tests are summarized. RESULTS: Although exercise stress testing is the usual noninvasive method for the detection and assessment of coronary artery disease, a substantial number of patients are unable to perform adequate exercise because of physical limitations. In these patients, dobutamine stress echocardiography has emerged as a feasible, safe, and accurate method for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. The test has been proved to be valuable in the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease and to have an accuracy comparable to that of tomographic perfusion imaging. Other indications for dobutamine stress echocardiography include risk stratification before noncardiac surgical procedures, risk stratification after myocardial infarction, and identification of viable myocardium in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Dobutamine stress echocardiography is an accurate, safe, cost-effective, and portable procedure for the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease and for the preoperative assessment of patients with such disease, especially those who are unable to perform adequate exercise tests.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Differential stress responses of early salt-stress responding genes in common wheat.

Four early salt-stress responding genes (WESR1-4) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were analyzed for their temporal accumulation of mRNA during salt stress, osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. All genes showed transient stimulation by 0.15 M NaCl treatment. WESR1 and WESR2 were induced by both osmotic stress and exogenous ABA treatment. WESR3 responded to exogenous ABA, but not to osmotic stress. WESR4 did not show significant response to either osmotic stress or exogenous ABA treatment. These results suggest that wheat has at least two salt stress signal transduction pathways, an ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathway.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2002

High and low emotion events influence emotional stress perceptions and are associated with salivary cortisol response changes in a consecutive stress paradigm.

Numerous studies over the last few decades have successfully utilized "psychological" stressors to examine stress-induced cortisol release as a function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) cascade. In contrast, research examining the effect emotionally-laden stressors may have on cortisol release is scarce. Moreover, the results from the few studies that have examined subjective perceptions of emotional stress and their relationship to cortisol release are mixed. Thus, little is known about the impact an emotionally-charged stressor may have on cortisol responsivity and even less is understood about the relationship between cortisol release and perceived emotional stress. The primary goal of the present research was to investigate the effect of consecutive, emotionally stressful events on cortisol release. The secondary goal was to examine the influence perceptions about emotionally stressful events might have on cortisol responsivity. This is the first study to identify two distinct patterns of cortisol release that were significantly reversed (P=0.006) in response to high and low emotion events presented in a consecutive stress paradigm that were associated with perceptions of emotional stress.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Pharmacologic stress echocardiography. Dobutamine and arbutamine stress testing.

Pharmacologic stress testing is an important noninvasive method for evaluating patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who are unable to adequately exercise. Pharmacologic stress echocardiography using dobutamine has been developed over the last 10 to 15 years as an alternative to vasodilator stress testing using nuclear perfusion imaging. As experience has grown, digital subtraction echocardiogram has been shown to be a safe, convenient, and reliable method for stress testing in a variety of patient populations. Digital subtraction echocardiogram has comparable sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy when compared to other stress testing methods which employ cardiac imaging and is superior to the exercise echocardiogram. It has certain advantages over nuclear perfusion imaging in terms of cost and convenience. The recent addition of arbutamine echocardiography (which has been shown to be comparable to digital subtraction echocardiogram) provides another alternative method for pharmacologic stress testing. Continued improvement in echocardiographic image quality and the development of new technologies such as tissue harmonic imaging and contrast echocardiography will hopefully improve the echocardiographic evaluation of wall motion therefore increasing the diagnostic accuracy of echocardiographic stress testing.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMed1985

Life stress and health: personality, coping, and family support in stress resistance.

The purpose of this study was to extend work on factors that buffer the potentially negative health effects of life stress. Using a survey with a representative community sample, respondents were separated into a Distressed Group (high stress, high distress) and a Stress Resistant Group (high stress, low distress). Findings demonstrated that those who adapted to life stress with little physical or psychological strain were more easy-going and less inclined to use avoidance coping than individuals who became ill under stress. In addition, in the stress resistant group, men were more self-confident and women had better family support than their counterparts in the distressed group. Results are discussed in relation to earlier findings concerning "hardiness," avoidance coping, and the behavioral prescriptions of conventional sex roles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Heterogeneity of stress gene expression and stress resistance among individual cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Knowledge of gene expression and cellular responses in microorganisms is derived from analyses of populations consisting of millions of cells. Analytical techniques that provide data as population averages fail to inform of culture heterogeneity. Flow cytometry and fluorescence techniques were used to provide information on the heterogeneity of stress-responsive gene expression and stress tolerance in individual cells within populations. A sequence of DNA encoding the heat shock and stress response elements of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP104 gene was used to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). When integrated into the genome of yeast strain W303-1A, intrinsic expression of EGFP increased about twofold as cells progressed from growth on glucose to ethanol utilization in aerobic batch cultures. Staining of cells with orange/red fluorescent propidium iodide (PI), which only enters cells that have compromised membrane integrity, revealed that the population became more tolerant to 52 degrees C heat stress as it progressed from growth on glucose and through the ethanol utilization phase of aerobic batch culture. Exposure of cultures growing on glucose to a mild heat shock (shift from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C) resulted in significantly increased expression of EGFP in the population. However, there was heterogeneity in the intensity of fluorescence of individual cells from heat-shocked cultures, indicating variability in the strength of stress response in the clonal population. Detailed analysis of the heterogeneity showed a clear positive trend between intensity of stress response and individual cell resistance, measured in terms of PI exclusion, to heat stress at 52 degrees C. Further experiments indicated that, although the mean gene expression by a population is influenced by the genetic background, the heterogeneity among individual cells in clonal populations is largely physiologically based.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Overexpression of a stress-inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana in transgenic plants improves stress tolerance.

In plants, oxidative stress is one of the major causes of damage as a result of various environmental stresses. Oxidative stress is primarily because of the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The amplification of ROS damage is further stimulated by the accumulation of toxic degradation products, i.e. aldehydes, arising from reactions of ROS with lipids and proteins. Previously, the isolation of dehydration-inducible genes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) was reported from the desiccation-tolerant plant Craterostigma plantagineum and Arabidopsis thaliana. ALDHs belong to a family of NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes with a broad substrate specificity that catalyze the oxidation of various toxic aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Analysis of transcript accumulation revealed that Ath-ALDH3 is induced in response to NaCl, heavy metals (Cu2+ and Cd2+), and chemicals that induce oxidative stress (methyl viologen (MV) and H2O2). To investigate the physiological role and possible involvement of ALDHs in stress protection, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing Ath-ALDH3. Transgenic lines show improved tolerance when exposed to dehydration, NaCl, heavy metals (Cu2+ and Cd2+), MV, and H2O2. Tolerance of transgenic plants is correlated with decreased accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived reactive aldehydes (as measured by malondialdehyde) compared to wild-type plants. Increased activity of Ath-ALDH3 appears to constitute a detoxification mechanism that limits aldehyde accumulation and oxidative stress, thus revealing a novel pathway of detoxification in plants. We suggest that Ath-ALDH3 could be used to obtain plants with tolerance to diverse environmental stresses.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2006

Dual function of an Arabidopsis transcription factor DREB2A in water-stress-responsive and heat-stress-responsive gene expression.

Transcription factor DREB2A interacts with a cis-acting dehydration-responsive element (DRE) sequence and activates expression of downstream genes involved in drought- and salt-stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Intact DREB2A expression does not activate downstream genes under normal growth conditions. A negative regulatory domain exists in the central region of DREB2A, and deletion of this region transforms DREB2A to a constitutive active form (DREB2A CA). We carried out microarray analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis-overexpressing DREB2A CA and found that the overexpression of DREB2A CA induces not only drought- and salt-responsive genes but also heat-shock (HS)-related genes. Moreover, we found that transient induction of the DREB2A occurs rapidly by HS stress, and that the sGFP-DREB2A protein accumulates in nuclei of HS-stressed cells. DREB2A up-regulated genes were classified into three groups based on their expression patterns: genes induced by HS, genes induced by drought stress, and genes induced by both HS and drought stress. DREB2A up-regulated genes were down-regulated in DREB2A knockout mutants under stress conditions. Thermotolerance was significantly increased in plants overexpressing DREB2A CA and decreased in DREB2A knockout plants. Collectively, these results indicate that DREB2A functions in both water and HS-stress responses.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed1997

Protein phosphatase 2C acts independently of stress-activated kinase cascade to regulate the stress response in fission yeast.

Stress-activated signal transduction pathways, which are largely conserved among a broad spectrum of eukaryotic species, have a crucial role in the survival of many forms of stress. It is therefore important to discover how these pathways are both positively and negatively regulated. Recent genetic studies have implicated protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) as a novel negative regulator of stress response pathways in both budding and fission yeasts. Moreover, it was hypothesized that PP2C dephosphorylates one or more components of protein kinase cascades that are at the core of stress-activated signal transduction pathways. Herein we present genetic and biochemical studies of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that disprove this hypothesis and indicate that PP2C instead negatively regulates a downstream element of the pathway. First, high expression of PP2C produces phenotypes that are inconsistent with negative regulation of the Wik1-Wis1-Spc1 stress-activated kinase cascade. Second, high expression of PP2C leads to sustained activating tyrosine phosphorylation of Spc1. Third, Spc1-dependent phosphorylation of Atf1, a transcription factor substrate of Spc1, is unaffected by high expression of PP2C. Fourth, high expression of PP2C suppresses Atf1-dependent transcription of a stress-response gene. These studies strongly suggest that PP2C acts downstream of Spc1 kinase in the stress-activated signal transduction pathway.

Activating Transcription Factor 1↗