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PubMed1976

The percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid.

The present paper reports on the penetration of salicylic acid, a substance with high permeability, through swine skin. Liquid scintillation counter and autoradiographic measurements were performed, on the excised swine skin to which ointment had been applied. The results indicated that the substance penetrated mainly through transfollicular route and was deposited transiently at various levels of each follicle, resulting in zig-zag pattern on the liquid scintillation counter curve. The autoradiographic study also revealed a heavy transfollicular pattern of the substance though a slight transepidermal pattern was also noted. Whether the substance penetrates because of its lipid solubility or because of its affinity to the keratinous tissue is still open to question.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A role for salicylic acid and NPR1 in regulating cell growth in Arabidopsis.

Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in activating defenses and cell death during plant-pathogen interactions. In response to some pathogens, SA also limits the extent of cell death, indicating that it acts positively or negatively depending on the host-pathogen interaction. In addition, we previously showed that SA affects cell growth in the Arabidopsis defense-related mutants accelerated cell death 6-1 (acd6-1) and aberrant growth and death 2 (agd2). Using acd6-1, agd2 and two other defense-related mutants, lesion simulating disease 6 (lsd6), suppressor of SA-insensitivity (ssi1), we show here in detail that SA regulates cell growth by specifically affecting cell enlargement, endoreduplication and/or cell division. We find that SA can act either positively or negatively to regulate cell growth depending on the context in which signaling occurs. Additionally, Nonexpressor of PR 1 (NPR1), a key SA signaling protein important for regulating defenses and cell death, also acts to promote cell division and/or suppress endoreduplication during leaf development. We propose that SA interacts with multiple receptors or signaling pathways to control cellular alterations during normal development, pathogen attack and/or stress situations. We suggest that SA and NPR1 play broader roles in cell fate control than has previously been understood.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1996

Salicylic acid is a modulator of tobacco and mammalian catalases.

Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in the establishment of resistance to microbial pathogens in many plants. The discovery that SA inhibits catalase from tobacco led us to suggest that H2O2 acts as second messenger to activate plant defenses. Detailed analyses of SA's interaction with tobacco and mammalian catalases indicate that SA acts as an electron donor for the peroxidative cycle of catalase. When H2O2 fluxes were relatively low (1 microM/min or less), SA inhibited catalase, consistent with its suggested signaling function via H2O2. However, significant inhibition was only observed at 100 microM SA or more, a level reached in infected, but not in uninfected, leaves. This inhibition was probably due to siphoning catalase into the slow peroxidative reaction. Surprisingly, SA was also able to protect catalase from inactivation by damaging levels of H2O2 (lower millimolar range), which is generally assumed to reflect accumulation of inactive ferro-oxy intermediates. SA did so by supporting or substituting for the protective function of catalase-bound NADPH. These results add new features to SA's interaction with heme enzymes and its in vivo redox properties. Thus, SA, in addition to its proposed signaling function, may also have an important antioxidant role in containing oxidative processes associated with plant defense responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Concomitant treatment of psoriasis of the hands and feet with pulsed dye laser and topical calcipotriol, salicylic acid, or both: a prospective open study in 41 patients.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis of the hands and feet is a chronic disease which is often resistant to the usual topical therapies. It has considerable morbidity and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. OBJECTIVE: We sought to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of psoriasis of the hands and feet. METHODS: In all, 41 patients with therapy-resistant psoriasis of the hands and feet were treated once every 4 to 6 weeks with PDL at 585-nm wavelength, 450-microsecond pulse duration, 7-mm spot diameter, and 5- to 6.5-J/cm2 fluence. Calcipotriol ointment and salicylic acid 5% to 10% ointment were used as keratolytic agents. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by blinded comparison of photographs of the lesions taken before and after PDL treatment in each patient. RESULTS: A good to very good improvement in the lesions was observed in 76% of the patients after treatment. An average duration of remission was 11 months. Side effects were transient purpura, moderate discomfort during the treatment, transient hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation, and incidental transient crustae. LIMITATIONS: This was an open prospective study with a limited number of patients who were concomitantly treated with calcipotriol and salicylic acid ointment. Patients with photointolerance, on medication with phototoxic or photoallergic drugs, and with widespread psoriasis were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant treatment with PDL and topical calcipotriol, salicylic acid, or both was a satisfactory modality for treating psoriasis of the hands and feet. There was a subjective improvement in the symptoms and quality of life in all patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacokinetics of salicylic acid following administration of aspirin tablets and three different forms of soluble aspirin in normal subjects.

The pharmacokinetic profile of an innovative formulation of soluble aspirin (l-ornithine acetylsalicylate, ldB 1003) was compared with that of conventional tablets and two other soluble dosage forms (d, l-lysine acetylsalicylate and a buffered effervescent formulation of acetylsalicylic acid) after administration of single oral doses in six normal volunteers. All soluble forms showed a rapid absorption profile, peak plasma salicylic acid levels being attained after about 30 min on average and without statistically significant differences among the solutions tested. As compared to the soluble formulations, acetylsalicylic acid given as tablets resulted in slower absorption, with peak plasma salicylic acid levels being reached more than 1 h after dosing. Despite these differences in time course of plasma level profiles, the extent of absorption was similar for all formulations. Apart from the potential advantages in terms of improved gastric tolerability, the increased rate of absorption of aspirin solutions is therapeutically useful whenever a rapid onset of action is required. In this respect, the kinetic pattern of the innovative formulation compares favourably with that of other available soluble dosage forms.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Sulfate homeostasis. I. Effect of salicylic acid and its metabolites on inorganic sulfate in rats.

Homeostasis of inorganic sulfate, a physiologic anion necessary for both detoxification and biosynthetic reactions, involves predominantly capacity-limited renal clearance mechanisms. The objective of this investigation was to examine the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and its major metabolites, salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide, on the serum concentrations and renal clearance of inorganic sulfate in rats. Animals were studied using a crossover design in which they received a bolus i.v. injection (75 mg/kg) and infusion (approximately 0.26 mg/min/kg) of SA or the same volume of saline (the vehicle). Blood samples were collected at 2, 3 and 4 hr after administration and urine between 2 and 4 hr. The renal clearance of sulfate and creatinine were examined at mean steady-state SA serum concentrations of 249 micrograms/ml. Although no changes in the serum concentrations and renal clearance of creatinine were observed, the renal clearance of inorganic sulfate was increased significantly (2.13 +/- 0.74 vs. 1.09 +/- 0.54 ml/min/kg in controls, mean +/- S.D., n = 7) and its serum concentration decreased (0.55 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.04 +/- 0.23 mM in controls). These changes were not due to alterations in uric acid concentrations as uric acid serum concentrations and renal clearance were unchanged when examined at similar steady-state SA serum concentrations in a subsequent study. The effects on sulfate disposition also were probably not due to the major metabolites of SA: no changes in the serum concentrations or renal clearance of sulfate were observed at mean steady-state concentrations of 52 micrograms/ml of salicyluric acid or 73.7 micrograms/ml of salicyl phenolic glucuronide after their direct administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

In vitro release of salicylic acid from lanolin alcohols-ethylcellulose films.

Lanolin alcohols-ethylcellulose films were investigated as a potential drug delivery system for the controlled release of salicylic acid. The effects of changes in film composition, drug concentration, drug solubility, and stirrer speed on the in vitro release of salicylic acid have been examined. The drug release has been found to obey a diffusion-controlled matrix model and square root of time release profile both in the suspension and solution cases.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1975

Solid-state decomposition of para-substituted salicylic acids.

A series of para-substituted salicylic acids, all crystallizing monoclinically and decomposing by decarboxylation, were shown to adhere to Bawn-type kinetics, and the decomposition rate constants were shown to adhere approximately to a Hammett-type relation. The value of the reaction parameter was -8. Both para-substituted salicyclic and benzoic acids occur as dimers in the crystalline state. The mechanism whereby the latter decomposes is speculated to be intermolecular in the sense that the substituent from one dimer interacts with the carboxyl group of a neighboring dimer. In the same sense of the word, the substituted salicyclic acids decompose by an intramolecular mechanism, i.e., within the dimer unit.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1978

Improved colorimetric determination of aspirin and salicylic acid concentrations in human plasma.

An improvement in a previously described method for the determination of plasma salicylic acid and aspirin levels in humans is described. The procedure was simplified by employing only one plasma sample for both salicylates. More accurate estimation of salicylates, particularly aspirin, was achieved by using two different calibration curves. Salicylic acid was estimated by reaction with an aqueous solution of the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. Absorbance of the blue-colored complex, which formed on addition of sodium hydroxide, was measured at 670 nm. The influence of alkalinity in the formation of the colored complex is discussed. The average recovery of aspirin added to plasma was 94.61%; it was 214.72% by the previous method.

Aspirin↗
PubMed2006

Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity.

It has been proposed that salicylic acid (SA) acts as an endogenous signal molecule responsible for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The effect of varying salicylic acid (SA) supply (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mM) on growth, mineral uptake, membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) concentration, UV-absorbing substances, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of NaCl (40 mM) stressed maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated. Exogenously applied SA increased plant growth significantly both in saline and non-saline conditions. As a consequence of salinity stress, lipid peroxidation, measured in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and membrane permeability was decreased by SA. UV-absorbing substances (UVAS) and H(2)O(2) concentration were increased by increasing levels of SA. SA also strongly inhibited Na(+) and Cl(-) accumulation, but stimulated N, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu concentrations of salt stressed maize plants. These results suggest that SA could be used as a potential growth regulator to improve plant salinity stress resistance.

Calcium↗
PubMed2001

[Determination of salicylic acid and its hydroxylated products using high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection].

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector was used to determine salicylic acid (SA) and its main hydroxylated products, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA). Mobile phase was 30 mmol/L acetate(pH 4.9) and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Low detection limits, 10 nmol/L for 2,3-DHBA, 0.6 nmol/L for 2,5-DHBA and 1.0 nmol/L for SA were obtained. The photolysis system of salicylic acid and H2O2 was investigated. The products in the system were measured and the yields were 45% and 51% for 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA, respectively.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1978

Renal concentration gradients of salicylic acid and its metabolic congeners in the dog.

Salicylic acid and its principal metabolic product, salicyluric acid, are ultrafiltered at the glomeruli, secreted by the proximal segment and undergo back diffusion; the net effect being an accumulation of salicylates in the cortex. The back diffusion of salicylate is pH-sensitive (salicylurate is not) and its secretion is less sensitive than that of salicylurate to depression by probenecid. There was an increasing concentration gradient of these salicylates from outer cortex to innermost medulla. The clearance of salicyluric acid exceeded glomerular filtration rate even at very low urine flow and was not pH-dependent, so that total salicylate accumulation in the medulla was less affected by adjustment of urinary pH. Increasing perfusion of the nephron markedly reduced the inner medulla/cortical concentration ratios and segmental concentrations of salt and urea and reduced the cortical concentrations of salicylates. Diuresis may decrease the medullary concentration of salicylates, depending on the rate and duration of increased urine flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Quantitative structure-activity relationships. Antiinflammatory activity of salicylic acid derivatives.

A series of 28 substituted salicylic acids possessing antiinflammatory property is investigated for structure-activity relationships in light of the linear free energy related (LFER) and Fujita-Ban models. The Fujita-Ban group contributions have been calculated for 11 different substituents on the parent ring. It is observed that among these only phenyl group at position 5 increases the activity. The activity is found to increase further if electron withdrawing groups are attached to this phenyl substituent. The LFER analysis indicates that the electronic and partitioning effects of the substituents are important factors influencing the antiinflammatory activity. A statistically significant relationship with a correlation coefficient of the order of 0.9 explaining 71% of the variance is obtained using these substituent constants.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The role of salicylic acid in the induction of cell death in Arabidopsis acd11.

Salicylic acid (SA) is implicated in the induction of programmed cell death (PCD) associated with pathogen defense responses because SA levels increase in response to PCD-inducing infections, and PCD development can be inhibited by expression of salicylate hydroxylase encoded by the bacterial nahG gene. The acd11 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh.) activates PCD and defense responses that are fully suppressed by nahG. To further study the role of SA in PCD induction, we compared phenotypes of acd11/nahG with those of acd11/eds5-1 and acd11/sid2-2 mutants deficient in a putative transporter and isochorismate synthase required for SA biosynthesis. We show that sid2-2 fully suppresses SA accumulation and cell death in acd11, although growth inhibition and premature leaf chlorosis still occur. In addition, application of exogenous SA to acd11/sid2-2 is insufficient to restore cell death. This indicates that isochorismate-derived compounds other than SA are required for induction of PCD in acd11 and that some acd11 phenotypes require NahG-degradable compounds not synthesized via isochorismate.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1989

Salicylic acid in karaya gum patch as a treatment for verruca vulgaris.

A clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new delivery system for administering salicylic acid for the treatment of verruca vulgaris. The study compared wart resolution among volunteers who used karaya gum patches. The cure rate was 69% for warts treated with patches containing salicylic acid, which was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than for warts treated with control patches (35%).

Administration, Cutaneous↗