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PubMed1996

[Rhodococcus equi pulmonary abscess in HIV infection].

RE is a well-known Gram positive bacillus which is usually pathogenic in animals. Disease in humans is rare, but incidence has clearly increased with the advent of AIDS. In humans, RE predominantly infect people with impaired cellular immunity so that it is considered an opportunistic agent. Its must common manifestation in immuno-compromised patients is a slowly progressive pneumonia which may cavitate. Even with early diagnostic and optimal and prolonged antibiotic therapy, the mortality of RE, infections remain high (20 to 55%). Problems in clinical and therapic management are illustrated in our two cases of cavitated pneumonia in two AIDS patients.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1997

Immunoprophylaxis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals.

An immunoprophylaxis program for R. equi infection of foals has been established on a number of thoroughbred breeding farms in Argentina over the past 4 years. Nearly 800 mares annually were immunized subcutaneously during the last 2 months of pregnancy with 2-3 doses of a vaccine containing soluble antigens of R. equi, including the virulence associated protein (VapA) and 'equi factors' exoenzymes. The mortality from R. equi pneumonia in the foals from vaccinated dams dropped from an average of 3% in the 5 years before the vaccination program was initiated to an average of 1.2% in the 4 years during which the program was applied (P < 0.02). On 3 farms, an additional 380 foals of vaccinated dams annually over 3 years also received at 25 days of age 600-1200 ml of hyperimmune plasma from donors immunized with this vaccine, and as well at 4 days of age in foals with poor transfer of R. equi antibodies from their dams. The average foal mortality because of R. equi in the 380 foals annually to which hyperimmune plasma was administered dropped from 5.8% on these 3 farms to 0.2% (P < 0.05). Active vaccination of foals of unvaccinated mares on an enzootic farm at 20, 30, and 40 days of age did not protect them from mortality due to R. equi pneumonia. Serology was done by complement fixation and an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests using antigens prepared in the same manner as the vaccine antigens. The immune responses among hyperimmune plasma donors varied considerably as did the responses of vaccinated mares. Of 1117 serum samples with normal post suckling gammaglobulin levels (> 600 mg%) collected at 2 days of age from foals of vaccinated mares, 36% showed a negative or weak positive AGID reaction, while the remainder had positive to strongly positive reactions.

Actinomycetales Infections↗

PubMed1997

[Characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolates from horse and man].

In the present investigation 19 and 22 R. equi-cultures isolated from diseased horses and humans, respectively, could be correctly identified by their morphological, biochemical and serological properties. The rod-coccus life cycle appeared to be a common feature of almost all cultures investigated. The cultures were typeable with the typing system described by Prescott (1981). The predominant serotypes among the R. equi-isolates belonged to serotypes 1 and 2. Among the R. equi-isolates from horses haemagglutination-positive cultures were mainly found among isolates of serotype 1, those of serotype 2 were haemagglutination-negative. The R. equi-cultures isolated from humans showed no relation between serotype and haemagglutinating properties. Determination of antibiotic susceptibility revealed that all cultures were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, minocycline, neomycin, rifampicin, streptomycin and vancomycin, 71% and 75% were resistant or at least moderate susceptible to tetracycline and penicillin G, respectively. Almost all cultures were resistant to ceftazidime and most cultures were susceptible to cefotaxime. The cultures could be further characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion and pulsed field gel electrophoresis of their chromosomal DNA. After digestion with the restriction enzyme AsnI the resulting DNA-profile allowed a strain-specific characterization.

Actinomycetales Infections↗

PubMed2002

Molecular epidemiology of VapA-positive Rhodococcus equi in thoroughbred horses in Kagoshima, Japan.

The prevalence of virulent R. equi having 15- to 17-kDa antigens (VapA) in fecal isolates from 13 thoroughbred foals and their dams on 5 farms in Kagoshima, Japan, and the plasmid profiles of VapA-positive isolates by restriction fragment digestion patterns were investigated to compare the genotypic variation among virulence plasmids of R. equi isolates from Japan. In total, 218 (24.6%) of 886 isolates from the feces of the 13 foals and 13 (12.5%) of 104 isolates from the feces of their dams demonstrated VapA-positive R. equi. Plasmid DNA preparations of 231 virulent isolates from foals and dams were analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion with endonucleases EcoRI, EcoT22I and HindIII and were divided into 3 types: 172 isolates contained a 90-kb type I plasmid, 57 contained a 90-kb type III plasmid and 2 contained a 90-kb type IV plasmid. This study demonstrates a geographic character in the distribution of virulence plasmids found in VapA-positive isolates from thoroughbred foals in Kagoshima.

Actinomycetales Infections↗

PubMed1986