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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Optimized stimulation and recording parameters of human 'nociception specific' blink reflex recordings.

OBJECTIVE: Few non-invasive methods are available for studying trigeminal nociception in humans. The 'nociception specific' blink reflex (nBR) is elicited by a preferential stimulation of trigeminal nociceptive fibers and is highly sensitive to changes in trigeminal nociception. The aim of this study was to establish its optimal stimulation parameters. METHODS: The inter-individual variability of R2 responses (41 healthy subjects), symmetry of R2 responses after right vs. left sided stimulation (25 subjects), optimal stimulation parameters (3 groups, each 16 subjects) and re-test reliability over time (15 subjects) were studied. RESULTS: The nBR had a R2 response with a latency of 44.7+/-7.3ms, but no R1 response. The mean difference of R2 latencies (right vs. left sided stimulation) was 0.4+/-2.1(SD)ms, the mean ratio of the R2 response areas (RA) was 1.05+/-0.39 (SD). Thus, lateral differences of onset latencies greater than 4.6ms (0.4+4.2 (2SD)) or >1.83-fold (1.05+0.78 (2SD)) of RA can be assumed as outside of normal range. Long inter-block intervals of 7min minimized the cumulative habituation of R2 RAs to 23%, onset latencies remained constant. Re-test reliability over 4 weeks was high both for latencies (Crohnbach's alpha=0.85) and RAs (alpha=0.94). CONCLUSIONS: The nBR with the established stimulation parameters could be used for studying trigeminal nociception.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of atmospheric deposition of copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and cadmium recorded by Finnish peat cores with monitoring data and emission records.

This study aims to determine the extent to which the accumulation rates of Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cd in peat cores agree with established histories of atmospheric emission from local pointsources. Metals accumulating in three Finnish peat cores with known metal deposition histories have been measured using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry. Samples were age-dated using both 210Pb and 14C (bomb pulse curve). At the Outokumpu (OUT) site as well as the low-background site Hietajärvi (HIJ), 210Pb age dates are in excellent agreement with the 14C bomb pulse curve method results, and the precision is between 1 and 10 years for most of the samples; at the Harjavalta (HAR) site, precision is > 6 years. Mean regional "background" concentrations have been calculated from deeper peat layers of the HIJ site (microg g(-1)): Cu, 1.3 +/- 0.2 (n = 62); Co, 0.25 +/- 0.04 (n = 71); Cd, 0.08 +/- 0.01 (n = 23); and Zn, 4 +/- 2 (n = 40). For layers accumulated within the past 100 years, accumulation rates (ARs) have been calculated. At sites with < 0.06 g m(-2) cumulative Ni inventory (HIJ and OUT), ARs of Cu and Co trace the known metal deposition histories very well. At HAR, where metal inventories are much greater, Cu and Co are mobile. ARs of Zn were between 3 and 30 mg m(-2) year(-1) and those of Cd between 24 and 140 microg m(-2) year(-1) at all sites and are independent of the chronology of their inputs from the atmosphere.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

When nothing is "off the record": exploring the theoretical implications of the continuous recording of cognitive process in memory.

This theoretical paper explores the idea of acropetal memory; arguing that representations emanating from all stages of processing an individual stimulus can be registered in memory and potentially available for recall. I describe Lansdale's (1998) HELM model of location memory as a suitable candidate theory within which to implement and test this idea. An exemplar model, HELM-2, is presented and examined against available data. This model provides a satisfactory account of the data and an elegant solution to some interesting puzzles. It also suggests that some retrieval failure can be attributed to interference from representations of a stimulus derived from early stages of processing and that this has much broader implications for modelling encoding, forgetting, and false memory.

Cognition↗