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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

A novel, convenient, multiple test system for detection of bacteriuria.

A novel, convenient, multiple test system for the detection of bacteriuria is described and evaluated. The system consists of a small plastic strip with three dry reagent areas. One rapidly detects the presence of nitrite in urine and the remaining two quantitate total and gram-negative bacterial urine population after 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Quantitative accuracy was evaluated in two blind studies. In the first, known concentrations of 18 different organisms were compared and in the second, unknown concentrations of 218 randomly collected urine specimens were quantitated by both the calibrated loop streak method the new system. Overall correlation was 96 per cent for growth reagent areas. The nitrite area detected 84 per cent of the urines positive for bacteriuria. The advantages of the system over conventional bacteriuria detection systems are described.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1994

[Evaluation of urinary rapid strip-tests for screening of urinary infection in pregnant women].

Repeated screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria using a reagent strip-test was conducted in a population of 859 pregnant women. The women performed 4,125 tests at home, and 2,867 tests were performed by the nursing staff at the antenatal clinics. The tests done by the women at home had a higher predictive value than the tests done in the antenatal clinics (24% versus 10%). The sensitivity was 47%, specificity 90% and negative predictive value 98.8%. The tests performed by the women at home were well accepted and detected.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1984

Urine glucose testing in the critically ill: a comparison of two enzymatic test strips.

The urine glucose concentration is commonly used to monitor indirectly the degree of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients and to adjust insulin dosage. Most commercially available urine glucose reagent test strips measure the urine glucose concentration from 0% to 2%. When the urine glucose is at the 2% level, the blood glucose concentration may vary over a wide range. We compared a new urine glucose test strip which measures the urine glucose concentration from 0% to 5% versus a conventional strip (0% to 2%) in the analysis of double-voided urine specimens from 285 patients with diabetes mellitus. Both types of test strips were insensitive in detecting hyperglycemia and showed a wide range of blood glucose values for each estimated urine glucose concentration. However, the new test strips which gave measurements at the 3% and 5% urine glucose concentrations allowed for more specificity (99%) in detecting blood glucose levels above 250 mg/dl. We conclude that: (a) test strips measuring from 0% to 5% are superior to conventional 0% to 2% test strips because the 3% and 5% urine glucose readings allow for a high level of specificity in detecting severe hyperglycemia (greater than 250 mg/dl); (b) urine glucose testing is insensitive and nonspecific in detecting hyperglycemia when urine glucose values are 2% or less.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a new Etest for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases in routine clinical testing.

Several Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) gradient formats were developed for detection of metallo-beta-lactamases based on the reduction of imipenem (IP) or ceftazidime (TZ) MICs in the presence of EDTA or 2-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). The Etest metallo-beta-lactamase (Etest MBL) strips consisted of a double-sided seven-dilution range of IP or TZ (4 to 256 microg/ml) and IP or TZ (1 to 64 microg/ml) overlaid with a constant concentration of EDTA or MPA. The prototype strips were evaluated on several agar media (brain heart infusion agar, Isosensitest agar, nutrient agar, and Mueller-Hinton agar for aerobes and brucella blood agar for anaerobes) with 138 challenge strains: Acinetobacter spp. (n = 9), Aeromonas spp. (n = 8), Chryseobacterium spp. (n = 28), Escherichia coli (n = 1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 14), Proteus mirabilis (n = 3), Serratia spp. (n = 10), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 43), Sphingobacterium spp. (n = 3), and Bacteroides fragilis group (n = 15). PCR analysis using specific primers for IMP-1, L1, CcrA, and bla(B/C) confirmed the presence of the metallo-beta-lactamase genes. Enzyme assays were also performed with IP as an indicator substrate followed by EDTA inhibition profiles. EDTA was found to be a better inhibitor of metallo-beta-lactamases, especially for anaerobes. IP was a better than TZ. Mueller-Hinton agar was the preferred medium, particularly when compared to Isosensitest agar, which frequently produced falsely low MICs for IP. Etest IP plus IP-EDTA with Mueller-Hinton agar had a sensitivity of 94% (79 of 84) and specificity of 95% (124 of 130). The Etest MBL strip appears to be an acceptable diagnostic reagent to detect metallo-beta-lactamase phenotypes in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

Usefulness of microscopic examination in urinalysis.

The authors evaluated 500 patients who yielded urine specimens containing red and white blood cells but that gave negative reagent test strip reactions to determine the medical usefulness of the microscopic examination in such cases. Half of the patients had a history of, or current signs and symptoms of genitourinary or renal disease (GURD), or had indwelling catheters, hypertension, or diabetes. The other half did not display these conditions. Red blood cells occurred rarely, and no red blood cell associated GURD was detected in these patients. Five had lower urinary tract infection. Seventy-two underwent further workup, but no GURD was found. Physicians did not comment or take action on the report in other patients. The authors found the test for leukocyte esterase and nitrite (LN) to have a predictive value for a negative result of 97% for exclusion of bacteruria. Based on these observations, the authors established in 1982 a policy that microscopic examination would be performed only on specimens negative by reagent test strip (including LN) if a "diagnostic urinalysis" (DU) was ordered. The authors recommended that DU be requested only for patients suspected of GURD. This has eliminated microscopic examinations on 25% of specimens and reduced costs.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1987

Screening urine specimen populations for normality using different dipsticks: evaluation of parameters influencing sensitivity and specificity.

The reagent test strip Combur-9 Test-RL (Boehringer Mannheim) and the 8-SG Multistix (Ames) were simultaneously evaluated as a rapid method for screening urines for normality. Differences between the two methods are for a considerable part determined by adjustment of the lowest detection limits of the leukocyte and erythrocyte dipstick fields. Patient populations (243 specimens presented to the routine laboratory and 230 specimens submitted for microbiological culture), sediment analysis (routine or standardized) and composition of the screening protocol strongly influence values obtained for the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values, whereas use of a different dipstick is of minor importance on the final results. Higher sensitivity and specificity are observed when relating positive dipstick screening to positive culture than when relating positive standardized sediment to positive culture. Evaluation of dipstick method, using microscopic sediment analysis as a reference parameter appears to be very dependent on the quality of the latter, which is therefore relatively unsuitable for this purpose. Apart from standardization, additional clinically significant findings are obtained using dipstick screening.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed2000

Practicality and accuracy of prehospital rapid venous blood glucose determination.

Blood glucose testing plays an important role in emergency medicine. Although the use of visual reagent test strips is widely established in this setting, the accuracy of reflectometric blood glucose determinations under emergency conditions has rarely been investigated. In a prospective study, 522 of a total of 3,217 patients undergoing emergency blood glucose testing had parallel blood glucose measurements performed using a specific enzymatic method. These 522 patients (aged 61.4 years, 54% men, 90 cases of severe hypoglycemia) had an intravenous access placed at the scene of the emergency. Venous whole blood from the introducer needle of the access was applied to the test strip and the glucose measured with a GlucoTouch reflectometer (LifeScan, Inc.). A blood sample from the intravenous access was then immediately collected in a monovette for subsequent glucose determination in a chemical laboratory (hexokinase method) within 20 to 40 minutes. The emergency glucose measurements (mean: 7.3 mmol/L [95% confidence interval [CI] 6.9 to 7.7]; range: 0.55 to 27.7) correlated well with the reference laboratory results (Pearson's r = .98; linear regression analysis: slope 1.0, axial intercept 1.74). Error grid analysis also showed good agreement between corresponding measurements: zone A 96.7%, B 2.5%, C 0% and D 0.8%. The mean difference using the Bland-Altman method was 0.14 mmoVL; 2 SD 1.8 mmol/L; minimum -7.0 mmol/L; maximum 4.4 mmol/L. The accuracy of the rapid venous blood glucose determination by constantly changing emergency teams was high. Especially in 90 hypoglycemic patients, there were no deviations from the reference method that could have led to clinically relevant wrong decisions. The method of collecting whole blood directly from the venous access is simple and robust, and is independent of the hemodynamic status of the patient.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1992

New rapid identification test for Clostridium difficile.

AIMS: A set of five tests were developed and tested for their ability to confirm the identity of C difficile colonies within 30 minutes. METHODS: The relevant substrates were incorporated into four filter paper squares attached to a plastic carrier (Diffstrip), five enzymes/products (prolyl aminopeptidase, galactosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and indole). The strips were inoculated, incubated for 20 minutes, and reagents added. RESULTS: 96.4% (212 of 220) strains of C difficile were immediately differentiated from 51 other Clostridium spp tested. The remaining 3.6% (eight of 220) of C difficile isolates produced a reaction pattern similar to some of the Clostridium sporogenes tested and required additional tests. None of the other Clostridium spp tested produced reaction patterns similar to C difficile. CONCLUSION: The Diffstrip allowed colonies of C difficile to be confirmed within 30 minutes for 96.4% of isolates, with less than 4% requiring any additional tests. No strains of C difficile were misidentified and no strains of other Clostridium spp tested were misidentified as C difficile.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1975

[Detection of niacin with the paper strip test (author's transl)].

Preparation and application of reagent impregnated paper strips for the detection of niacin are described. 170 cultures of mycobacteria were tested with the paper strips and by the conventional aniline-cyanogen bromide method. The results obtained demonstrate a high degree of correlation. Because of its advantages in comparison to the aniline-cyanogen bromide method-the toxic cyanogen bromide is omitted; malachite green does not disturb the reaction-the paper strip test can be recommended without reservation for the detection of niacin in microbiological laboratories.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1991

[Application and preparation of a BUN Test Strip].

This paper introduces a dry chemical method for BUN determination and a procedure for the preparation of the BUN Test Strip. Urease, indicator, buffer, nonreactive stabilizers and fillers are immobilized on a piece of special paper, and then a thin film is laid on top to protect against interference from endogenous blood materials. After the paper is dried, it is cut into small strips and ready to use. When the sample is loaded on the strip, the enzymatic reaction can be carried out in one minute, and with a color plate, one can obtain semiquantitative BUN concentration. One-day and day-to-day precision variations (CV%) were 2.6%-5.0% and 5.9%-7.1%, respectively. There was a good correlation between our BUN Strip and the Ames BUN Strip: r = 0.98, y = 0.96x -2.4 (x = Ames BUN Strip).

Blood Urea Nitrogen↗