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PubMed1995

Postural modulation of the soleus H reflex in young and old subjects.

The influence of different static postures on the soleus H reflex was assessed in 15 old (mean age = 76.3 years) and 10 young (mean age = 24.2 years) subjects. H reflex and M wave recruitment curves were obtained under 2 randomly administered conditions: (1) standing; and (2) prone. Once in place, the recording and stimulating electrodes were not removed until the completion of testing, to ensure that exact placement was maintained. A 1 msec current pulse was given transcutaneously to elicit the H reflex and M response. Static postural sway area (cm2) was assessed on a Kistler force platform using custom software (sample rate = 50 Hz/15 sec trials). Results demonstrated that the young subjects reduced the amplitude of the H reflex from the prone (Hmax/Mmax = 73.6%) to the standing (Hmax/Mmax = 59.9%) condition, whereas the old subjects did not (prone = 32.4%, standing = 38.2%). However, within the old group, 2 subgroups emerged--those who depressed the reflex similar to the young subjects (O-D, n = 6) and those who did not depress the reflex (O-ND, n = 9). Furthermore, there were significant differences in postural sway scores between the young and old, between the O-D and O-ND, but not between the O-D and young groups. These results suggest differences in the manner in which young and old subjects modulate the soleus H reflex when standing, and support the view that modulation of the stretch reflex may be important in the control of static posture.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sex differences in high-risk premature infants' asymmetric movement development.

High-risk premature infants are likely to show altered patterns in the development of reflexes and postural reactions. This study used the Modified-Measure of Behavioral Laterality (M-MOBL) neonatal assessment to explore differences in reflex and postural reactions among 26 male and female high-risk, premature infants born between 23 and 26 weeks gestational age. M-MOBL scores at 33-36.5 weeks were compared to those at 36.5-40 weeks of age, shortly before hospital discharge. The M-MOBL data were analyzed using the categorical method (CATMOD) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVAs) to compare the development of asymmetric movement patterns in: (1) non-injured and CNS-injured high-risk, premature infants, (2) control and experimental infants who received multi-sensory stimulation, and (3) males and female infants. Consistent with previously published reports of a right-(R) bias for healthy, full-term infant's movements, we found that high-risk premature females showed R-sided biases by 35-37 weeks post-conceptional age (PCA) for head turning responses and reflexes evoked by upper-body stimulation (i.e., palmar grasp, asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), incurvation). High-risk premature males however showed no significant difference in strength and coordination between the R-side and the left (L), as measured by the M-MOBL, in most of these upper-body movements tested at 35-37 weeks PCA. Neither premature males nor females showed asymmetries in foot and leg reflexes (placing, plantar grasp, Babinski). Healthy, full-term males did not show asymmetries in these reflexes either. However, full-term females showed an R-bias. With further research, the M-MOBL may become a useful instrument for early identification of infants with atypical CNS development who later exhibit atypical laterality patterns.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Dorsolateral columns of the spinal cord are necessary for both suckling-induced neuroendocrine reflexes and the kyphotic nursing posture in lactating rats.

Maternal behavior in rats consists of active behaviors, such as retrieval and licking of pups, and quiescent nursing, including the suckling-induced kyphotic (upright, dorsally-arched) posture. Because lesions of the dorsolateral, but not of the dorsal, columns are known to prevent the suckling-induced milk-ejection reflex, we asked whether the same is true for kyphosis as well. Bilateral lesions of the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) or dorsal columns (DC) at spinal segments C(4-6) were made on day 5-8 postpartum; controls (CON) were subjected to a sham procedure. All aspects of maternal behavior and lactation were present in CON and DC dams soon after treatment. Among DLF dams, two had poor postural, ambulatory, and ingestive recovery that was associated with large lesions extending to the ventrolateral columns, while one with very small lesions continued to lactate. Of the remaining eight DLF dams, milk ejection was lost while recovery of retrieval and licking of pups occurred in all (between 1 and 4 days after surgery). All eight were quiescent for long periods in response to suckling but they did not display sustained kyphosis; rather, they nursed while prone or hunched over the pups, with little or no leg support, or while supine. Ventral trunk cutaneous sensitivity was present in all subjects. These data suggest that the dorsolateral funiculus relays both suckling-induced neuroendocrine and postural nursing reflexes that are mediated by separate supraspinal regions, hypothalamus and the ventrolateral sectors of the caudal periaqueductal gray, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Early screening of cerebral palsy during infancy using 'Infant Motor Malfunction Profile' in the communities of two cities].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prospective validity and predictive value of cerebral palsy during infancy, using 'Infant Motor Malfunction Profile'. METHODS: Items of motor milestone in the profile was used as the first step to screen cerebral palsy on 8137 infants who were screened at 3, 6, 9, 12 months of age. The positive cases who had one of 7 developmental abnormal motor milestone items were examined using the items of primitive reflexes or postural reaction as the secondary step of cerebral palsy screening. The cases who had at least one abnormal item of primitive reflex or postural reaction received neurological examination by doctors to diagnose cerebral palsy. RESULTS: According to our data, sensitivity, specificity, positive prospective value, positive and negative likelihood ratio of the profile in screening cerebral during infancy were 94.1%, 99.8%, 48.5%, 449.6 and 0.06, respectively. CONCLUSION: The profile seemed to be an acceptable instrument for early identification of cerebral palsy.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1978

Auditory brain-stem responses in comatose patients: relationship with brain-stem reflexes and levels of coma.

Auditory brain-stem responses (BSR) were recorded in 20 comatose patients in whom the level of brain-stem dysfunction was defined by clinical assessment of brain-stem reflexes and posture. No BSR abnormalities were found in the 10 cases with cortico-subcortical or diencephalic levels. The other 10 patients showed a clear relationship between alteration of the different components of the BSR and the clinical levels of brain-stem dysfunction caused by the rostro-caudal evolution. Alteration of wave P5 seems related to a midbrain dysfunction, of P3 to a pontine dysfunction and of P1 or P2 to a lower brain-stem dysfunction.

Brain Stem↗