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PubMed1993

The contribution of proprioception to posture control in normal subjects.

In order to investigate the contribution of proprioceptive input to maintaining an upright position, stabilometry via 100-Hz vibratory stimulation applied to the Achilles tendon was studied and analyzed with respect to area, length and power spectra according to the method of fast Fourier transform (FFT). Twenty-one young medical students were analyzed in this study. When vibration was applied, the body sway was significantly greater than that of control in area and length with both eyes open and closed. There was a significant increase of total power in both the lateral (X) and antero-posterior (Y) directions with the eyes closed. With the eyes open, an increase was found only in the antero-posterior direction. The frequency band indicating the maximum spectrum did not shift. Significant increases in power spectra were found in the frequency range of more than 2 Hz in both two directions with the eyes closed. It was concluded that a vibration given to the Achilles tendon provoked a pronounced high frequency body sway especially in the antero-posterior direction when visual information was nullified, and that proprioceptive information may have a minor role compared with visual information.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1995

Extraocular muscle proprioception and eye position.

In the lamb, acute unilateral section of the ophthalmic branch induced in the ipsilateral eye occasional oscillations of the resting position and misalignment of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) with respect to the stimulus. Additional electrolytic lesion of the cells innervating the proprioceptors of the medial rectus muscle, or of the lateral rectus muscle in the contralateral semilunar ganglion, provoked a 4 degrees-7 degrees consensual eye deviation towards and away from the lesioned side, respectively. The optokinetic beating field was similarly deviated. Under these experimental conditions, HVOR showed enhanced gain and marked misalignment in both eyes. Therefore, the selective suppression of muscular proprioceptive input deviated both eyes towards the direction opposite to the muscle whose gangliar proprioceptive representation has been destroyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Postural stability, neck proprioception and tension neck.

We examined whether tension neck (TN) may due to inadequate proprioceptive and vestibular activation of the cervico-collic reflex (CCR). CCR and vestibulospinal responses (VSRs) were recorded from 106 forest workers by stimulating the neck, lumbar or calf proprioceptors by vibration. The VSRs were recorded with posturography. TN occurred in 27 out of 106 subjects. The subjects with TN (48.5 years) were older than those without TN (43.1). The mean body sway during quiet stance was the same in both groups during the neck stimulation. In subjects with tension neck stimulation of neck or lumbar proprioceptors caused excessive, unpredictable body excursion in the lateral and anteroposterior direction that continued after stimulation. Results from stimulation of lower limb proprioceptors did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. In logistic regression analysis a model to predict TN consisting of perstimulatory postural stability (odds ratio 1.4) and poststimulatory postural stability (odds ratio 1.8) turned out to be statistically significant. The anatomical findings of CCR in the medulla oblongata suggest that neck muscle afferents control the posture and muscle activity of the neck. The erroneus facilitation of proprioception in TN subjects indicate that TN may be raised by inadequate facilitation of CCR.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reaching with alien limbs: visual exposure to prosthetic hands in a mirror biases proprioception without accompanying illusions of ownership.

In five experiments, we investigated the effects of visual exposure to a real hand, arubber hand, or a wooden block on reaching movements made with the unseen left hand behind a parasagittal mirror. Participants reached from one of four starting positions, corresponding to four levels of conflict between the proprioceptively and visually specified positions of the reaching hand. Reaching movements were affected most by exposure to the real hand, intermediately by the rubber hand, and least of all by the wooden block When the posture and/or movement of the visible hand was incompatible with that of the reaching hand, the effect on reaching was reduced. A "rubber hand illusion" questionnaire revealed that illusions of ownership of the rubber hand were not strongly correlated with reaching performance. This research suggests that proprioception is recalibrated following visual exposure to prosthetic hands and that this recalibration is independent of the rubber hand illusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A simple outpatient test for proprioception in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee.

Proprioception was quantified in 32 patients who had an arthroscopically documented complete anterior cruciate ligament tear using a simple single-limb standing test. An age-matched control group underwent identical testing. Control subjects demonstrated identical values between their two limbs, with the mean variation being 4.8%. The test group, however, showed significantly higher mean values for the injured compared with the noninjured limb, the mean variation being 43.8%. Patients who have a complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament may experience a decline in proprioceptive function of their knees. This can be tested clinically using a simple single-limb standing test in an outpatient setting.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A proprioceptive role for an exteroceptive mechanoafferent neuron in Aplysia.

Afferent regulation of centrally generated activity is likely to be more complex than has been established. We show that a neuron that is an exteroceptor can also function as a proprioceptor. We study the Aplysia neuron B21. Previous data suggest that B21 functions as an exteroceptor during the radula closing/retraction phase of ingestive feeding. We show that the tissue innervated by B21, the subradula tissue (SRT), is innervated by a motor neuron (B66) and that B66-induced SRT contractions trigger centripetal spikes in B21. Thus, B21 is also a proprioceptor. To determine whether exteroceptive and proprioceptive activities occur during the same phase of ingestive feeding, we further characterize B66. We show that B66 stimulation does not close or retract the radula. Instead it opens it. Moreover, B66 is electrically coupled to other opening/protraction neurons. Finally, we elicit motor programs in semi-intact preparations and show that during radula opening/protraction we observe B66 activity, SRT contractions, and spikes in B21 that can be eliminated if B66 is indirectly hyperpolarized. B21 is, therefore, likely to act as an exteroceptor during one phase of ingestive feeding and as a proprioceptor during the antagonistic phase. Previous experiments have shown that centripetal spikes in B21 are only transmitted to one follower if they are "gated in" by depolarization. During ingestive programs B21 is centrally depolarized during closing/retraction, but it is not depolarized during opening/protraction. We sought to determine whether there are other followers that receive B21 input when it is not centrally depolarized. We found one such cell. Moreover, we found that stimulation of B21 during radula opening/protraction significantly decreases the duration of this phase of behavior. Thus, proprioceptive activity in B21 is likely to have an impact on motor programs.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

[The role of clinical-electrophysiological indices in therapy for late-stage residual stroke by dynamic correction of proprioception].

The new method dynamic proprioceptive correction using a medical loading costume was included into complex therapy in patients with late-stage residual stroke. Application of the costume promoted normalization of complex locomotor acts of walking by correcting proprioceptive pulsation resulted from the system of elastic draughts. Thus, a new motor stereotype was forced upon the patients. Clinical observation, computer analysis of the motor potential, spectrum of heart rhythm variabilities before and after therapy, and psychological testing were performed in 120 patients with motor disorders (pareses, paralyses) resulted from acute cerebral circulatory disorders. A steady-state clinical effect (p < 0.05) was found in 71.9% of the patients after 15 sessions of therapy. The patients became to walk independently, a possibility to self-attendance appeared, their speech became better. Lateralization of a damage and preservation of both the most significant homeostatic vasomotor mechanisms and the cerebral mechanisms of preparation of a movement with the minimal manifestations of emotional-affective disorders were shown to have impact on the patients' rehabilitation and on the early clinical features of pyramidal defect.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Topological distribution of muscle spindles in the human tongue and its significance in proprioception.

In order to obtain numerical data concerning the lingual muscle spindle distribution, the muscle spindles were histologically surveyed on the serial frontal and horizontal sections (stained by hematoxylin-eosin) from the apex to the radix of the tongue. On one side four hundred and sixty-six muscle spindles were counted in seven muscles, the superior longitudinal muscle containing 159 spindles, the genioglossus 80, the transverse 79, the styloglossus 75, the hyoglossus 37, the inferior longitudinal 22 and the vertical 14. The chondroglossus and the palatoglossus are devoid of the spindles. The question of whether the proprioceptive impulses from the lingual spindles lie in the hypoglossus nerve or in the lingual nerve has remained unsolved. This histological confirmation of the pathway and primary cell station of the lingual proprioceptive afferents is the subject in which the authors are greatly interested.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Isometric force production in high Gz: mechanical effects, proprioception, and central motor commands.

BACKGROUND: We have shown in the past that human subjects produce exaggerated isometric responses when exposed to high +Gz. The present study investigated the role played by different factors in this phenomenon. METHODS: There were 12 healthy non-pilot volunteers who were seated in the gondola of a centrifuge and were exposed to a +1, +1.5, and +3 Gz environment. During each exposure, they produced forces of prescribed magnitudes and directions in their frontal plane using an isometric joystick. From the registered data, we determined initial (100 ms after onset), peak, and end (70 ms before trial end) force. RESULTS: For a given target magnitude, initial, peak, and end force were each smallest in 1 G, higher in 1.5 G, and higher still in 3 G. This G-related exaggeration was most pronounced for initial, and less for peak and end force. We further found that responses in high G were biased downwards for end force, but not for initial and peak force. CONCLUSIONS: The G-related excesses of produced force are probably due to less appropriate central commands, since it manifests before proprioception becomes effective. The amelioration of this deficit for peak and end force is probably achieved by partial corrections based on proprioceptive feedback, or by direct mechanical effects. Our findings are relevant for the safe operation of high-performance aircraft during high-G maneuvers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cervicogenic proprioceptive vertigo: etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy with special emphasis on manual therapy].

Cervical proprioceptive system (CPS) consisting of mechanoreceptors of cervical intervertebral joints, mechanoreceptors of neck muscles and ligament's insertions, muscle spindles located in deep short muscles of cervical spine and sensitive fibers connecting neck's proprioceptors with neurons of cornu posteriori of spinal cord, plays an essential part in maintaining bodily balance. CPS, via tractus spinovestibularis, is connected to vestibular nuclei. Clinical and neurophysiological studies have shown that functional disorders and/or organic lesions of CPS cause identical symptoms as vestibular diseases: vertigo, nystagmus and balance disorders. Dysfunction (functional blockade) of craniocervical joints is the most frequent cause of cervicogenic proprioceptive vertigo (CPV). The constant tension of the capsule of a blocked joint irritates mechanoreceptors protecting the joint's capsules. The increased activity of mechanoreceptors results in confusion of vestibular system. That is, the impulses from the blocked craniocervical joints do not correspond to the impulses from the vestibular organ and other sensory systems that take part in maintaining bodily balance. The disharmony of impulses results in an inadequate vestibulo-spinal and vestibulo-ocular reaction manifesting as vertigo and nystagmus. Hyperactivity of craniocervical mechanoreceptors also causes disturbances in reflex regulation of postural muscle tonus manifesting as "general instability". Knowledge of CPV as a separate clinical entity is important from diagnostical and therapeutical aspect. As it concerns a peripheral vestibular disorder still unknown to a wider circle of physicians, the article describes etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy of CPV with special emphasis on manual therapy.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed1991

Objective measurement of proprioceptive technique consequences on muscular maximal voluntary contraction during manual muscle testing.

Response of Tibialis anterior muscle to a "proprioceptive technique" used in applied kinesiology was investigated during manual muscle testing using a graphical registration of both mechanical and electromyographic parameters. Experiments were conducted blind on ten subjects. Each subject was tested ten times, five as reference, five after proprioceptive technique application reputed to be inhibitory. Results indicated that when examiner-subject coordination was good an inhibition was easily registered. Therefore reliability of the proposed procedure is mostly dependent upon satisfactory subject-examiner coordination which is also necessary in standard clinical manual muscle testing.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of vestibular and proprioceptive afferent pathways in the reaction to pushing (author's transl)].

The reaction to pushing was studied in 6 normal subjects and 3 patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular lesions. The reaction to pushing was tested on the anterior tibial and soleus, by modifying the proprioceptive afferent impulses. The respective parts of the vestibular, proprioceptive, visual components, and of a sudden, start are analyzed; the afferent impulses obtain information from the initial posture and modulate the relative importance of these different factors at a supra-segmentary level.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1989

The role of extraocular proprioception in vestibulo-ocular reflex of rabbits.

This study was undertaken to elucidate the role of extraocular proprioception in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, using pigmented rabbits. The presence of extraocular afferent projections in the ophthalmic branch (OB) of the trigeminal nerve was confirmed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The OB of the left trigeminal nerve was transected at its junction with the trigeminal ganglion. Vestibular nystagmus was produced by rotating the animal clockwise and counter-clockwise in the horizontal plane in a dark room. The number and direction of the quick phase of nystagmus induced by rotation in the eye on the operated side were not different from those in the eye on the unoperated side or from those before the transection. However, the eye on the operated side moved slowly and unstably without directional preponderance during and after rotation at an angular velocity of 30 degrees/sec. In the sham-operated and unoperated groups, when the angular velocity was increased to over 90 degrees/sec, the eyes deviated in the anticompensatory direction to the head movement (the same direction as the head movement) during and immediately after the rotation. At an angular velocity of over 30 degrees/sec, however, the eye on the operated side exhibited anticompensatory response more frequently and markedly than that on the unoperated side. These results suggest that extraocular proprioception is important for fixation of the eye position in spacial relation to the head, and that loss of the sensation readily induces anticompensatory oculomotor response to head movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of altered afferent articular input on sensation, proprioception, muscle tone and sympathetic reflex responses.

The influence of afferent articular and periarticular input on muscle tone, joint mobility, proprioception and pain is of considerable interest to practitioners using manipulation. It has long been hypothesized that dysfunctional articulations may generate altered patterns of afferent input. This article reviews the relevant studies that have investigated the impact of articular input on efferent activity under normal conditions and under conditions of altered joint function. The findings suggest that sensory input does have a substantial effect on efferent function and sensation. Furthermore, the studies indicate that the pattern of articular input may be significantly modified by joint inflammation, trauma and effusion and result in changes of muscle tone, joint mobility, proprioception and pain.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1988

Origin of lingual proprioceptive afferents in Japanese monkey, M. fuscata fuscata. Studied by HRP-labeling technique.

The peripheral course of the axon of the lingual proprioceptive neurons in 5 Japanese monkeys was studied by injecting HRP into the distal part of the hypoglossal nerve through the proximal stump. The present authors confirmed that the HRP-labeled cell bodies appeared ipsilaterally in the C2, C3 and C4 spinal ganglia. The afferents to the C2, C3 and C4 ganglia pass through the ansa hypoglossi and direct neuronal anastomosis existing between the first cervical nerve and the hypoglossal nerve. It was confirmed that in the Japanese monkey, having abundant muscle spindles in the tongue, the lingual proprioceptive neuron soma exist in the C2, C3 and C4 spinal ganglia, their peripheral axons passing through the ansa hypoglossi and the direct neuronal anastomosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Coccygeus and levator ani muscles in the rabbit: morphology and proprioceptive innervation.

The Authors have studied the morphological features and the proprioceptive nervous component in the coccygeus and levator ani muscles of the rabbit, using Ruffini's and Barker-Ip's impregnations. The coccygeus muscle originates from ischiatic spine and inserts on the last three sacral vertebrae and on the first four or five caudal vertebrae. The levator ani muscle originates from the ischiatic spine and the coccygeus muscle aponeurosis and inserts directly on the caudal vertebrae 3-5 or 4-6. The proprioceptive innervation in both muscles is constituted by muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs with a typical structure. Muscle spindles are more numerous than Golgi tendon organs and the spindle density is higher in the levator ani muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Central projection of proprioceptive afferents arising from maxillo-facial regions in some animals studied by HRP-labeling technique.

20 ICR mice (adult females) were used for analyzing the axonal projection of the trigeminal mesencephalic tract neurons and 10 Japanese shrew-moles for analyzing that of the snout proprioceptive neurons. The HRP-labeled axons were found to be ipsilaterally terminated in the trigeminal motor nucleus, supratrigeminal nucleus and trigeminal main and spinal tract nuclei, lateral pontine-medullary reticular formation, vagal dorsal motor and hypoglossal nuclei and the lamina V of the C2 spinal cord segments. No HRP-labeled axons were found in the facial and solitary nuclei and the cerebellum. Also, the functional localization of the trigeminal mesencephalic tract neurons was analyzed with the retrograde tracers of fluorescent compounds injected into the jaw-closing muscles having spindles. The fluorescent-labeled neurons were found to be intermingled throughout the nucleus and clustered at the caudal level of the nucleus. Also, double or triple fluorescent-labeled neurons were not observed in the nucleus. The HRP-labeled axon bundle of the facial proprioceptive neurons are divided rostro-caudally into the shorter ascending and the longer descending roots, both running closely dorsal to the trigeminal spinal tract nucleus. The ascending root lies adjacently dorsal to the spinal tract nucleus, giving off the terminal fibers to it, to the wider area of the dorso-medial pontine nuclei and finally to the cerebellar nuclei. At the level of the facial inner genu, it turns medially to meet the facial nerve root, giving off the terminal fibers to the facial motor nucleus and to the raphe nuclei and to the opposite nuclei bilaterally. The HRP-labeled descending root takes the course caudally at least down to the C3 segment of the spinal cord, giving off the terminal fibers to the spinal tract nucleus, the nuclei of the IXth, Xth and XIIth cranial nerves and the pontine-medullary reticular formation. In the spinal cord, it descends bilaterally through the posterior fascicles, giving off the terminal fibers to the dorsal and ventral horns.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1988

Proprioceptive inputs to nonspiking local interneurons contribute to local reflexes of a locust hindleg.

Local reflexes of a leg of the locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) can be elicited by selective stimulation of a proprioceptor (the femoral chordotonal organ) at the femorotibial joint. Motor neurons are either excited or inhibited, so that a coordinated reflex response of a leg results. At the same time, some nonspiking local interneurons are either excited or inhibited by the inputs from these proprioceptive afferents. Altering the membrane potential of an individual, nonspiking interneuron can either increase or decrease the response of the participating motor neurons to the proprioceptive stimulus and thereby alter the gain of the reflex. To determine the pathways, and to understand the role of the nonspiking interneurons in mediating these reflex effects, recordings were made simultaneously from these interneurons and afferent neurons. The excitation of a particular nonspiking local interneuron is produced monosynaptically by the afferent neurons. Chemically mediated EPSPs consistently follow sensory spikes with a latency that is the same as that for the known parallel, direct connections made by these sensory neurons with motor neurons (Burrows, 1987a). The chordotonal afferents and the branches of the local interneurons project to the same regions of neuropil. In contrast, the simplest inhibitory pathway is disynaptic, involving spiking local interneurons. The afferents make direct excitatory connections with some of these spiking interneurons, which then make direct inhibitory connections with a nonspiking interneuron. Interactions between the local interneurons add to the complexity of the pathways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗