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Results for “Paranoid Behavior”

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PubMed1980

Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in subgroups of schizophrenic disorders.

This article summarizes findings from a series of studies that examined platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in patients with nonaffective schizophrenic disorders and schizophrenia-related depressions. The findings indicate that mean platelet MAO activity was not different from control values in the subgroup of nonaffective schizophrenic disorders without auditory hallucinations (that is, the S-1 subgroup). However, mean platelet MAO activity was reduced in the subgroup of nonaffective schizophrenic disorders characterized by the presence of auditory hallucinations often occurring in conjunction with paranoid features (that is, the S-2 subgroup). Moreover, we found that mean platelet MAO activity was increased in schizophrenia-related depressions characterized by histories of chronic asocial, eccentric, or bizarre behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Personality connotations of psychiatric diagnoses. Implications for a similarity model.

The major concern of this study was to identify the personality traits connotated by a number of diagnostic labels such as paranoid, schizoid, hysterical, and cyclothymic. Twenty psychiatrists were given a list of nonpsychotic personality disorders and were asked to indicate what personality traits were typically associated with them. Results showed good agreement among psychiatrists on the personality traits they believed to be implied by the diagnostic terms. A factor analysis of the ratings showed a circular configuration of relative similarity among the different diagnoses. The results are interpreted as indicating that diagnostic labels are types of codes for various sectors of an implicit space of traits, signs, and symptoms.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1983

Personality disorders.

Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible maladaptive traits that cause significant impairment in social and occupational functioning. Categories of personality disorders include paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, borderline, avoidant, dependent, compulsive and passive-aggressive. The inflexible nature of these disorders and the lack of an alternative behavioral repertoire result in an inability to cope with environmental pressure. The goal of management is the development of healthier behavioral responses to stress. A personality change in older patients suggests organic disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Chronic cocaine use as a neuropsychiatric syndrome: a model for debate.

In humans, chronic cocaine abuse is associated with changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathological changes include cerebrovascular events, EEG abnormalities, vasculitis, seizures, and decrements in neurobehavioral performance. The acute administration of cocaine is associated with acute psychotic episodes and paranoid states while withdrawal from the drug is often associated with depressed mood. The mechanistic basis of these behavioral states is not known. Given the structural and functional changes associated with cocaine use, we propose that the chronic heavy use of cocaine may result in a neuropsychiatric syndrome which might be associated with neuropsychological changes that are not obvious during routine clinical evaluation of drug-using individuals. This disconnection syndrome, because of its sublety, might have deleterious effects on both acute and long-term therapeutic interventions with these subjects. An approach which deals with cocaine abuse as a neuropsychiatric disorder might be more beneficial to the long-term goal of treating these patients. This approach entails a neurobehavioral evaluation which will be comprised of a thorough neurological and psychiatric examination, neuropsychological testing, and imaging studies. The results of this evaluation would provide a more rational basis for cognitive and/or pharmacological therapies.

Cocaine↗
PubMed1982

Associative thinking in schizophrenia: a contextualist approach.

Explored the question of whether responses that appeared to be highly pathological on the basis of the word association test did indeed reflect an underlying aberrant associative process or whether the associations actually had a greater degree of meaning than was evident from the test (N = 60). Utilizing contextualist techniques designed by the authors, which were analogous to the word association test but yet measured schizophrenic associative thinking in specific contexts that more closely approximated natural language situations, the quality and purposiveness of the schizophrenics' associations were examined. The word association test technique was judged to be inadequate by itself to account for underlying associative processes involved in schizophrenic associative thought disorder. A majority of responses (70% schizophrenic, 81% nonschizophrenic) judged to be pathological on the basis of the word association test alone became meaningful in the context of a sentence created by the Ss to explain purposively their associations. The schizophrenics' experience of a stimulus word and consequent associations to that word became clearer when placed within an appropriate context (i.e., a sentence), rather than examined as isolated semantic features (as in the word association test).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of factors influencing medication compliance in inpatient treatment of psychotic disorders.

RATIONALE: Short- and long-term compliance to prescribed antipsychotic drugs is of particular concern in regard to medication choice and treatment outcome in the care of psychotic disorders. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated patient-related and treatment-related factors associated with medication compliance in inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or other psychotic disorder. METHODS: Within a naturalistic study in seven psychiatric hospitals, individuals with a psychotic disorder were assessed weekly on mental state, social functioning, side effects, and medication compliance. Logistic regression analyses were computed to assess patient and clinical predictors of medication compliance. RESULTS: We found a significant association between medication compliance and substance abuse (OR 0.52, CI 0.32-0.85), involuntary admission (OR 0.60, CI 0.41-0.89), history of aggressive behavior (OR 0.57, CI 0.38-0.85), and no school graduation (OR 0.59, CI 0.41-0.86). Individuals with pronounced paranoid or negative symptoms were also less compliant in taking their prescribed medication. There was no association between the initial inpatient antipsychotic medication regime and patients' compliance. Individuals who switched from a typical to an atypical antipsychotic drug were more compliant than those with their typical antipsychotic drug maintained. Those with higher medication compliance showed significantly greater improvement of their psychiatric symptoms during the inpatient stay. CONCLUSION: Patient-related in addition to disease-related factors may strongly influence medication compliance. Besides more compliance with atypicals supposed by the literature, there may be a higher propensity for atypical drugs to be prescribed to those assumed to be more compliant.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Effect of some beta-carbolines on phenylethylamine and apomorphine stereotypies in rats.

Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines (THBC:s) have recently been shown to occur in the human body and their role in mental diseases has been discussed. The effect of THBC:s and some other beta-carbolines (25 mg/kg IP) were studied on the stereotypies caused by apomorphine (APO, 2 mg/kg IP) and phenylethylamine (PEA, 50 mg/kg IP) in rats. These effects of dopaminergic drugs like apomorphine as well as of phenylethylamine have sometimes been used as animal models of paranoid schizophrenia. Dose effect relationships were studied from ther most potent substances. All beta-carbolines studied significantly inhibited APO stereotypy. 6-Methoxyharmalan was most effective followed by beta-carboline (BC), tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC), 1-methyl-THBC, 6-methoxy-THBC and 6-hydroxy-THBC. 6-Methoxyharmalan, 6-hydroxy-THBC and BC inhibited also PEA stereotypy. Other substances studied were ineffective. beta-Carbolines did not inhibit PEA and APO stereotypies in the same way. Thus the mode of PEA and APO stereotypies seems to differ, and beta-carbolines seem influence these stereotypies by more than one mechanism. If dopamine hypothesis is valid, the beta-carbolines formed in human body may protect rather than worsen in paranoid psychoses.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

Urinary dimethyltryptamine and psychiatric symptomatology and classification.

The excretion of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was studied amongst 122 recently admitted psychiatric patients and 20 normal subjects. DMT was detected in the urine of 47% of those diagnosed by their psychiatrists as schizophrenic, 38% of those with other non-affective psychoses, 13% of those with affective psychoses, 19% of those with neurotic and personality disorders and 5% of normal subjects. Ninety-nine patients were interviewed in a semi-standardized fashion, and also categorized according to a variety of operational definitions of the psychoses. The operational definitions failed to reveal any group significantly more correlated with urinary DMT than a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia, but a discriminant function analysis of symptomatology could be used to define a group of 21 patients of whom 15 (71%) excreted detectable DMT. There was a general relationship between psychotic symptoms and urinary DMT, but specifically schizophrenic symptoms did not appear to be major determinants of DMT excretion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Charting as a multipurpose treatment intervention for family therapy.

This paper discusses the behavior modification technique of charting as a double-bind communication. Though the procedure was initially employed as a step in demonstrating operant conditioning (7) and later in diagnosis of the antecedents and consequences maintaining undesired behavior (8), it also proved one of the more powerful therapeutic interventions. Literature reviews on treatment programs for obesity (6) and behavioral approaches to marital therapy (2) support this contention. Its efficacy can be explained by integrating the viewpoints of behaviorist and family therapy approaches espoused by Haley (4) and Weakland et al. (9). Following are brief case reports in which charting resulted in quick and sometimes dramatic change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Emotions and personality in complex partial seizures.

Using the emotion profile index (EPI) and the Bear and Fedio personality inventory (PI), we investigated the influence of hemispheric localization of epileptic foci on emotions and personality in 24 patients with complex partial seizure. On the EPI, left patients showed a paranoid and depressed personality and gave a negative image of themselves, whereas right patients rated themselves in a positive way. On the PI, left and right patients showed an epileptic behavioral syndrome. Left patients were more depressed, guilt-ridden and aggressive than right patients.

Aggression↗
PubMed1998

Paranoid cognition in social systems: thinking and acting in the shadow of doubt.

Distrust and suspicion are common and recurring problems at all levels of social organization, ranging from the interpersonal to the collective. Unfortunately, our understanding of the origins and dynamics of such distrust and suspicion remains far from complete. A primary aim of this research, accordingly, was to articulate a new framework for conceptualizing a form of exaggerated distrust and suspicion termed paranoid social cognition. Drawing on recent psychological theory and research, this framework identifies the social cognitive underpinnings of paranoid cognitions. It also specifies some of the situational determinants of such cognition and elaborates on the psychological, behavioral, and social dynamics that sustain them.

Journal Article↗