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PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioartificiality thresholds: oscillations of genetic patenting].

The legal interpretations that both patent offices and courts in the US and in Europe have applied to biotechnological inventions seem to go back an forth in defining to what extent DNA sequences can be patented. This process has given rise to the creation of different thresholds of bioartificiality, and to the blurring of boundaries between what can and cannot be patented. The different legal rules established in both systems during the last decade have been also oscillating between increased international harmonization and concern for the internal regulatory framework.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2003

Renal therapeutics: patent highlights January to June 2003.

Drug-related patents with relevance to renal therapy that were published during the first half of 2003 were identified by searching Current Drugs' Patent fast-alert, evaluated for their relevance, and the most potentially significant of these documents are discussed in this review. Of the 19 documents that are analyzed in depth in this review, two related to renal cell carcinoma, three each to diabetic nephropathy, renal failure and/or allograft preservation or fibrosis, and four to inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme or dipeptidylpeptidase IV, while only two identified potentially novel drug targets for renal therapy. The low number of patents with direct and substantial relevance for renal therapies indicates that kidney diseases are receiving relatively little attention from drug developers, in spite of their substantial impact on public health.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed2003

A comparison of oral ibuprofen and intravenous indomethacin for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Indomethacin is widely accepted as the treatment for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants but it has various side effects. Ibuprofen is the alternative treatment and believed to be less likely to induce side effects. OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy and side effects of ibuprofen versus indomethacin treatment for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants. METHOD: The authors studied 30 infants (gestational age < or = 35 weeks, aged < or = 10 days) who were diagnosed as having symptomatic PDA confirmed by echocardiogram. The infants were randomly assigned to receive three intravenous doses of indomethacin given at 12-hour intervals or three doses of ibuprofen given at 24-hour intervals, starting within ten days of life. The demographic data, rate of clinical closure, need for additional treatment, side effects, complications and the infants' clinical course were recorded within 28 days. RESULTS: The rate of ductal closure was similar with the two treatment regimes. Ductal closure occurred in 7 of 15 infants given ibuprofen (46.67%) and 10 of 15 infants given indomethacin (66.67%). (Relative risk 0.669; 95% confidence interval, 0.328 to 1.364; p = 0.462) The number of infants who needed a second pharmacologic treatment was not significantly different between the two groups, (6 cases in the ibuprofen group, 5 cases in the indomethacin group) but surgical ligation was performed in two cases in the indomethacin group. There was a significant difference in using the diuretic drug (furosemide) in the indomethacin group (11 cases), compared to the ibuprofen group (3 cases), (p = 0.009). More cases of necrotizing enterocolitis were seen in the indomethacin group (66.67% compared to 40% in the ibuprofen group) but there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Ibuprofen has the same efficiency as indomethacin for the treatment of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants and less likely to induce necrotizing enterocolitis and renal toxicity than indomethacin.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

[Transcatheter closure of wide, patent ductus arteriosus in an adult patient with severe pulmonary hypertension-a case report].

A case of a 49-year-old female with patent ductus arteriosus complicated by severe pulmonary hypertension is presented. The patent ductus arteriosus was successfully closed by the Amplatzer duct occluder. The physical capacity improved from functional NYHA class III at baseline to class I one month after the procedure. A significant reduction of systolic blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary resistance was also observed. Indications for transcatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension are discussed.

Balloon Occlusion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transcatheter management of patent ductus arteriosus in sick ventilated small infants.

BACKGROUND: Large patent ductus arteriosus can present in infancy with congestive cardiac failure and superadded pulmonary infection can necessitate mechanical ventilation. Surgical intervention is traditionally indicated for this subset of patients. We present our experience of transcatheter coil closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in such infants. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five infants weighing between 960 gm and 4.1 kg, aged between 17 days and 3 1/2 months were mechanically ventilated because of congestive cardiac failure with pneumonia. Echocardiography showed patient ductus arteriosus with a size of 1.8 to 4.2 mm and adequate ampulla. Bioptome-assisted coil delivery was done and successful patient ductus arteriosus closure was achieved in all. There were two instances of embolization of coils with successful retrieval and redeployment. All infants could be weaned off mechanical ventilation over the next 24-72 hours. A pre-term infant developed a Doppler gradient of 25 mmHg in the descending aorta that decreased to 12 mmHg five months later. There was no significant obstruction to pulmonary artery flow in any child. At three months follow-up, all the five infants were asymptomatic with no residual flow across the patient ductus arteriosus. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter coil closure of moderate to large patent ductus arteriosus is possible in sick ventilated infants weighing below 5 kg. It may be a better alternative to surgery in selected cases in view of minimal morbidity.

Catheter Ablation↗
PubMed2004

Antibacterial agents: patent highlights January to June 2004.

This review presents highlights of 32 patents, published between January and June 2004, detailing different classes of antibacterial agents. Disclosures on novel oxazolidinone derivatives with antibacterial activity continue to dominate patent publications in recent years. Novel oxazolidinone derivatives active against linezolid-resistant cocci are reviewed. Patents on beta-lactam antibiotics focused mainly on developing new processes and formulations to improve cost, purity and pharmacokinetic parameters of existing clinical agents. Disclosures on novel potential dual-acting macrolide-quinolone hybrids designed to overcome erythromycin resistance, and new macrolide derivatives with antimycobacterial activity are described. Also presented are novel antibacterial agents, including peptide deformylase and cell-wall inhibitors, and those with undefined mechanisms of action as potential lead compounds, as well as quinolone and quinoline derivatives.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Transpulmonary surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus with hypothermic circulatory arrest in an adult patient.

Untreated patent ductus arteriosus carries a higher risk in adults than in children, especially when the defect is large (>4.0 mm in diameter), short, or friable. Therefore, various technical precautions have been suggested for application during surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus in an adult. We report the case of a 47-year-old woman with a patent ductus arteriosus who underwent transpulmonary surgical closure of the ductus under hypothermic total circulatory arrest. We discuss the technique in light of the current English-language medical literature.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2005

Managing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) intellectual property rights: the possible role of patent pooling.

Patent applications that incorporate the genomic sequence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, have been filed by a number of organizations. This is likely to result in a fragmentation of intellectual property (IP) rights which in turn may adversely affect the development of products, such as vaccines, to combat SARS. Placing these patent rights into a patent pool to be licensed on a non-exclusive basis may circumvent these difficulties and set a key precedent for the use of this form of mechanism in other areas of health care, leading to benefits to public health.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed2005

[Patent foramen ovale and obstructive sleep apnea: their association and meaning].

The patent foramen ovale is a permanent aperture, similar to a floating membrane, remainder from fetal circulation. It can be easily diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography and/or transcraneal Doppler with contrast. It is being described an increasing number of pathologies, where the presence of a patent foramen ovale can have pathologic significance. The paradoxical embolism considered a rare clinic curiosity, can be an underestimated cause of ischemic stroke. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea present a major prevalence of patent foramen ovale than normal population. In these patients can easily concur, at least theoretically, the basic criteria for paradoxical embolism. In this study, we revised the pathologic implications that can derive from this association.

Foramen Ovale, Patent↗
PubMed1997

DNA patentability--anything but obvious.

The DNA-sequencing blitz, made possible in the early 1980s by improved genetic technology, has descended on the patent office in the form of thousands of patent applications for sequences. Controversy over the obviousness of certain sequences has led to a string of recent cases in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC). In each of three opinions, the court held that DNA sequences are non-obvious, and therefore patentable. Due to a mysterious aversion by the court to apply the standard analyses for obviousness, coupled with a lack of scientific prowess, the CAFC's decisions lack both legal and technical coherence. Also, due to the time lag between invention, application, and appeal, much of the judicial rationale has been based on a level of technology a decade old--primitive by today's standards. A careful application of the obviousness standard in light of today's technology demonstrates that obviousness may yet pose a threat to biotechnologists.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Non-voluntary licensing of antivirals under patent: options the Australian Government should consider in light of a potential bird flu pandemic.

In the face of a potential bird flu pandemic, Australian Federal Health Minister, Tony Abbott, has recently dismissed expert advice that the government should begin, or even publicly consider, authorising generic manufacturers to produce antivirals, such as Tamiflu and Relenza, under patent via non-voluntary licensing methods. This is despite the fact that the demand for antivirals in Australia, and throughout the world, cannot be met by manufacturers under the control of limited patent owners alone. This article proposes that Australian patent law, which allows for non-voluntary licensing when it comes to important public health issues that affect Australian citizens, is relevant in meeting the demand for increased antiviral treatments during a possible bird flu pandemic, domestically and abroad. It argues that the Australian Government must go beyond what is currently being done and investigate and pursue such options.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2007

New ocular therapeutics: a view from the patenting perspective.

This feature article provides an overview of the newest therapeutic developments for ocular diseases, based on patents and patent applications that were published in the 12-month period from November 2005 to October 2006. In contrast to peer-reviewed literature covering breakthroughs in basic science research, the patenting perspective discloses the intentions of the pharmaceutical industry for imminent drug development. Selected documents describing drug delivery, dry eye syndrome, ocular infections and lesions, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration are discussed. The role of RNA interference, which is of particular interest in ophthalmology research, is also highlighted.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1989

[Patent information service at the Moscow Research Institute of Tuberculosis].

The history of the patent information service at the Moscow Research Institute of Tuberculosis, the RSFSR Ministry of Public Health is described and the tendencies to its further development are defined. The main principles of the information system at the Institute, the characteristics of its information reference and retrieval services, the forms and methods used for providing the Republic Special Program with patent information are presented. The problems of the data processing automation are discussed. The influence of the patent information service on advanced levels of scientific and practical activity, as well as invention and rationalization practice is analyzed.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1986

[Value of continuous Doppler velocimetry for the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus].

A study of the curve of wave Doppler ultrasonography of 3 arterial axes (carotid, subclavian and femoral) was performed in 32 children in whom the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus was suspected. A continuous 8 MHz wave directional ultrasonic Doppler apparatus was used. At the level of subclavian and femoral arteries, patent ductus arteriosus is associated with a negative holodiastolic wave on the curve. At the carotid level, disappearance of the physiologic diastolic elevation may be the only change observed. Three groups were studied (1) 15 premature neonates with isolated murmur, (2) 15 premature neonates with respiratory distress and (3) 2 older children. In group 2, diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus relies on clinical signs. A good correlation between Doppler and clinical data and/or TM ultrasonography was observed in 93% of cases.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Perinatal risk assessment for patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants.

Data from 2107 inborn premature infants monitored for hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus were used to develop means for clinically assessing at birth the risk of developing patent ductus arteriosus during the first 30 days of life. The overall 30-day incidence rates in birth weight categories 500 to 999, 1000 to 1499 g, and 1500 to 1750 g were 41, 17, and 7%, respectively. At-birth risk estimates obtainable from the derived multivariate functions ranged from 0 to 78% for the 500 to 999 and 1000- to 1499-g categories, and from 0 to 20% for the 1500- to 1750-g category. The derived risk functions provide for enhanced selectivity in the application of measures for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus in 268 preterm infants.

Over a 2 year period ending in April, 1981, 268 premature infants with birth weight below 1,750 gm underwent operation for a "hemodynamically significant" patent ductus arteriosus. Operations were performed in 13 centers participating in a collaborative study, which was primarily designed to evaluate the role of indomethacin in the management of patent ductus arteriosus. No patient died during the operations, which were done at a median age of 10 days. Eight infants (3%) died within 36 hours after operation. In only one was the death directly attributable to the operative procedure. Hospital mortality (23%) and postoperative morbidity, which included bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pneumothorax, and sepsis, were unrelated to birth weight, age at operation, and degree of preexisting pulmonary disease or preoperative treatment of the infant with indomethacin. Results indicate that surgical ligation is a safe and effective procedure for treating patent ductus arteriosus with large left-to-right shunting in small premature infants.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1984

Value of systolic time intervals in the diagnosis of large patent ductus arteriosus in fluid-restricted and mechanically ventilated preterm infants.

M-mode echocardiographic features suggesting a patent ductus arteriosus are based on two groups of indirect criteria: dilation of the left cardiac cavities and changes of systolic time intervals. The reliability of the first group of criteria has been questioned in fluid-limited, mechanically ventilated preterm infants. The sensitivity of the systolic time intervals in the same circumstances is investigated. Twenty-three patients with a large patent ductus arteriosus were selected. Review of their echocardiograms shows that the sensitivity of the various criteria (expressed as percentage of positivity) was as follows: inversion of the ratio of left ventricular preejection period to right ventricular preejection period, 91.3%; left ventricular preejection period to left ventricular ejection time over right ventricular preejection period to right ventricular ejection time less than 1,83%; left atrium dilation, 74%; shortening of left ventricular preejection period, 70%; dilation of left ventricular internal dimensions in diastole, 65%; increase in left atrium/aorta, 52%; and decrease of left ventricular preejection period to left ventricular ejection time, 48%. Three criteria involving time intervals (left ventricular preejection period to right ventricular preejection period, left ventricular preejection period, and left ventricular preejection period to left ventricular ejection time) had 100% specificity. The lowest specificity was found with criteria involving the left atrium (left atrial to aortic root ratio 75% and left atrium 63%). It is concluded that study of systolic time intervals is a reliable means of detecting preterm infants with hemodynamically significant left-to-right shunt through a patent ductus arteriosus even if the infants are mechanically ventilated and fluid restricted.

Ductus Arteriosus, Patent↗
PubMed1978

Patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension in a cat.

Patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension and right to left shunting of blood flow was diagnosed in a 9-month-old female cat. Because of the pulmonary hypertension, the cat did not have typical signs of patent ductus arteriosus; thus, cardiac angiography and catheterization were utilized to confirm the diagnosis. The patent duct was successfully occluded with a vascular clip.

Animals↗