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PubMed2003

Characterisation of fresh and aged terpenic resins by micro-FTIR and GC-MS analyses of varnishes in XVI-XVII centuries paintings.

Resinous materials, generally added to drying oils, were often employed as final protective films in paintings, both in tempera and oil techniques. Most of the resins used in fine arts come from exudates of plants. Natural resins are mainly composed by terpenoids. Among these resins, dammar, rosin, mastic, elemi gum, Venice turpentine were frequently employed in easel paintings. The aim of this work is the identification of natural resins in samples collected from works of art. In this paper we propose to use micro-FTIR spectrometry as a preliminary and non destructive technique to detect the presence of resinous materials in microsamples collected from paintings, followed by GC-MS analyses to obtain a precise identification of the resin. To reach this aim commercial resins, employed as standard, were analysed previously by micro-FTIR spectrometry and then analysed by GC-MS chromatography, searching characteristic chemical compounds used as "markers" of resins. The results obtained on standards allowed us to successfully analyse samples collected from two works of art: the "Portrait of a Young Gentleman", by Lorenzo Lotto (XVI century), and the "Madonna with the Infant Jesus and Saints": by Carlo Maratta (XVII secolo).

Art↗
PubMed1992

Analysis of reciprocal translocations by chromosome painting: applications and limitations of the technique.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific DNA libraries (chromosome painting) is an important new method for assessing chromosome rearrangements. In the research presented in this paper, two familial reciprocal translocations have been studied in the balanced and unbalanced forms, using both traditional G-banding techniques and chromosome painting. Although for each case two chromosomes were involved in the rearrangement, we found that only one chromosome library was suitable for detecting the translocation. These findings illustrate both the potential and the limitations of chromosome painting as a diagnostic tool in cytogenetics.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Preoperative vaginal preparations for abdominal hysterectomy for the prevention of febrile morbidity: savlon douching vs povidone-iodine painting.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness between savlon solution was douching and povidone-iodine solution painting for reducing febrile morbidity after total abdominal hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical trial. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred and fifty patients at Srinagarind Hospital were scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). All subjects were non-randomly allocated to receive either savlon (1:1000 solutions) douching or povidone-iodine (1% solution) painting as pre-operative vaginal preparations. They also received Cefazolin 1 gm. intravenously before the operation. The principal outcome of the study was febrile morbidity. RESULTS: The overall rate of febrile morbidity was 21 percent. The incidence of febrile morbidity in the savlon vs. povidone-iodine groups was 16 (12/75) and 25 (19/75) percent, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (p-value = 0.16). The odds ratio was 1.78 (95%CI 0.79 to 3.99) and adjusted odds ratio was 2.09(95%CI 0.86 to 5.10) CONCLUSION: The effectiveness between savlon solution douching and povidone-iodine solution painting in conjunction with a prophylactic antibiotic before TAH for reducing febrile morbidity was not significant different.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dystonia in the painting of Matias Grunewald . Epidemic ergotism in the late middle ages].

Mathias Grünewald painted in the Rhin vallee at the time of Albert Dürer and Lucas Cranach. In the first part of the XVI Century he painted for the antonin frïars at Issenheim, place devoted to the care of patients with "St Anthony's fire" or chronic ergotism. He despicted figures with abnormal postures simulating focal and generalized dystonia. It is likely that patients with chronic ergotism modelled for Grünewald and that his paintings are the first artistic representation of dystonia.

Dystonia↗
PubMed1990

Aerobic metabolism and swimming energetics of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta.

Oxygen consumption rates (VO2) were measured for painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) swimming in a respirometer at controlled speeds. Sustained specific swimming speeds ranged from 0.75 to 1.52 body lengths (L) per s. Over most of this range endurance exceeded 30 min. VO2 increased curvillinearly with swimming speed (U) and the maximum active rate was 9 times resting (0.26 ml O2/min), and 3 times routine (0.64 ml O2/min). Mass specific metabolic scope was 228 ml O2/(kg.h), similar to that reported for other active chelonians. Cost of transport increased from 3.86 to 5.72 J/(kg.m) over the speed range tested. Swimming costs for rowing painted turtles are greater than those for marine reptiles utilizing anguilliform or lift-producing hydrofoil propulsion. The increased swimming cost for the amphibious painted turtle suggests that morphological specializations permitting effective terrestrial transport, increase energetic expenditures during swimming.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Distribution of immunogenic cells after painting with the contact sensitizers fluorescein isothiocyanate and oxazolone. Different sensitizers form immunogenic complexes with different cell populations.

The distribution of fluorescent cells in the draining lymph nodes of mice painted with the contact sensitizing agent fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was investigated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Up to 30% of the cells were fluorescent after 18 h and this decreased thereafter becoming undetectable after 4-5 days. Most of the fluorescent cells were morphologically lymphocytes, theta - ve and adherent to nylon wool. Immunogenicity of these cells was tested by injecting them into the footpads of normal mice and measuring contact sensitivity after 6 days. This was restricted to large cells which represented less than 5% of the white cell population and nearly all of which became fluorescent after skin painting. The large fluorescent cells were a mixture of monocytes and lymphocytes. Most of the lymphocytes had surface immunoglobulin. The immunogenicity was reduced by nylon filtration but was not affected by silica and anti-theta. These results showed that the immunogenicity is not associated with T cells. In contrast, similar immunogenic activity in the draining lymph nodes of mice painted with oxazolone is associated with T cells. The results therefore showed that different sensitizers form immunogenic complexes with different cell populations, perhaps in this case becuase of the different water solubilities of FITC and oxazolone. They also suggested that this may cause important differences in antigen presentation, for example in their association with different MHC products.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Toward a behavioral toxicology of paint thinner.

Few experiments have been carried out to evaluate the effects of toxic industrial substances such as the solvents on operant behavior. Laboratory rats trained in a mult FR DRL reinforcement schedule showed a differential impairment in performance when exposed to various doses of paint thinner in the experimental chamber, the FR performance being more sensitive to the solvent than DRL responding. Another study of rats working under a FI schedule suggested that the effects of paint thinner are rate-dependent, a finding which suggests a similarity of thinner with the amphetamines in regard to the behavioral effect. Two other experiments addressed to the behavioral effects of chronic exposure to the solvent showed a decrease in locomotor activity and an impaired acquisition of a complex temporal discrimination task in laboratory rats exposed to paint thinner during four, eight of sixteen weeks. These findings are suggestive of brain dysfunction associated with thinner inhalation but further experiments are needed for more definite conclusions.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1993

Oral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis induced in sialoadenectomized rats painted orally with the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide.

This study examines the effects of xerostomia on the development of mucosal changes proceeding carcinoma in rats painted orally with 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO). Sialoadenectomy enhanced the incidence of focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD) on the palate and tongue of rats painted on the palate with 0.5% 4NQO three times weekly. At one month, no changes were observed. After two months of painting with 4NQO, sialoadenectomized rats, but not controls, had FAD. After three months, FAD was seen in both test and control groups, but the incidence of FAD was higher in the test group and seen more on the palate than on the tongue of xerostomic animals. Neither test nor control animals developed carcinoma within this study period.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic analysis by chromosome sorting and painting: phylogenetic and diagnostic applications.

Chromosome sorting from fluid suspensions of metaphase chromosomes using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter has been used for a number of years to produce chromosome-specific genomic libraries and other reagents for chromosome mapping. Improved techniques for fluorescence in situ hybridisation and the amplification and labelling of sorted chromosomes using degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR have led to the widespread use of chromosome painting both for the resolution of complex chromosome aberrations and for the study of karyotype evolution by cross-species reciprocal chromosome painting. The chromosomes of a large number of different species have been sorted and used to make chromosome-specific paints and already new data challenging results of earlier phylogenetic studies have been obtained. Sorted chromosomes provide the resource for multicolour chromosome analysis of all chromosomes simultaneously. Such reagents are now available for all human and mouse chromosomes and are proving particularly useful in the analysis of cancer chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Interphase chromosome painting of paraffin-embedded tissue in the differential diagnosis of possible germ cell tumors.

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most frequent cancer in men aged 15 to 34 years. These tumors are highly responsive to therapy with platinum-containing regimens, and 80% of cases so treated can be considered cured. Cytogenetically, 80% of GCTs have an i(12p) regardless of tumor site or histopathology, and those that are i(12p) negative have other manifestations of 12p amplification. GCTs occasionally arise extragonadally, and such cases can be especially difficult to distinguish from poorly differentiated somatic carcinomas, a situation that poses a diagnostic and treatment dilemma We developed a technique for two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization chromosome painting on nuclei released from paraffin-embedded sections. In four tumors for which GCT was a differential diagnosis, we examined the 12p and 12q chromosome arm distributions by this technique. By use of 12p and 12q painting probes developed by microdissection, 12p and 12q were distinguished and their relative distributions evaluated. In each of the four cases, 12p regions seemed to be rearranged and over-represented relative to 12q regions. In three of the cases, an apparent i(12p) could be identified. These results support a diagnosis of GCT or GCT origin in these four cases. In tumors for which specific cytogenetic abnormalities are known, chromosome painting by fluorescence in situ hybridization using paraffin-embedded tissue is a useful technique to aid in the diagnosis of tumors that are difficult to differentiate. The patients can then be placed on treatment regimens appropriate for their specific tumor type.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health hazards in drawing and painting.

Most health hazards in drawing and painting fall into two primary categories: volatile organic solvents used in many painting mediums and fixatives for dry drawing mediums; and respirable powders and dusts such as powdered pigments and dyes, which may be toxic and/or suspected or known carcinogens. User safeguards, such as appropriate ventilation and protective attire, and protection of the environment through careful emission and waste disposal, can be readily implemented with the education of artists and their employers. This chapter succinctly outlines the risk factors, symptomatology, and remedies to assist medical professionals in providing diagnosis and treatment.

Allergens↗
PubMed1999

Novel method for the production of multiple colour chromosome paints for use in karyotyping by fluorescence in situ hybridisation.

The development of 24-colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) has led to significant advances in cytogenetic research and offers the potential for automated karyotypic analysis. However, these techniques are not in routine research or clinical use because of limitations in methods of probe preparation. This article presents new probe construction protocols and strategies for multiple-colour karyotyping by chromosome painting, which makes the technique more efficient and may lead to more widespread implementation. We used paints generated by our protocols to demonstrate the presence of a cryptic translocation t(13;11;22) in the paediatric sarcoma cell line RMS 1598.

Chromosome Painting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aragonite in Roman wall paintings of the VIII(a) Regio, Aemilia, and X(a) Regio, Venetia et Histria.

In the Roman wall paintings different white colours were used, named Paraetonium, Melinum, Anularia, Eretria, Argentaria, etc. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction were applied to study different white pigments, such as calcite, aragonite, dolomite and huntite, white carbonates present in archaeological findings from Roman walls in the Mediterranean region. This study showed that it is possible to distinguish and identify these components in white colours. About 450 samples of Roman wall paintings were analysed and it was observed that often aragonite is associated to precious coloured pigments. On the basis of the obtained results some considerations about the period in which the different kinds of white pigments were used are proposed.

Calcium Carbonate↗
PubMed2002

Results of an intervention to improve lead safety among painting contractors and their employees.

BACKGROUND: Residential and commercial painters disturb lead paint on older buildings, exposing workers and potentially building occupants. An intervention strategy was evaluated for improving lead safety in these small businesses. METHODS: Twenty-one painting contractors received 32 hr of training, technical assistance, and a safety manual; their employees attended an 8-hr training session. Impact evaluation involved interviewing participants at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 1 year later, and conducting contractor focus groups post-intervention. RESULTS: Employers met 15 of 27 target objectives and workers met 3 of 12; however, even in areas where objectives were not met, both groups made improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Motivated contractors and their employees can make moderate improvements in lead-safe practices if provided with extensive training and technical assistance. Changes that are costly, unfamiliar, or perceived as a threat to work quality are more difficult to implement.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Solvent-associated decrements in olfactory function in paint manufacturing workers.

To assess the effects of low-level organic solvent exposure on olfactory function, a cross-sectional study in paint manufacturing workers was undertaken. Workers in two paint manufacturing facilities (N = 187) were tested using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), a standardized, quantitative test of olfactory function. Industrial hygiene air samples over the past 13-15 years revealed that average solvent exposures in these plants were 2-40% of the existing threshold limit values for the three chemicals measured. Stratification by smoking status revealed evidence of dose-related decrements in olfactory function (p = .01) only in non-smokers. Furthermore, those nonsmoking workers in the highest exposure category had UPSIT scores below the fifth percentile for their age. These results suggest that solvents may cause nervous system dysfunction at lower levels than previously suspected, and that the olfactory system may be a critical target organ for the neurotoxic effects of solvents and other chemicals.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

An angel with Down syndrome in a sixteenth century Flemish Nativity painting.

Artistic representation of malformation syndromes has been of ongoing interest, often as a point of departure for discussion of medical history. We have identified a 16th-century Flemish Nativity painting in which one angelic figure appears distinctly different from other individuals in the painting with an appearance of Down syndrome. Several prior observers have identified Down syndrome in premodern art, sometimes stimulating ongoing discussions concerning its history, its prevalence, and its relationship to hypothyroidism. This may be one of the earliest European representations of Down syndrome. The depiction of an individual with Down syndrome as an angel raises several questions regarding the status of such an individual in late medieval times and societal recognition of minor anomalies, as contrasted with major malformations, in their predictive value for disabilities. In contrast, Langdon Down's description of the condition occurred only after evolution of concepts regarding the clinical significance of physical appearance and measurement.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Multidirectional chromosome painting reveals a remarkable syntenic homology between the greater galagos and the slow loris.

We report on the first reciprocal chromosome painting of lorisoids and humans. The chromosome painting showed a remarkable syntenic homology between Otolemur and Nycticebus. Eight derived syntenic associations of human segments are common to both Otolemur and Nycticebus, indicative of a considerable period of common evolution between the greater galago and the slow loris. Five additional Robertsonian translocations form the slow loris karyotype, while the remaining chromosomes are syntenically equivalent, although some differ in terms of centromere position and heterochromatin additions. Strikingly, the breakpoints of the human chromosomes found fragmented in these two species are apparently identical. Only fissions of homologs to human chromosomes 1 and 15 provide significant evidence of a cytogenetic link between Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes. The association of human chromosomes 7/16 in both lorisoids strongly suggests that this chromosome was present in the ancestral primate genome.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Persistence of chromosome aberrations following acute radiation: I, PAINT translocations, dicentrics, rings, fragments, and insertions.

Chromosome translocations are used to estimate the doses of radiation received following occupational or accidental exposure. Biodosimetry relies on the assumption that translocations are not cell-lethal and persist with little or no loss over time. While translocations do exhibit substantially greater persistence than other aberration types (e.g., dicentrics), there is evidence that translocation frequencies also decline over time, at least following acute doses above 1 Gy. To the extent that translocation frequencies decline, the predicted absorbed doses will be underestimated. Yet unknown is whether translocations induced by ionizing radiation at doses below 1 Gy also show significant declines. Here we report on the persistence of translocations induced by 137Cs gamma-rays at acute doses ranging from 0.2 to 4 Gy using peripheral blood lymphocytes from two unrelated healthy male donors. Chromosome aberrations were evaluated by simultaneously painting chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 in red and 3, 5, and 6 in green in cells harvested 2-7 days following exposure and were scored using the PAINT system. Translocations were also enumerated using several other methods and these results are reported separately by us in this issue. For comparison, the persistence of dicentrics, rings, acentric fragments, and color junctions was also evaluated and showed rapid losses with time. The results from both donors provide evidence that translocation frequencies decline with time in a statistically significant manner at doses as low as 0.2-0.3 Gy. The frequency of translocations for all dose groups declined from day 2 to 7 by averages of 39% and 26% for donors 1 and 2, respectively. These data emphasize the importance of considering translocation loss in biological dosimetry long times after exposure.

Adult↗