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PubMed2006

The wish for revenge.

The wish for revenge is a ubiquitous response to narcissistic injury, and particularly to the narcissistic injury that accompanies oedipal defeat. Vengeful fantasy serves to represent and manage rage and to restore the disrupted sense of self and internalized imagining audience that have resulted from injury. Clinical and literary examples demonstrate the split within the representation of the self and the imagining other that underlies the wish for revenge, and the way that this split operates differently in the psychic economy of the transiently and the chronically vengeful.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

"La manie d'ecrire": psychology, auto-observation, and case history.

This essay examines the modern psychiatric case study as a scientific method and as a genre of writing about the self. As psychological discourse became a privileged language of selfhood at the fin de siècle, the penultimate signifier of the self came to be found in the realm of sexuality, in the particular contours of an individual's sexual desire. The investigative tool used to uncover these secrets of identity was the case history. This article concerns an influential project of sexual research based on "auto-observations"-autobiographical patient narratives-conducted by Dr. Georges Saint-Paul, who published under the inverted pseudonym "Laupts." The article focuses on the central autobiography of his collection, the "roman d'un inverti," and related sexological literature to suggest how this emphasis on patient stories in psychiatric writing engendered new narrative possibilities for doctors and patients alike. Putting patient stories at the center of psychiatric investigation created a new relationship between patient and doctor, observation and diagnosis, subject and discourse. The tools of psychological observation simultaneously placed a subject's confession more firmly at the center of the investigation and made it more open to interpretation by nonspecialists. Rather than simply confirming the authority of the trained observer, the story of Laupts's enquête suggests that the method actually authorized inquiry by others.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2006

Suppression of neutral and trauma targets: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Recent findings suggest that thought suppression may lead to increased intrusive thoughts for trauma survivors, paradoxically increasing symptoms. Participants with trauma history, 31 with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 34 without PTSD, engaged in neutral white bear and trauma suppression tasks. A group difference was found for the trauma task and not for the neutral task. For the trauma task, both groups demonstrated an increase of trauma thoughts during suppression, but the PTSD group continued to report trauma thoughts at a higher level than the no-PTSD group post-suppression. These findings suggest that it is not an individual's general suppression ability, but the content of thoughts suppressed that leads to problems with intrusions for those with PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Self-inflicted tourniquet paralysis mimicking acute demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Tourniquet paralysis is an uncommon complication of surgery, and self-inflicted tourniquet paralysis has never been documented to our knowledge. We report a patient with bilateral self-induced tourniquet paralysis of the lower extremities, whose symptoms were initially attributed to an acute demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy based on clinical presentation and electrodiagnostic study. After investigations failed to reveal a cause, he was found to have placed tourniquets on his legs because of a rare obsession with limb amputation known as apotemnophilia. Significant spontaneous partial resolution of clinical symptoms was noted after 6 weeks. Electrophysiologic evidence of segmental demyelination of multiple motor nerves localized to the same region may help to distinguish this condition from other forms of acute demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

Features resembling Tourette's syndrome in developmental stutterers.

Developmental stuttering (DS) may be related to the extrapyramidal motor system and shares many clinical similarities with Tourette's syndrome (TS), which is widely believed to be associated with extrapyramidal dysfunction. Twenty-two stutterers were examined for neuropsychiatric features commonly seen in TS, including tics, obsessive-compulsive behaviors (OCB), and attention deficit disorders. Eleven stutterers displayed motor tics, and symptoms of OCB were observed at rates similar to those seen in persons with TS. Few stutterers demonstrated significant attentional deficits. Findings are consistent with models suggesting extrapyramidal involvement in DS and raise the possibility that DS and TS are pathogenetically related.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings.

This case study describes in detail two autistic siblings who were mentioned in Rimland's analysis of checklists for psychotic children, as the only pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings (Rimland, 1971). One of the children, a nonverbal girl, now 13 years old, who developed epileptic seizures at age 41/2, shows all symptoms of early infantile autism even today. Her brother, now 24 years old, however, does not fit any of the known psychopathological patterns of childhood. The boy showed all symptoms of early infantile autism, but also some of the main characteristics of childhood schizophrenia and austic psychopathy. It is suggested that we are dealing perhaps with an unusual mixed type falling within a broad category of genetically determined types of autistic disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Influences of dopaminergic systems on the blink reflex.

The effect of the anti-dopaminergic drug haloperidol (6 mg/day i.m. for 2 days) on the blink reflex elicited by electric stimulation of supraorbital nerves was investigated in 12 adult volunteers. A significant increase in amplitude of the early component (R1) of the reflex was observed. This increase disappeared within 5 days of stopping the drug. Possible neural systems which might be involved in these effects are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Family environment, intrusive ideation, and adjustment among renal transplant candidates.

Waiting for an organ transplant is a stressful experience frequently associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Little empirical work has examined patients during the stressful period prior to transplantation, particularly among patients waiting for a renal transplant. A large body of research has demonstrated that social and family support variables are associated with psychological adjustment in a variety of medical populations. Little research has examined the mechanism by which social support exerts its effects on psychological well-being. We examined two possible models of the role of intrusive thoughts on the relationship between a supportive family environment and both depression and anxiety in a sample of 75 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) waiting for a kidney transplant. Path analyses provided modest support for a mediational model, showing that intrusive thoughts partly accounted for the relationship between family expressiveness and psychological distress. A moderational model examining the interactive effects of family environment and intrusive thinking on adjustment was not supported.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire.

AIM: To validate a questionnaire for the diagnosis of orhorexia oervosa, an eating disorder defined as "maniacal obsession for healthy food". MATERIALS AND METHODS: 525 subjects were enrolled. Then they were randomized into two samples (sample of 404 subjects for the construction of the test for the diagnosis of orthorexia ORTO-15; sample of 121 subjects for the validation of the test). The ORTO-15 questionnaire, validated for the diagnosis of orthorexia, is made-up of 15 multiple-choice items. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The test we proposed for the diagnosis of orthorexia (ORTO 15) showed a good predictive capability at a threshold value of 40 (efficacy 73.8%, sensitivity 55.6% and specificity 75.8%) also on verification with a control sample. However, it has a limit in identifying the obsessive disorder. For this reason we maintain that further investigation is necessary and that new questions useful for the evaluation of the obsessive-compulsive behavior should be added to the ORTO-15 questionnaire.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Obsessional personality features in employed Japanese adults with a lifetime history of depression: assessment by the Munich Personality Test (MPT).

BACKGROUND: Although a number of studies have reported on the association between obsessional personality features as measured by the Munich Personality Test (MPT) "Rigidity" scale and depression, there has been no examination of these relationships in a non-clinical sample. METHODS: The dimensional scores on the MPT were compared between subjects with and without lifetime depression, using a sample of employed Japanese adults. The odds ratio for suffering from lifetime depression was estimated by multiple logistic regression analysis. To diagnose a lifetime history of depression, the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, Lifetime version (IDDL) was used. RESULTS: The subjects with lifetime depression scored significantly higher on the "Rigidity" scale than the subjects without lifetime depression. In our logistic regression analysis, three risk factors were identified as each independently increasing a person's risk for suffering from lifetime depression: higher levels of "Rigidity", being of the female gender, and suffering from current depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The MPT "Rigidity" scale is a sensitive measure of personality features that occur with depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Neurobiology of an addiction memory.

The existence of an "addiction memory" (AM) and its importance in relapse occurrence and maintenance of learned addictive behaviour will be explained with neurobiological and clinical arguments. Because the human brain is an open learning system, which reveals its own neuronal connectivity through the experience of the perceived environment with its own state, the personal AM is interpreted as an individual acquired software disturbance in relation to selectively integrating "feedback loops" and "comparator systems" of neuronal information processing. This is in accordance with the experience that the AM and its specific cue reactivity can be activated at any time by relapse-endangering complex internal and/or external situations with cue stimulated craving. The AM becomes part of the personality represented on the molecular level via the neuronal level and the neuropsychological level, especially in the episodic memory. This neurobiological unchangeable imprinted addictive behaviour with "loss of control" and "obsessive-compulsive craving" was also found in a long-term learning model with rats (Wolffgramm). Identical homological phylogenetically old brain structures for learning mechanisms allow the comparison between human and animal behaviour. The AM seems to be a clinical-empirical proved reality. It is compatible with recently discussed results of neurosciences.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Obsessive compulsive behaviour and depressive symptoms in young people with Tourette syndrome. A controlled study.

Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterised by multiple motor and one or more vocal tics. There have been no controlled studies using standardised instruments of depressive symptoms and obsessive compulsive symptomatology (OCS) in young people with TS. We completed a study of phenomenology and psychopathology in children with TS, including a controlled evaluation of the association between depressive symptoms, OCS, and TS. 57 people aged 15 or under with TS were recruited. Phenomenology and psychopathology were assessed using standardised instruments. The association between TS, depressive symptoms and obsessionality was investigated using 75 age- and gender-matched controls. There were high levels of depressive symptomatology and OCS in the TS group. Twenty-three (40 %) had carried out self-injurious behaviours and 34 (60 %) met criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Depressive symptoms and obsessionality were higher in the TS cohort compared with the control group; this excess persisted after adjustment for the effects of age, gender and comorbidity between depression and obsessionality. This study demonstrates high levels of psychopathology in children with TS, including ADHD, OCS and depressive symptoms. The findings illustrate the potentially complex, challenging combination of difficulties encountered by children with TS and those who care for them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The temperament and character inventory in women with migraine.

The purpose of this work was to investigate: (1) the differences in temperament and character between 49 women with migraine and 49 controls using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and (2) the extent to which these differences were related to migraine or to the presence of comorbid depression. The migraine patients scored significantly higher than the controls in two temperament dimensions-Harm Avoidance (HA) and Persistence (P)-and significantly lower in one character dimension-Self-Directedness (SDir) (Student's t). After multiple logistic regression, the TCI P and HA dimensions were significantly associated with the presence of migraine. The HA dimension was also related to the presence of depression. Our results show that in migraine the higher HA score could be partly associated to comorbid depression while the high P dimension seems to be solely related to the presence of migraine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Adult baby syndrome.

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Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2007

Brief report: error pattern in an autistic savant calendar calculator.

Special ability in computing the day of the week from given dates was observed in a 18 years old male, L.E., suffering from autism. Neuropsychological testing revealed severe deficits in all cognitive domains and poor explicit knowledge of calendar structure. The subject scored well above the chance level on dates of the past and future decades. Error rate and response latency increased with temporal remoteness of dates. Most of errors were in indicating the weekday before or after that of date stimulus. The performance and error pattern suggest that L.E. used "encapsulated" computation algorithm(s) for the day of week task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Emotional processing.

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Adaptation, Psychological↗