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PubMed1995

[The delivery of ophthalmological care in World War II].

The basic questions of organization of the military field ophthalmology were worked out by B. L. Poliak and tested on practice before the Great Patriotic war during Japanese conflict on the Khalka [correction of Khalkhin-Gol] River and in Soviet-Finnish war. Ophthalmological care during the Great Patriotic war had a number of innovations, such as stitching of fibrotic membrane, electromagnetic removal of foreign bodies, and application of complex treatment made it possible to lower the cases of preventive enucleation and reduce the time of plastic operations. In the result of these methods the blindness came to 3.9% (in US Army--5.1%).

Eye Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thirty years of cryo-ophthalmology. Work dedicated to the memory of Dr. Tadeusz Krwawicz].

It is 30 years since Krwawicz presented a new method of cataract surgery at low temperature. This operation was not only widely accepted, but also showed the possibilities of the use of low temperature in medicine. It soon became apparent that such methods might be helpful in treating a number of eye diseases. This was beginning of a new branch of ophthalmology, cryoophthalmology. The paper presents its development, its position in ophthalmology and the latest achievements. After the 30 years, cryoophthalmology has preserved its importance and its constant evolution; it remains the subject of investigations of many research centres.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed1975

CI-744 anesthesia for ophthalmological examination and surgery in monkeys.

CI-744 is a new agent for chemical restraint and surgical anesthesia in animals, consisting of equal parts by weight of the cataleptoid agent tiletamine-HCl and the tranquilizer zolazepam-HCl. We have used it in the intramuscular dose of five to ten milligrams per kilogram to anesthetize 110 cynomolgus and 10 vervet monkeys a total of 1,500 times for various ophthalmological procedures. At these dosages its characteristics of action were rapid onset, thirty of fifty minutes of surgical depth anesthesia during which there was excellent muscular relaxation and an absence of ocular movements, a very gradual emergence, and no adverse after effects. In these monkey species, we judge CI-744 superior to phencyclidine or methohexital as a short-acting general anesthetic for most ophthalmological procedures.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1993

[The prospects for improving medical care for minor casualties and patients in ophthalmology].

As for modern war the casualty rate of ophthalmological minor wounded will be approximately 1.7% of all sanitary losses. The improvement of medical care to this category of patients will be possible if some organizational principles are observed: selection of these patients into a separate group in order to promote their rapid evacuation to the hospital for minor wounded (HMW); existence of physician-ophthalmologist at the stage of secondary care for qualified triage, immediate and holding care, and pre-evacuation procedures; application of modern ophthalmological facilities in field conditions; optic correction of sight in patients at HMW.

Eye Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The relationship between work and vision in a preventive medicine context: the initial guidelines for a correct ergonomic ophthalmological approach proposed by the Italian Group for the Study of the Relationship between Work and Vision (G.I.L.V.). II. The method].

In view of the numerous problems concerning the relationship between work and vision, the Italian Group for the Study of Work/Vision Relationships has developed a document that sets out initial guidelines for environmental monitoring and health surveillance in ergophthalmology. Particular emphasis is given to fact-finding inspections and collection of subjective assessments that will enable the occupational health physician to identify any adverse factors in the working environment and assess the visual effort of the operators. The importance of cooperation between occupational health physicians and ophthalmologists in the various phases of ergophthalmological assessment is stressed. An analytical list is provided of the parameters that the ophthalmologist should measure during eye examination as well as the appropriate assessments that the occupational health physician should perform if an ophthalmological specialist is not available. Suggestions for periodic controls on the basis of visual effort and ophthalmological status are made. It is the task of the occupational health physician to establish the fitness or otherwise of the patients for the job, and for this the Group is preparing further documents.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1995

Specification of a computer-based information system for ophthalmology using modeling and simulation techniques.

A model of an information system for ophthalmologic practices has been constructed using an object-oriented development environment. This model allows us to dynamically visualize the proceedings in a medical environment by graphical means. The model includes an object-oriented basis data model for ophthalmologic applications and tools for the medical staff e.g., a patient record browser. Special (sub)systems can be integrated into the basis model. Some aspects of the development process will be discussed.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ophthalmologic electromagnetic stimulator OFTEMAGS].

The design of an OFTEMAGS ophthalmological electromagnetic stimulator, its new therapeutical factor (the pulse low-frequency field combined with a static magnetic field), and its brief specifications) are dealt with. A procedure for treating eye diseases and recommendations how to use the therapeutical factor in ophthalmology are given.

Corneal Ulcer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recertification of professional competence. American Board of Ophthalmology.

Recognizing the steady expansion of medical knowledge, the societal desire to ensure the best possible medical care, and governmental concern for verification of physician competence, the American Board of Ophthalmology is preparing to offer a voluntary recertification program for Diplomates of the Board who wish to establish current professional competence. Pertinent to this program, consideration is given to the rationale for periodic recertification, relevant actions by representative specialty boards and the American Board of Medical Specialties, and fuidelines for development of a recertification process by the American Board of Ophthalmology. These guidelines are set forth to provide a basis for study and evaluation by all interested parties. By thoughtful, broadly based, and coordinated consideration, policies will evolve to serve concurrently the best interest of the general public and of the ophthalmic profession.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Training at the African Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology in Bamako].

The African Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology (AITO) is an OCCCMED institute, founded in Bamako in 1953. The OCCCMED itself is based at Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). AITO is a WHO collaborating center for the prevention of blindness. Training is one of the main activities of the institute, along with eye care, research and assessment. The prevalence of blindness in sub-Saharan countries is about 1.2%, with blindness mostly caused by cataracts, trachoma, glaucoma and onchocercosis. The demand for eye care is high but there are currently too few trained personnel to satisfy that demand. Therefore, AITO's role in training eye-care professionals is particularly important. The institute trains ophthalmologists, specialist nurses, eye surgeons (who remove cataracts) and spectacle manufacturers. Training is carried out within the framework of the community and apprenticeship in the workplace. The student must attain specific targets, listed in a "competency passport" issued at the start of training. Clinical and surgical ophthalmology and general eye care are taught. Training costs and grants are mostly paid by the Lions Club International Sight First Program or by the French Overseas Development Ministry. Since 1991, AITO has trained to graduation: 18 ophthalmologists; 24 eye surgeons; 83 specialist nurses; 16 spectacle manufacturers.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1988

The neuro-ophthalmologic spectrum of the rostral basilar artery syndrome.

A broad range of neuro-ophthalmologic signs occurs with the rostral basilar artery syndrome (RBAS) and transient ischemia or infarction of the midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, paramedian diencephalon, and posterior temporal and occipital lobes. The pattern of affected neuroanatomic regions results in diverse patterns of interrelated functional disabilities in the areas of vertical gaze, nystagmus, oculomotor function, pupillary reactivity, visual fields, color vision, and visual illusions. With increasing recognition of more clinically benign forms of RBAS, it has become apparent that the vascular syndrome is often improperly diagnosed and may be associated with remediable occult medical disorders. To facilitate the acquisition of accurate diagnostic and therapeutic information, neuro-ophthalmologic signs were prospectively assessed in 61 patients with RBAS. The clinicoanatomic correlates of these diverse ocular manifestations are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Ophthalmologic findings in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Forty-one homosexually active men had ophthalmologic and immunologic evaluations. Four of eight with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) had abnormal ocular findings that included cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhages, cytomegalovirus, retinitis and conjunctivitis due to cytomegalovirus, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The other four patients with AIDS and 33 homosexual male controls had normal ocular examinations. Patients with AIDS and abnormal eye findings had a notably lower total leukocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count, percentage T-helper lymphocytes, helper-suppressor lymphocyte ratio, hematocrit level, and platelet count than patients with AIDS and normal results on eye examination or controls. All patients with AIDS and abnormal eye examination results died; the four other patients with AIDS and normal eye findings remain alive. These observations suggest that ophthalmologic abnormalities are common in patients with AIDS, are associated with severe immunoregulatory abnormalities, and carry a poor prognosis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Ophthalmologic findings in the fragile X syndrome.

The fragile X (Fra[X]) syndrome is a commonly encountered X-linked recessive chromosomal disorder associated with mental retardation that primarily affects males. The demonstration of a fragile site in the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq27-28) through special culture techniques confirms the diagnosis. Phenotypic features are often lacking, especially in early life. We studied the ophthalmologic and clinical characteristics of 15 patients (13 male and two female) with the Fra(X) syndrome and reviewed the clinical picture of the disorder. Strabismus was the most prevalent ophthalmologic abnormality and was observed in six patients. The frequent occurrence of strabismus in our series suggests that it is a commonly associated abnormality. It is recommended that the Fra(X) syndrome be added to the list of genetic and dysmorphic disorders with which strabismus is frequently associated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Coloboma and other ophthalmologic anomalies in Kabuki syndrome: distinction from charge association.

Kabuki (Niikawa-Kuroki) syndrome is associated with growth retardation, developmental delay, congenital heart disease, cleft palate, and characteristic facial features. Although the external appearance of the eyes has been well-described, the type and frequency of structural and functional eye anomalies has not been emphasized. We report three children with Kabuki syndrome who also had a retinal coloboma. A diagnosis of CHARGE association was initially suggested in two of the patients before the typical facial features of Kabuki syndrome emerged. A detailed review of reported cases of Kabuki syndrome shows that a variety of eye anomalies are associated with Kabuki syndrome. The incidence of coloboma is greatly increased in Kabuki syndrome. Thus, ophthalmologic abnormalities are frequently associated with Kabuki syndrome, and an ophthalmologic evaluation should be performed for each patient. Phenotypic overlap, including congenital heart, ear, and renal defects, can lead to the diagnosis of CHARGE association, especially since the typical facial features of Kabuki syndrome may not be apparent in early infancy. Thus, Kabuki syndrome should be considered in patients with coloboma if other features consistent with this condition are present, and follow-up evaluations are indicated for establishing the proper diagnosis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2005

Escobar variant with pursed mouth, creased tongue, ophthalmologic features, and scoliosis in 6 children from Oman.

We report on six Omani children from two consanguineous families, with a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome defined by arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, typical facial appearance, ophthalmologic anomalies, atrophic calf muscles, and interdigital, neck and axillar pterygia. In addition, the patients present unique features as a furrowed tongue and enlarged corneal nerves, undescribed previously in association with other distal arhtrogryposis syndromes (DA). The patients can be classified as multiple pterygium syndrome (Escobar syndrome) but display overlapping features with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome and arthrogryposis with ophthalmologic abnormalities. We excluded two known arthrogryposis loci on chromosome 9p13 (TPM2) and 11p15 (TNNI2, TNNT3). We conclude that our patients display a subtype of multiple pterygium syndrome with overlapping features to other DAs.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1977

Electro-ophthalmology and side-effects of drugs.

Diagnostic procedures have to be directed towards the prevention of irreversible changes. In this respect, patients using chloroquine have to be examined at least once a year. The most sensitive methods for detecting early reversible changes are the electro-oculogram and static perimetry. The latter is probably more specific. Concerning ethambutol, the patients themselves are aware of the onset because a decrease in visual acuity and a central scotoma are early and reversible symptoms. In these cases electro-ophthalmology is of help when the diagnosis is doubtful. Iatrogenic effects of other drugs are not seen regularly in our electro-ophthalmological departments.

Chloroquine↗
PubMed1989

Hysterical symptoms in ophthalmology.

Ophthalmologic symptoms are often not sufficiently accounted for by organic pathology. The complaints of these patients have been labeled hysterical, psychogenic, non-organic, or functional. The psychiatric nosology in this area may be the most confusing in the whole field of clinical medicine. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) offers a classification designed to reduce non-empirical concepts and ideology to a minimum. On this background, we discuss the hysterical symptoms encountered in clinical ophthalmology with special emphasis on psychogenic amblyopia and blepharospasm. Motor symptoms are commonly not of psychogenic origin. It is suggested that ophthalmologists are most likely to treat patients with psychogenic symptoms, using suggestion, patience, and reassurance. Few patients require psychiatric consultation and a specific psychiatric therapy. The association of hysteria with organic brain disease and the issue of symptom lateralization are briefly discussed. Eventually, we reject the psychoanalytic approach and suggest that the concept of abnormal illness behavior and the neurobiological models involving corticofugal inhibition, primitive reflex mechanisms, and an attention disturbance, serve best to understand the nature of the phenomenon hysteria.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1979

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with retinal pigment dystrophy and protanopia. Neurological, ophthalmological and genetic study of a family.

Neurological, ophthalmological and genetic investigations were performed on a family, a member of which presented with a rare association of tapeto-retinal degeneration, protanopia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and asked for genetic counseling. The neurological enquiry was completed by measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity in several completed by measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity in several members of the family. The propositus was submitted to a muscle biopsy. The ophthalmological examination included ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, electroretinogram and electrooculogram. The propositus, a woman aged 40, had typical CMT disease and her father also had a mild form of it. She had protanopia as had her father, her son and her nephew. In addition she had large macular pigmented changes, described as retinal dystrophy, "flavus flavimaculatus." Her mother had only senile pigmented modification of the fundus and her three daughters had mild macular pigmented changes, like "salt and pepper." Two genes are probably involved: one for protanopia with X linked recessive inheritance, the other responsible of CMT and tapeto-retinal degeneration, with an autosomal dominant inheritance, giving a 50% risk of recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Chiasmal syndrome. Ophthalmological and neuro-radiological aspects.

The chiasmal syndrome has distinct ophthalmological features such as visual field loss, optic disc changes, decrease in visual acuity, ocular motor disturbances and exophthalmos. However, the pathological processes in the chiasmal region often give rise to differential diagnostic problems. Before the era of computer tomography (CT) these processes could only be visualized by means of indirect or invasive examination techniques. After introduction of computer tomography these processes could be identified much more easily. The ophthalmological findings are discussed. The most frequent causes of chiasmal syndrome are demonstrated on CT scan. The neuroradiological differential diagnosis of an enlarged sella turcica is given.

Adenoma↗