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PubMed2004

Fatty acid composition of serum, adipose tissue, and liver in rats fed diets containing corn oil or cottonseed oil.

There have been few studies on the effect of cottonseed oil (CSO), one of the most commonly used vegetable oils in the United States, on indices of lipid status either in the rat or in any other species. Previous studies with rats have focused on the effect of CSO, versus that of other vegetable oils, on the concentration of cholesterol in serum and liver or on a limited number of fatty acids in serum, adipose tissue, or liver. The present study was designed to compare more fully than in previous studies the effect of CSO to that of corn oil (CO) on the fatty acid composition of serum, adipose tissue, and liver. Two groups of male rats (n = 10 each) were used, each fed one of two purified diets containing 100 g/kg of either CO or CSO. Between-group differences included higher values (mol% total fatty acids) in adipose tissue for palmitic acid and stearic acid, but lower values in serum, adipose tissue, and liver for cis-vaccenic acid and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) for the CSO group than the CO. In addition, values in serum, adipose tissue, and liver for alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and its metabolite, docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), were lower for the CSO group than the CO. There was no effect of diet on serum or tissue levels of n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, dihomo-y-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid). Differences in fatty acid compositions noted, e.g., those for C18:ln-9 and C22:6n-3, mainly reflected compositional differences between the two oils. Thus, use of CSO rather than CO affected serum and tissue concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) but had no effect on n-6 PUFA status.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Lipids and tocopherols in serum and liver of female rats fed diets containing corn oil or cottonseed oil.

Growing female rats were fed diets containing either corn oil (CO) or cottonseed oil (CSO) to determine if the previously reported lowering effect of CSO versus CO on serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was sex specific and to compare the effect of these two oils on serum and tissue concentrations of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) and RRR-gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T), the two major tocopherols in these oils. In a 4-week study, groups of rats (n = 10 each) were fed diets containing 100 g/kg of either CO or CSO. TC was lower for group CSO than group CO. Serum concentrations of HDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglycerides (TGs), as well as the TC/ HDL-C ratio and the hepatic concentrations of cholesterol and TGs, were unaffected by diet. For serum and liver, between-group differences were noted for the concentrations of alpha-T (where values were higher for group CSO) and gamma-T (where values were lower for group CSO). These differences reflected differences between the oils in their concentrations of these tocopherols. Thus, CSO has a lowering effect on TC for both sexes, but on HDL-C for male animals only; replacement of CO with CSO results in changes in tocopherol status.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing equal levels of gamma-linolenic acid from high gamma-linolenic acid canola oil or borage oil.

We have utilized transgenic technology to develop a new source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) using the canola plant as a host. The aim of the present study was to compare the growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed equal amounts of GLA obtained from the transgenic canola plant relative to GLA from the borage plant. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10/group) were randomized and fed a purified AIN93G diet (10% lipid by weight) containing either a mixture of high GLA canola oil (HGCO) and corn oil or a control diet containing borage oil (BO) for 6 wk. GLA accounted for 23%, of the triglyceride fatty acids in both diets. Growth and diet consumption were monitored every 2-3 d throughout the study. At study termination, the fatty acid composition of the liver and plasma phospholipids was analyzed by gas chromatography. The growth and diet consumption of the HGCO group were similar to the BO group. There were no adverse effects of either diet on the general health or appearance of the rats, or on the morphology of the major organs. There was no significant difference between the diet groups for total percentage of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids present in either the total or individual phospholipid fractions of liver or plasma. The relative percentage of GLA and its main metabolite, arachidonic acid, in each phospholipid fraction of liver or plasma were also similar between groups. The percentage of 18:2n-6 in liver phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol/serine was higher (P < 0.05) and 22:5n-6 was lower in the HGCO group than the BO group. This finding could be attributed to the higher 18:3n-3 content in the HGCO diet than the BO diet. Results from this long-term feeding study of rats show for the first time that a diet containing transgenically modified canola oil was well-tolerated, and had similar biological effects, i.e., growth characteristics and hepatic metabolism of n-6 fatty acids, as a diet containing borage oil.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of essential oil components of Iranian geranium oil using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometric resolution techniques.

The essential oil components of geranium oil cultivated in center of Iran were identified and determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data combined with the chemometric resolution techniques. A total of 61 components accounting for 91.51% were identified using similarity searches between the mass spectra and MS database. This number was extended to 85 components using chemometric techniques. Various chemometric methods such as morphological scores, simplified Borgen method (SBM) and fixed size moving window evolving factor analysis (FSMWEFA) were used for determining the number of components, pure variables, zero concentration and selective regions. Then the overlapping peak clusters were resolved into pure chromatograms and pure mass spectra using heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP) method. A characteristic feature of the Iranian geranium oil is the absence of 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol in its constituents compared with the oil from northern and southern parts of India. The results of this work show that combination of hyphenated chromatographic methods and resolution techniques provide a complementary method for accurate analysis of essential oils.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed1988

Modification of the fatty acid composition of rat heart sarcolemma with dietary cod liver oil, corn oil or butter.

The effect of dietary cod liver oil, corn oil or butter upon the lipid composition of cardiac sarcolemma and the activity of sarcolemmal Na+, K+ ATPase was examined in male Wistar rats. The cod liver oil diet caused significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids of sarcolemma, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. In both these phospholipids arachidonic acid, 20:4 (n - 6) was reduced by about 50% compared to rats fed butter or corn oil and was replaced by the (n - 3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The corn oil diet caused a significant diminution in the oleic acid content of phosphatidyl choline and elevation of linoleic acid in phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The phospholipid class composition, total phospholipid fatty acid content and cholesterol content of sarcolemma were not altered by the diets used. The activity of Na+, K+ ATPase in the cardiac sarcolemma was not significantly changed by the different diets.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organochlorine residues in fish oil dietary supplements: comparison with industrial grade oils.

The market for fish oils as dietary supplements is of global importance. Although it is widely recognised that lipophilic organic chemicals, particularly organochlorines, can accumulate in fish oils, dietary supplements are not routinely considered when estimating average daily intakes for these contaminants. This paper reports levels of organochlorine residues in 44 fish oils, collected from 15 countries between 1994 and 1995, including 38 purchased over the counter as dietary supplements. Despite controls on the use of persistent organochlorine substances, appreciable quantities are found in oils sold as dietary supplements. Levels are discussed in relation to the significance of fish oil dietary supplements as contributors to daily intake of PCBs and pesticide residues.

Dietary Supplements↗
PubMed1997

Possible mechanisms for the differential effects of high linoleate safflower oil and high alpha-linolenate perilla oil diets on platelet-activating factor production by rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

As compared with high dietary linoleate safflower oil, high dietary alpha-linolenate perilla oil decreased platelet-activating factor (PAF) production by nearly half in calcium ionophore (CaI)-stimulated rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In the CaI-stimulated PMN from the perilla oil group, the accumulated amount of arachidonate (AA) plus eicosapentaenoate (EPA) was 30% less and that of lyso-PAF was 50% less, indicating that the decreased availability of lyso-PAF is a factor contributing to the relatively low PAF production. Consistently, eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, increased free fatty acids (FFA) and decreased PAF production possibly by decreasing the availability of lyso-PAF. Although, leukotrienes (LTs) have been proposed to stimulate PAF production synergistically, a potent LTB4 receptor antagonist, ONO-4057, decreased the formation of free fatty acids and LTB4, but stimulated PAF production somewhat, indicating that LTB4 may not stimulate PAF production in PMN. Lysophospholipid-induced transacylase (CoA-independent transacylase) activity in PMN homogenates was 25-30% lower in the perilla oil group but no significant differences were observed in the lyso-PAF acetyltransferase and PAF acetylhydrolase activities between the two dietary groups. Thus, decreased transacylase activity is another factor associated with the relatively low PAF production in the perilla oil group.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2005

Chemical and physical properties of butterfat-vegetable oil blend spread prepared with enzymatically transesterified canola oil and caprylic acid.

Structured Lipid was synthesized from canola oil and caprylic acid with sn-1,3 specific lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. Cold spreadable butter was made by blending butterfat with the SL at a weight ratio of 80:20. Its chemical and physical properties were compared with pure butter and butterfat-canola oil 80:20 blend spread. The butterfat-SL blend had lower contents of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (FAs) and the lowest atherogenic index (AI) as compared to the others. Melting and crystallization behaviors of butterfat-SL blend were similar to those of butterfat-canola oil blend above 0 degrees C. It showed solid fat contents (SFCs) similar to butterfat-canola oil blend but lower than pure butterfat. The butterfat-SL blend was shown to crystallize in the beta' form. There were no differences between the hardness of butterfat-SL blend spread and butterfat-canola oil blend spread. Rheological analysis showed that butterfat-SL blend spread lost its elastic behavior at 5 degrees C, a lower temperature than pure butter.

Butter↗
PubMed2004

Adaptation of lipid metabolism, tissue composition and flesh quality in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) to the replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed and soyabean oils.

Linseed (LO) and soyabean (SO) oils were evaluated as fish-oil (FO) substitutes in the diets of marketable-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Practical diets were designed factorially with the lipid added as follows (%): FO 100, LO 60+FO 40, LO 80+FO 20, SO 60+FO 40, SO 80+FO 20. The effects of experimental diets on growth, fatty acids patterns in liver and muscle, flesh quality variables and activities of selected enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and catabolism were determined at the end of a 7-month trial. Fatty acid composition of liver and muscle generally reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. The n-3 PUFA levels were significantly reduced by the inclusion of vegetable oils. This tendency was more pronounced for EPA than for docosahexaenoic acid. The n-3:n-6 fatty acid ratio reached the lowest values in fish fed the SO diets; this was associated with a higher liver lipid deposition. No differences were found in fillet texture and pH. However, under conditions of forced peroxidation, muscles from fish fed the SO diets had lower peroxidation levels. Vegetable oil substitution decreased lipogenesis in liver and this effect was greatest at the highest substitution level. In contrast, muscle beta-oxidation enzymes had increased activities with vegetable oil substitution. Thus, the lower hepatic lipogenesis was correlated with an increased lipid utilisation in muscle. It is concluded that growth and lipid metabolism were affected by experimental diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Effect of diets high in butter, corn oil, or high-oleic acid sunflower oil on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in men.

This randomized blind crossover study compared serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in 20 men consuming 37-43% of energy as fat from diets based on corn oil, high-oleic acid sunflower oil, and butter. Each phase of the crossover design included 2 wk of butter-based diet followed by 5 wk of designated vegetable-oil-based diet with a 7-wk washout period between phases. Compared with values for the butter-based diet, the vegetable-oil-based diets reduced serum total cholesterol by 16-21% (p less than 0.001), LDL cholesterol by 21-26% (p less than 0.001), triglycerides by 10-21% (p less than 0.01 for the higher figure), and apolipoprotein B-100 by 22-29% (p less than 0.001). When values fell, they fell further on the corn-oil-based diet. There were no significant changes in serum HDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein A-1. These data suggest that when men on diets high in saturated fatty acids reduce their saturated fatty acid intake but not their total fat intake, many can still experience a significant lowering in serum total cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A blinded, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of borage seed oil and fish oil in the management of canine atopy.

Twenty-one dogs with atopy were entered into a blinded, placebo-controlled study lasting eight weeks. They were randomly divided into three groups and were all given supplementary oils orally once daily. The dogs in groups A and B were given borage seed oil and fish oil in combination (Viacutan; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) to provide 176 mg/kg or 88 mg/kg borage seed oil respectively. The dogs in group C were given 204 mg/kg olive oil as a placebo. They were all re-examined after four and eight weeks and scored for pruritus, erythema, oedema, alopecia and self-excoriation. After eight weeks the scores for erythema and self-excoriation, and the total score for the dogs in group A, and the total score for the dogs in group B were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The dogs in group C showed no significant improvement.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nabali olive oil ripening and oil properties.

The effect of ripening of "Nabali" olives on the yield and some properties of the extracted oil was examined. Seven samples were harvested every 2 weeks and analyzed for moisture and oil content. The extracted oil was subjected to chemical analysis. Oil content increased and there were some significant changes in the proportions of fatty acids. Nabali olive oil is relatively high in arachidic, stearic and linoleic acids.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Supplementation of type II diabetic diets with n-3 fatty acids (FAs) from fish oil (FO) has been associated with lowered triglyceride and VLDL levels, although reports of impaired glycemic control have limited their use. Effects of n-3FAs from nonmarine sources are less well documented. Therefore, an investigation comparing the effects of linseed oil (LO) with FO supplementation was undertaken in subjects with type II diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eleven subjects with type II diabetes were given supplements with LO and FO for 3 months each in a randomized double-blind crossover fashion after 3 months of olive oil placebo. Oils were given as 35 mg FA.kg body wt-1.day-1. After each 3-month period, fasting glucose and insulin levels, HbA1c, lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (SG), and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) were evaluated. RESULTS: HbA1c and lipid values were within the normal range at randomization. Repeated measures analysis of variance testing found no significant differences in weight; fasting glucose and insulin levels; HbA1c; total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels; SI; SG; or AIRG with either active oil. FO was associated with significant reductions in triglycerides and a trend toward decreased SI. CONCLUSIONS: In a population with well-controlled type II diabetes, 3 months of FO but not LO resulted in lowered triglyceride levels. Neither LO nor FO significantly affected glycemic control, cholesterol values, SG, or insulin secretion, while a nonsignificant trend toward decreased insulin sensitivity was found with FO.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1993

Erythrocyte deformability, endothelin levels, and renal function in cyclosporin-treated renal transplant recipients: effects of intervention with fish oil and corn oil.

Twenty nine stable renal transplant recipients, 10 receiving cyclosporin, 10 cyclosporin-prednisolone and nine azathioprine-prednisolone were supplemented in a double blind randomization cross-over study with fish oil and corn oil for a period of 4 months each. Erythrocyte deformability was reduced in the cyclosporin-treated patients and returned to normal values after supplementation of either oil. The oil supplementation resulted in an increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the plasma phospholipids. An increased erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid content might correct the lower erythrocyte deformability in cyclosporin treated patients. Therefore, it is probable that these changes are membrane-related. The oil supplementation had no effect on glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, filtration fraction or blood pressure, which does not exclude effects of the cyclosporin-induced rigidified erythrocytes in the acute phase of renal transplantation. Decreased erythrocyte deformability could play a role in the cyclosporin-induced deterioration of renal haemodynamics. This may enhance the effects of endothelin, as these patients also had elevated endothelin levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of dietary corn oil and fish oil concentrate on lipid composition of calf tissues.

Lipid composition of calf blood plasma, liver platelets, muscle, heart, and brain was measured, as affected by high dietary intake of linoleic acid from corn oil or of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil concentrate. Plasma total lipids, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesteryl esters were reduced by corn oil and fish oil concentrate. Dietary fatty acid composition had no influence on percentage distribution of the major phospholipid components of liver, heart, muscle, and brain, but did alter the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of major phospholipids in plasma, liver, platelets, muscle, and heart. In general, high linoleic acid intake increased linoleic acid and decreased oleic, arachidonic, and linolenic acids in tissue phospholipids, and fish oil concentrate high in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increased phospholipid concentrations of these fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of brain phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine was relatively resistant to dietary lipid alterations. The fatty acid changes in tissue phospholipids that resulted from dietary lipid alterations may have important implications in eicosanoid metabolism, and in the structure and function of cell membranes.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Cecal environment and TBARS level in mice fed corn oil, beef tallow and menhaden fish oil.

To examine the dietary effects of three lipids from different sources on intestinal conditions, diets containing 10% corn oil (CO), 1% corn oil +9% beef tallow (BT) or 1% corn oil + 9% menhaden fish oil (MO) were administered to male mice for 4 wk. Levels of total cholesterol (TC), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose in plasma were lower in mice fed on MO than in mice fed on CO or BT. The plasma phospholipid (PL) level was lower for mice fed MO than in mice fed BT. Levels of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), soluble saccharides and soluble proteins in the cecum were significantly higher in mice fed on MO than in mice fed on CO or BT. The number of fecal bacteroidaceae was lower in mice fed on MO than in mice fed on BT. On the other hand, the number of fecal bifidobacteria was greater in mice fed on MO than in mice fed on CO. These results suggest the possibility that menhaden oil affects lower intestinal microflora through the increase of not only oxide products but also saccharides and proteins in the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Fatty acid composition and degree of peroxidation in fish oil and cod liver oil preparations].

Omega-3-fatty acids are increasingly used by the selfmedicating patient. Since fish oils in capsules are regarded as dietary food, there are neither official regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning a minimum content of omega-3-fatty acids nor detailed rules for the limitation of autoxidation of these highly reactive substances. Both fatty acid composition and the degree of lipid peroxidation were measured in this study in 23 OTC fish oil preparations. The proportion of omega-3-fatty acids was in most fish oils about 30%; exceptions were the only ethyl ester among the preparations with 59% and the cod liver oils (13% to 22%). Regarding the peroxide value considerable differences were found: the lowest was 2 and the highest was 44.7. Since lipid peroxides and their degradation products are basically toxic, a limitation of the allowed degree of lipid peroxidation in fish oils is strongly recommended.

Animals↗