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PubMed1985

[Evaluation of a teaching program of nutrition in agronomy].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a set of teaching materials on food, nutrition and agriculture, adapted at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, within the scope of a project with AID and the School of Agronomy of the Chilean Catholic University (U. C.) aimed at incorporating the teaching of human nutrition into the curriculum of Latin American agronomists. A one semester course (54 hours) was given to 22 students of the 7th semester of Agronomy and two Ecuatorian agronomists (with AID scholarships). A set of knowledge evaluation instruments was applied at the beginning and at the end of the course. A total of 83.3% of the students passed the final examination (with more than 75% of correct answers). The difference between the initial and final performance was highly significant (p less than 0.001). According to the students' and teachers' opinions, the general textbook and the teachers book contributed effectively to meet the learning objectives whereas the students handbook needed some modifications. In conclusion, the program is an important contribution to the education of agronomists in a new conception of their role in regard to improvement of the nutritional status and quality of life of the rural population. With a few minor modifications, a final version to be used in the countries of the Region, shall soon become available.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

A historical perspective and review of the safety of lipid emulsion in pregnancy.

Total parenteral nutrition for pregnant patients is essential to maintain or restore optimal nutritional status for both the mother and fetus when adequate protein and caloric intake by the oral or enteral route is not feasible. This report reviews the safety of intravenous lipid emulsions in total parenteral nutrition programs for pregnant patients. Controversy regarding the adverse effects of intravenous lipid emulsion when administered to pregnant patients is based on early reports of the use of cottonseed oil lipid emulsions. The adverse effects reported included infarction of the placenta, ketonemia, increased myometrial activity, and induction of labor. In 32 subsequent case reports in which soybean oil- or soybean/safflower oil-based emulsions were used in total parenteral nutrition programs for pregnant patients, there was no relationship apparent between onset of labor and harmful maternal or fetal effects associated with the administration of lipid emulsion. It appears that the currently available soybean and soybean/safflower lipid-based emulsions can be safely administered to pregnant patients.

Fat Emulsions, Intravenous↗
PubMed1993

["Nutrition": a program to facilitate the calculations of the composition of menus and diets].

The methodology used to build a software program to compute the nutrient composition of menus and diets is discussed. Topics as the variability of food composition, the scarcity of local food composition data, the bias that may be incurred in nutrient data of food consumption studies are extensively discussed and also the possible solution through the software program. All of these topics must be taken into account in epidemiological studies as well as in computing diet composition.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2001

DINER (Data Into Nutrients for Epidemiological Research) - a new data-entry program for nutritional analysis in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort and the 7-day diary method.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A new data-entry system (DINER - Data Into Nutrients for Epidemiological Research) for food record methods has been devised for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) cohort study of 25,000 men and women in Norfolk. DINER has been developed to address the problems of efficiency and consistency of data entry, comparability of data, maximising information and future flexibility in large long-term population studies of diet and disease that use record methods to assess dietary intakes. DINER captures more detail than traditional systems and enables provision of new variables for specific food types or groups. The system has been designed to be fully flexible and easy to update. Analysis of consistency of data entry was tested in a group of 3525 participants entered by 25 coders. RESULTS: A food list of 9000 food items and values for 24,000 portion sizes have been incorporated into the database, using information from the 5979 diaries coded since 1995. Analysis of consistency of entry indicated that this has largely been achieved. The effect of coders in a multivariate regression model was significant only if the three coders involved in early use of the program were included (P < 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The development of DINER has facilitated the use of more accurate record methods in large-scale epidemiological studies of diet and disease. Furthermore, the retention of original information as an extensive food list allows greater flexibility in later analyses of data of multiple dietary hypotheses.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2000

Body mass index in patients with amputations on peritoneal dialysis: error of uncorrected estimates and proposed correction.

UNLABELLED: "Weight-height" indices including percent of ideal weight (%IW) and body mass index (BMI) are used to estimate degree of obesity in populations and are predictors of survival in dialysis patients. Amputation affects the relationship between weight and height independently of the degree of obesity. Corrections of both %IW and BMI for amputation have been published, but a National (U.S.) computer nutrition program used in the authors' institution uses only the correction for %IW. This study had two parts: (1) To test whether the weight-height cut-off values for weight deficit (%IW 90%, BMI 20 kg/m2) and obesity (%IW 120%, BMI 30 kg/m2) are compatible, we performed linear regression of BMI on %IW in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients without amputations. In 349 men, BMI = 0.834 + 0.226 (%IW), r = 0.979. From this regression, the 95% confidence interval (CI) of BMI is 19.2-23.1 kg/m2 if %IW is 90%, and 26.1-29.9 kg/m2 if %IW is 120%. In 260 women, BMI = 2.194 + 0.184 (%IW), r = 0.974. From this regression, the 95% CI of BMI is 15.7-21.8 kg/m2 if %IW is 90%, and 21.3-27.3 kg/m2 if %IW is 120%. (2) To identify the direction and magnitude of the error of uncorrected BMI (BMIu) in dialysis patients with amputations, we analyzed weight-height indices in two groups of men by the computer nutrition program, which corrects %IW, but not BMI for amputation, and by the corrected BMI (BMIc) formula. In group A (amputation without height loss, n = 11), %IW = 110.2% +/- 16.9%, BMIu = 23.6 +/- 2.7 kg/m2, BMIc = 26.4 +/- 3.8 kg/m2 (p < 0.001, BMIc vs BMIu), and 5 of the 11 BMIu values fell below the 95% confidence band of the regression of BMI on %IW in patients without amputations. In group B (amputation with loss of height, n = 6), %IW = 92.7% +/- 19.9%, BMIu = 33.9 +/- 10.7 kg/m2, BMIc = 22.1 +/- 4.4 kg/m2 (p < 0.005, BMIc vs BMIu), and 5 of the 6 BMIu values fell above the 95% confidence band of the regression of BMI on %IW in patients without amputations. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The weight deficit cut-offs for %IW and BMI are compatible in non amputated men and women. (2) The obesity cut-offs for %IW and BMI are compatible in non amputated men, but not in non amputated women. (3) Amputation without height loss decreases BMIu, while amputation with height loss increases, in general, BMIu. (4) BMI should be corrected in PD patients with amputations.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1986

[Vitamin status of 11- to 17-year-old healthy adolescents. Data from a longitudinal study].

In order to find out whether any age- or sex-related changes in vitamin nutrition or if any vitamin deficiencies can be detected in apparently healthy school children, blood vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C, and E) were determined in 111 children (54 boys and 57 girls), who took part in a longitudinal nutritional program. Most of the adolescents were examined yearly 5 times every year and afterwards two years later; at the begin of the study their age was 11 years, at the end 17 years. The results of vitamin determinations show for the most parameters age dependent changes, levels for Vitamin A, B1, and B2 becoming higher with increasing age, for Vitamin C in contrast markedly unfavorable. Using the criteria for risk for deficiency from adults a comparatively high percentage of adolescents must be considered to be at risk for deficiency (up to 30% for Vitamin B6). As this study shows partly statistically significant correlations between growth and some vitamin levels (e.g., for Vitamin A and E), age and sex related criteria for the assessment of vitamin status in adolescents should be made available. The results in general show that also in apparently healthy school-children subclinical biochemical vitamin deficiencies can be detected. This fact however, should be taken in consideration in planing and providing guidelines for an optimal nutritional program in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Description of a mixed ethnic, elderly population. II. Food group behavior and related nonfood characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Elderly persons 60-103 years of age, who were participants in a Title III-C Nutrition Program, provided information regarding weekly frequencies of food group consumption, weekend meals and snack patterns, and several nonfood items that may affect food intakes. METHODS: Nonrandomized volunteers were interviewed in senior centers or in their homes. Chi-square, t test, and Pearson's product moment correlations were used to assess differences in the population sample with regard to six independent variables: ethnicity, gender, type meal (congregate or home delivered), age, proportion of noon meal usually eaten, and socialization factor (lived alone or with others). RESULTS: White subjects ate more fruits, dairy products, and weekend snacks than black subjects. White elders also consumed more caffeine, had larger incomes, and more often had sufficient money to buy food. Black subjects ate more pasta and desserts, and in sickness more often had help available. Men consumed more meats, dairy products, eggs, and starchy foods than women. There were no gender differences in income, but men ate more weekend meals in restaurants, spent more money weekly for food, more often were able to shop for food and leave home without assistance, and reported greater pleasure associated with eating. Home delivery clients ate more desserts and Sunday snacks and more frequently ate breakfast on the weekend than congregate clients. Congregate clients had more money to buy food, were better able to shop for and prepare food, and more frequently had help available in sickness. Young-old (<75 yr) and old-old (> r =75 yr) clients showed no difference in consumption of any of the food groups. Persons who usually ate all or most of the noon meal more frequently experienced pleasurability in eating, reported less anorexia, and had larger intakes of the vegetable and pasta groups. Persons living with others ate more meats, pasta, and desserts, spent more weekly for food, and ate more weekend meals in restaurants. CONCLUSION: The need for focus of the elderly nutrition program is greater in home delivery than congregate clients. The average home delivery client is older, has more chronic health problems and less physical prowess, less income, less frequently has help available in sickness, and has greater need for services other than the noon meal.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Economic benefit of breast-feeding infants enrolled in WIC.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether breast-feeding of infants enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is associated with a reduction in Medicaid expenditures during the first 6 months of life; if so, to determine whether the reduction in Medicaid expenditures represents a positive economic benefit to society when WIC costs for these infants and their mothers are considered. DESIGN: Cohorts of exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed infants were tracked for 6 months to compare WIC costs and Medicaid expenditures. SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 406 healthy infants who were breast-fed exclusively for at least 3 months and 470 healthy infants who were formula-fed exclusively. The infants, born between August 1, 1993, and December 31, 1993, were enrolled in WIC and Medicaid. COST AND BENEFIT MEASURES: WIC costs included redeemed WIC vouchers for formula and foods for infants and mothers, plus administrative expenses for 6 months, minus manufacturers' rebates for formula. Benefit was determined from Medicaid expenditures for health care initiated in the first 180 days of each infant's life. STATISTICAL AND BENEFIT-COST ANALYSES: Economic benefit was calculated as net benefit and as benefit-cost ratios. Regression techniques were used to estimate Medicaid expenditures associated with breast-feeding, adjusted for demographic and prenatal care variables. RESULTS: Compared with formula-feeding, breast-feeding each infant enrolled in WIC saved $478 in WIC costs and Medicaid expenditures during the first 6 months of the infant's life, or $161 after consideration of the formula manufacturer's rebate. A Medicaid cost saving of $112 per infant was realized by the breast-feeding cohort, and Medicaid pharmacy reimbursement costs for breast-fed infants were significantly lower-half that of formula-fed infants. APPLICATIONS: The promotion of breast-feeding among low-income populations through nutrition programs such as WIC is an effective cost-containment measure.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a health and nutrition education program in primary school children of Crete over a three-year period.

BACKGROUND: No national policy for health education in schools exists to date in Greece. The first attempt to apply a school-based health education intervention program was launched in 1992 on all 4,171 pupils registered in the first grade in two counties of Crete. The 1,510 pupils registered in a third county served as controls. METHODS: The school-based intervention and the seminars organized for parents were primarily aimed at improving children's diet, fitness, and physical activity. Pupils in the first grade in a representative sample of 40 schools were examined prior to the intervention program on a variety of health knowledge, dietary, physical activity, fitness, anthropometric, and biochemical indices. The same measurements were taken after 3 years of the program on 288 intervention group and 183 control group pupils. RESULTS: Positive serum lipid level changes occurred to a greater extent in the intervention group than the control group. BMI increased less in the intervention group than for controls. The increase in health knowledge and physical activity and fitness levels occurred to a higher extent in the intervention group compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term changes observed in the present study are markedly encouraging and indicate great potential for progressive improvement. Continuation and expansion of such a program may prove to be beneficial in initiating long-term changes.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2006

Oligonephropathy, developmental programming and nutritional management of low-gestation newborns.

UNLABELLED: Intrauterine growth retardation is associated with oligonephropathy and the risk of hypertension and renal disease in adulthood. Animal study data show that nephron density is directly related to protein nutrition status during nephrogenesis. Among infants born at low gestation, postnatal growth retardation and major deficits in energy and protein intake have been reported. CONCLUSION: Since nephrogenesis occurs mainly in late gestation, increasing protein intake during nephrogenesis could minimize the risk of long-term morbidities associated with oligonephropathy.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh.

Undernutrition in early childhood is associated with poor mental development and affects 45% of children in Bangladesh. Although limited evidence shows that psychosocial stimulation can reduce the deficits, no such interventions have been reported from Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Program (BINP) has provided nutrition supplementation to undernourished children through community nutrition centers (CNCs). We added psychosocial stimulation to the treatment of undernourished children in a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects on children's development and growth and mothers' knowledge. Twenty CNCs were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups with 107 children in each group. We also studied 107 nonintervened better-nourished children from the same villages. Pre- and postintervention measurements included children's height, weight, development assessed on Bayley Scales, behavior ratings during the test, and a questionnaire on mothers' knowledge of childrearing. The intervention comprised home visits and group meetings with mothers and children for 12 mo. Intervention benefited children's mental development (4.6 +/- 2.0, P = 0.02), vocalization (0.48 +/- 0.23, P = 0.04), cooperation (0.45 +/- 0.16, P = 0.005), response-to-examiner (0.50 +/- 0.15, P = 0.001), emotional tone (0.33 +/- 0.15, P = 0.03), and mothers' knowledge (3.5 +/- 0.49, P < 0.001). At the end, undernourished controls had poorer mental (-4.6 +/- 2.0, P = 0.02) and motor (-6.6 +/- 2.2, P = 0.003) development, were more inhibited (-0.35 +/- 0.16, P = 0.03), fussier (-0.57 +/- 0.16, P < 0.001), less cooperative (-0.48 +/- 0.17, P = 0.005), and less vocal (-0.76 +/- 0.23, P = 0.001) than better-nourished children. Intervened children scored lower only in motor development (-4.4 +/- 2.3, P = 0.049). Neither group of undernourished children improved in nutritional status, indicating that treatment had no effect. In conclusion, adding child development activities to the BINP improved children's development and behavior and their mothers' knowledge; however, the lack of improvement in growth needs to be examined further.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of a functional foods nutrition education program with cardiac rehabilitation patients.

PURPOSE: This study educated cardiac rehabilitation patients about the potential health benefits obtained from specific "heart healthy" functional foods and evaluated whether a targeted education program about these foods leads to their increased consumption or positive attitude changes. METHODS: The targeted audience was 69 cardiac rehabilitation patients (phases 2 and 3). Four foods (soy, oats, sterol/stanol ester-enhanced margarine, and nuts) were discussed in two 90-minute education sessions conducted 2 months apart. These sessions provided scientific information about each food, allowed participants to sample products, and collected data using both preeducation and follow-up surveys. RESULTS: The findings showed a significant increase in the reported consumption of all four functional foods (soy in particular), and several positive attitude changes concerning the relation between diet and heart health. Most of the participants (88%) either agreed or strongly agreed that they intended to continue incorporating functional foods into their diet to improve heart health. CONCLUSION: According to the reported attitudinal and behavioral intentions, the education of cardiac rehabilitation patients may lead to beneficial dietary changes conducive to the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk.

Adult↗