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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Health aspects of the use of recycled water in Windhoek, SWA/Namibia, 1974-1983. Diarrhoeal diseases and the consumption of reclaimed water.

The introduction of the use of reclaimed water in Windhoek, SWA/Namibia, prompted an epidemiological study to assess the health effects, if any, of its consumption. Analysis of more than 15,000 episodes of diarrhoeal disease during the period August 1976-March 1983 showed that their incidence in whites of similar socio-economic status was marginally lower in persons supplied with reclaimed water than those with water from conventional sources. Incidence rates were significantly higher in blacks and in coloureds, all of whom received conventional water only. Age-specific incidence rates in children of the various ethnic groups also showed differences characteristically associated with socio-economic stratification. It is concluded that the consumption of reclaimed water does not increase the risk of diarrhoeal diseases caused by waterborne infectious agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Serum vitamin C, vitamin A and carotene values in infants in SWA/Namibia.

Serum vitamin C, vitamin A and carotene concentrations were measured in 425, 256 and 256 infants aged between 3 weeks and 12 months. Vitamin C concentrations were in general satisfactory, whereas vitamin A and especially carotene concentrations were unacceptably low in a large number of infants. concentrations were not correlated with age and sex nor with breast-feeding, but low and very low concentrations were more common after 6 months. Although clinical manifestations of the vitamin deficiencies were not present, the evidence points to an increased health risk for children.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1988

Nutritional status, dietary intake and disease patterns in rural Hereros, Kavangos and Bushmen in South West Africa/Namibia.

A survey of Hereros, Kavangos and Bushmen living in the rural districts of South West Africa/Namibia was undertaken in order to assess their dietary intakes, nutritional status and disease patterns. The results showed that Hereros were taller and heavier, with the highest incidence of obesity (15-30%) and hypertension. Their diet consisted chiefly of refined maize meal supplemented with sour milk, and their blood lipid levels were generally lower than Western standards. The diet of Kavangos, based on homeground millet supplemented with fish and fresh vegetables, was better balanced. However, malnutrition was more common particularly in hospital patients where 40% had infective disease. Finally, the diet of Bushmen was extremely poor consisting of whatever was available (generally maize meal) and excessive use of home-brewed alcohol. The majority were malnourished and 73% of those hospitalised had tuberculosis. The blood lipid levels of Bushmen and Kavangos were exceptionally 'favourable' by Western standards but associated with chronic malnutrition. The survival of Bushmen in modern society is a matter of grave concern.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1988

Malaria prophylaxis with proguanil to Namibian refugee children in Angola.

Following a presumptive treatment with 35 mg chloroquine base/kg, 484 Namibian children between 5 months and 5 years of age received 50 mg of proguanil daily for 4 months. They were compared with 268 children living in a very adjacent area who received vitamin tablets after the initial chloroquine medication. Fewer fever episodes were recorded among the children who received proguanil and they were also requiring less presumptive treatments with chloroquine during the period of study, but there were only minor differences in parasite rate between the two groups at the end of the study period. Despite the reduction of morbidity, the required efforts were too large to justify another period of drug prophylaxis.

Angola↗
PubMed1987

Pseudocholinesterase variation in southern African populations.

Genetic variation at both the E1 and E2 loci of pseudocholinesterase was studied in 7 southern African populations. In the Ashkenazim and Afrikaners, E1 locus variation was observed and the frequency of the E1a or 'atypical' allele was found to be 0.017 in the Ashkenazim and 0.016 in the Afrikaans-speaking population, similar to those observed in other caucasoid populations. The E1s, or 'silent' allele, was found to occur in the Afrikaans-speaking population at a frequency 2-3 times greater than in other Caucasians, giving an increased risk of scoline-sensitivity. The rarity of the E1a in the Negro and Khoisan populations was confirmed. All 7 populations showed variation at the E2 locus with high frequencies of the E2+ allele in the Caucasians and San, while Negroes showed relatively low frequencies. Coloureds showed intermediate frequencies, consistent with their historical origins.

Alleles↗
PubMed1987

Studies on the parasites of zebras. V. Nematodes of the Burchell's and Hartmann's mountain zebras from the Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia.

Nine Burchell's and 6 Hartman's mountain zebras were culled during the 3 climatic periods characteristic of the Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia, and were examined for helminths. The Burchell's zebras ranged in age from 4 1/2 to 19 years and the mountain zebras from 3 1/2 to 13 years. Twenty-five species of nematodes, belonging to the families Atractidae, Strongylidae, Oxyuridae, Onchocercidae and Habronematidae, were recovered. Of the family Cyathostominae, the following species were the most numerous in the Burchell's zebras: Cyathostomum montgomeryi (7 120-67 042), Cylicocyclus triramosus (11-34 540), Cylicostephanus minutus (4 698-40 019) and Cylindropharynx sp. (? intermedia) (3 591-40 018). The atractids present were: Crossocephalus viviparus (20-5 045 212) and Probstmayria vivipara (5 140-3 801 300). Three of the above cyathostome species were also most abundant in mountain zebras: Cylicocyclus triramosus (54-19 782), Cylicostephanus minutus (555-12 396) and Cylindrophrynx sp. (? intermedia) (3-5 325). New reports include Cylicostephanus longiconus in the Burchell's zebras and Cyathostomum alveatum, Cyathostomum montgomeryi, Cylicostephanus bidentatus and Draschia megastoma in the mountain zebra. The overwintering of 4th stage cyathostomes in the gut walls and their emergence which differ in the 2 hosts, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Analysis of transverse maxillary diameter. Using Mayoral's method, in Cuban and Namibian young people with normal occlusion.

The transverse maxillary diameter has been studied for several decades. Mayoral made a study to find the maxillary width by means of the intermolar and interbicuspid distances. We made a study of 540 14-, 15- and 16-year-old Europoid Cubans, Negroid Cubans, and Namibians. They were subdivided by sex and age, forming groups of 30 for each age, sex and ethnic group. The boys almost always had higher figures than the girls, and the Negroid groups always had higher figures than the Europoid Cubans. In almost no cases were significant differences found between the Negroid Cubans and the Namibians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of hepatitis virus and some arbovirus infections in Kavango, northern SWA/Namibia.

A survey of the frequency of hepatitis B markers in 258 subjects from Kavango, northern South West Africa/Namibia, was undertaken during February - May 1983. The hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen carrier rates were 13,6% and 2,7% respectively. Only 1,9% of the subjects were negative for all the markers tested, indicating that infection had been present at some stage in 98,1% of the sample. No known transmission method of the virus seems to fit this high exposure rate. The possibility that arthropod transmission of the virus may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease in Kavango is being investigated. All subjects tested for antibodies to hepatitis A virus were found to give a positive result. Of the arboviruses tested for, West Nile virus was usually predominant and was probably responsible for most of the arbovirus infections. Antibodies to the Sindbis, Chikungunya, Germiston and Rift Valley fever viruses were also found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Transferrin types in the Dama (Southwest Africa)].

The transferrin type of 238 Dama serums was determined and an estimate made of the gene frequencies. Using the SANGHVI method, the distribution of the transferrin types of the Dama was compared with 53 African populations south of the Sahara. The comparison demonstrates the great dissimilarity of the Dama to the Khoisanide tribes and confirms--at least in part--the results of polysymptomatic affinity comparisons of the Dama with other African populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The role played by wildlife in the epizootiology of rabies in South Africa and South-West Africa.

The role played by wildlife in the perpetuation of rabies is discussed in the light of information obtained during a routine examination of specimens at the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, during the 10-year period, 1967-1976. In the course of the investigation, 9 additional hosts of rabies were confirmed and 4 rabies areas identified. The chief disseminators in 2 of these areas were found to be the dog (Canis familiaris) and the black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas); in the third area, the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata), and in the fourth Genetta and Felis spp., including the domestic cat (Felis catis). It was noted that the domestic cat is of less importance in those areas where dogs and jackals are the chief disseminators.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1977

The pathology of Rift Valley fever. I. Lesions occurring in natural cases in new-born lambs.

A widespread epizootic of Rift Valley fever occurred in the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa during 1974--75. This is a report on the gross pathology of 34 new-born lambs and the histopathology of 93 new-born lambs that died during this outbreak. The liver was affected in every case and showed the most pronounced lesions. The organ was grossly enlarged in most cases, with scattered greyish-white necrotic foci 1--2 mm in diameter and haemorrhages of varying size throughout. Haemorrhages were also frequently seen in the mucosa of the abomasum. The massive diffuse necrosis of hepatocytes (pannecrosis) associated with well-demarcated foci of primary coagulative necrosis, present in 100% of the cases examined, was characteristic of the histopathology of the new-born lamb. Bile thrombi were noticed in the livers of 31% of the lambs and intranuclear inclusions in 49% of the cases. The diagnostic significance of the microscopic liver lesions is discussed. Focal necrosis and haemorrhages were frequently seen in the adrenal cortex while generalized destruction of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen occurred in many of the animals. In addition, the following hitherto undescribed or previously not well-documented lesions are recorded: (i) mineralization of single or groups of necrotic hepatocytes in 62% of the livers: (ii) pyknosis and karyorrhexis of the cellular elements in the glomeruli and a hyalinized appearance of many of these affected glomeruli; and (iii) necrosis of the tips of the villi in the small intestine in some of the animals.

Animals↗