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PubMed1996

Failure of L-NAME to cause inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase.

We addressed the hypothesis that administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) does not result in a sustained suppression of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, because of a compensatory expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). L-NAME was administered in the drinking water (0.1-1.0 mg/ml) for 7 days to guinea pigs and rats. Nitric oxide synthesis was assessed by [1] ex vivo formation of nitrite in blood vessels and intestine [2] tissue levels of cGMP [3] iNOS gene expression by RT-PCR [4] NADPH diaphorase staining [5] direct assessment of NO release in tissue explants using a microelectrode/electrochemical detection system. Chronic L-NAME administration elevated intestinal cGMP and nitrite levels in guinea pigs (p < 0.05). In rats, intestinal nitrite levels were comparable in control and L-NAME treatment groups, whereas direct assessment of NO release defined a marked increase in the L-NAME group. Chronic L-NAME resulted in an induction of iNOS gene expression in rats and guinea pigs and novel sites of NADPH diaphorase staining in the intestine. We conclude that iNOS expression is responsible for a compensatory increase or normalization of NO synthesis during sustained administration of L-NAME.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Differential effects of advance semantic cues on grasping, naming, and manual estimation.

In the three experiments reported here, we systematically investigated when and/or how prior semantic information about a target-object would affect the programming and execution of grasping movements. A name-length association was first created during a practice phase while participants performed one of the three tasks: grasping, naming, or manual estimation of an object's length upon an auditory presentation of its name. In the subsequent test phase, in the majority of trials, these names correctly indicated the upcoming object for a grasping task or a control naming task (Experiment 1A and 1B), and a grasping task or a manual estimation of object length (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a name was occasionally incongruent or a neutral cue (a burst of white noise) was presented instead. Although in the grasping task, semantic cues (both congruent and incongruent) consistently facilitated movement-onset time (indicating a preparatory-set like effect), the impact of these cues on the formation of grasping aperture was less consistent or absent. The experiments also demonstrated that naming and perceptual estimation of object length were affected differently from grasping by the same semantic cues, with the congruent cues facilitating and the incongruent cues slowing down response onset. These findings reinforce and extend the proposal that the transformations of visual and semantic information for perceptually-driven tasks are quite different from the transformations of the same information for the programming and control of object-directed action.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of L-NAME infusion in healthy volunteers.

AIMS: To evaluate the effects of the intravenous administration of the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor N(g)nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in healthy volunteers. METHODS: L-NAME (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg over 8 min) was infused in 13 healthy male volunteers. Finally, subjects were infused with either L- or D-arginine. RESULTS: L-NAME resulted in dose-dependent falls in heart rate 60 bpm (55-64 bpm) to 49 bpm (46-52 bpm) (P<0.01) and increased mean arterial pressure 77.0 mmHg (73.2-80.8 mmHg) to 90.0 mmHg (87.1-92.8 mmHg) (P<0.01). The cardiac output was significantly reduced after each L-NAME infusion, and systemic vascular resistance increased linearly over the dosage range. Cardiac stroke volume was significantly reduced only following 0.75 mg/kg/min L-NAME: from 100 ml (91.3-108.7 ml) to 83 ml (74.7-91.4 ml); P<0.01. Forearm blood flow was unchanged at any dosage. L-arginine but not D-arginine infusion reversed the haemodynamic effects of L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS: Contrasting with the profound dose-dependent effects of L-NAME had significant effects on central haemodynamics but no discernible effects on peripheral blood flow.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed2001

Renal hemodynamic effects of L-NAME during postnatal maturation in conscious lambs.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of the L-arginine analogue, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME, in modulating renal hemodynamics during postnatal maturation in conscious chronically instrumented lambs. To this end, renal hemodynamic responses to intravenous injection of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg L-NAME, as well as its inactive enantiomer D-NAME, were measured for 4 h in conscious lambs approximately 1 week (n=10), 3 weeks (n=12), and 6 weeks (n=14) of age. Administration of L-NAME was associated with an increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) leading to a decrease in renal blood flow. One-week-old lambs were more sensitive to the effects of L-NAME, a marked increase in RVR occurring after the smallest dose administered at 1 week but not at 3 and 6 weeks of age. Renal hemodynamic effects of L-NAME as well as the duration of the responses were also age dependent, such that changes in RVR were greatest and most prolonged in 1-week-old lambs. In addition, a smaller dose of L-NAME was required to attenuate acetylcholine-induced renal vasodilation in lambs aged 1 week compared with older animals. Our data provide new evidence to support the premise that endogenously produced nitric oxide plays a predominant role in regulating renal vascular tone early in life.

Aging↗

PubMed2004

Relationships of naming skills to reading, memory, and receptive vocabulary: evidence for imprecise phonological representations of words by poor readers.

The main hypotheses addressed in the research were (1) whether imprecision in the phonological representations of lexical items underlies the impaired expressive naming abilities of disabled readers, and (2) whether weak verbal memory might mediate the relationship between naming and reading skills. From samples of 93 first graders and 67 fourth graders, extreme groups of good and poor readers were identified and compared on measures of receptive vocabulary, expressive naming, acceptability judgments for variants of object names, imitation and correction of naming errors by another speaker, pseudoword repetition, and long-term memory. Performance was generally better by older than younger students and by good than poor readers at each age, with little interaction between grade and reader group. The results indicated that for both good and poor readers, imprecise phonological knowledge, especially about long words, contributed to children's difficulties on all naming tasks. Memory differences, however, appeared to play only a minor role in explaining the strong association between naming and reading.

Articulation Disorders↗

PubMed1996

Naming in young children: a dumb attentional mechanism?

Previous studies have shown that young children selectively attend to some object properties and ignore others when generalizing a newly learned object name. Moreover, the specific properties children attend to depend on the stimulus and task context. The present study tested an attentional account: that children's feature selection in name generalization is guided by non-strategic attentional processes that are minimally influenced by new conceptual information presented in the task. Four experiments presented 3-year-old children and adults with novel artifacts consisting of distinctive base objects with appended parts. In a Name condition, subjects were asked whether test objects had the same name as the exemplar. In a Similarity condition, subjects made similarity judgments for the same objects. Subjects in two experiments were shown a function for either the base object or the parts. Both adults' naming and similarity judgments were influenced by the functional information. Children's similarity judgments were also influenced by the functions. However, children's naming was immune to influence from information about function. Instead, children's feature selection in naming was shifted only by changes in the relative salience of base objects and parts. The results are consistent with the idea that dumb attentional processes are responsible for young children's smart generalizations of novel words to new instances. Potential mechanisms to explain these findings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

P300 in response to the subject's own name.

The P300 component is influenced by task relevance which is typically achieved by employing an active task involving the evoking stimulus. This study explored the possibility of making use of the subject's name, which is innately relevant to the subject, to achieve stimulus relevance. Dependence of P300 amplitude on auditory presentation of the subject's name was assessed in two experiments in which no response was required: (1) a passive 2-word "oddball" paradigm where the low probability word was the subject's first name; (2) a passive 3-word "oddball" paradigm consisting of two low probability words, one of which was the subject's name, and a third, high probability word. In the first experiment, a typical active 2-word "oddball" paradigm, which did not include the subject's name, was compared with the passive paradigm. P300 amplitude was larger in response to the subject's name compared to the other word in the two-word paradigm, indicating that the name can be used to evoke P300 in a passive paradigm. It was also larger than either of the other two words in the 3-word paradigm, suggesting that stimulus relevance has an additional effect on P300 amplitude beyond rarity.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

HIV surveillance in theory and practice: assessing the acceptability of California's non-name HIV surveillance regulations.

In 2002, California adopted a non-name system for HIV case reporting. This study focused on the acceptability of a non-name reporting system among key stakeholders implementing the system. We conducted qualitative research during the pre- and post-implementation period of the non-name HIV reporting regulations. During both study periods we conducted key informant in-depth interviews (n = 48 and 52, respectively) with health department surveillance staff, laboratory personnel, health care providers and clinic staff; and we conducted four focus group discussions (n = 28 and 30, respectively) with representatives of community-planning group members and advocacy groups. We found that overall, California's non-name HIV reporting regulations were acceptable to most key stakeholders. Acceptability of a non-name system was highest among advocates and healthcare providers. Views of health department staff varied across the four counties, with some expressing a strong preference of a names based system and others accepting the non-name system.

California↗

PubMed2006

Processing of own versus other names differentially affects startle reflex modification.

Previous research suggests that the startle eyeblink response may be differentially modified at very short latencies by words that attract more versus fewer attentional resources. These studies were conducted using threat and non-threat words as stimuli. The goal of the present study was to examine whether startle blink modification is similarly affected by differential attention when one's own name versus another name is used as a lead stimulus. Fifty-six undergraduates were presented repeatedly with their own name or another name displayed visually, followed (60, 120, 300, or 2000 ms later) by an acoustic startling noise burst. Startle magnitude was differentially modified by own versus other names, primarily at the 60 and 120 ms lead intervals. Other names demonstrated greater magnitude potentiation at the 60 ms interval and greater magnitude inhibition at the 120 ms lead interval compared with own names, suggesting the startle modification paradigm is sensitive to early attentional processes engaged during the reading of non-threat-related words.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2006

Learning of letter names follows similar principles across languages: Evidence from Hebrew.

Letter names play an important role in early literacy. Previous studies of letter name learning have examined the Latin alphabet. The current study tested learners of Hebrew, comparing their patterns of performance and types of errors with those of English learners. We analyzed letter-naming data from 645 Israeli children who had not begun formal reading instruction: a younger group (mean age 5 years 2 months) and an older group (mean age 6 years 2 months). Children's errors often involved letters with similar shapes or letters adjacent to one another in the alphabet. Most Hebrew letter names are not very similar to one another phonologically, and there were fewer phonologically based confusions than in English. We found both general frequency effects and frequency effects that reflected the letters in individual children's names. On average, girls knew more letter names than did boys. The results suggest that letter name learning follows similar principles across languages.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Effects of bulbus Fritillaria water extract on blood pressure and renal functions in the L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats.

A pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rats produces renal vasoconstriction, renal dysfunction, and hypertension. The present study was aimed at investigating whether Bulbus Fritillaria water extract (BFWE) ameliorates NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension. Treatment of rats with L-NAME (60 mg/l drinking water, 4 weeks) caused a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP). The NO concentration in plasma and NO productions in the vascular tissues of the L-NAME-treated group were significantly reduced as compared with those in the control, whereas the expressions of NOS proteins were not altered. BFWE restored SBP to normal level in the L-NAME-treated hypertensive rats. Moreover, BFWE was able to preserve the vascular NO production and plasma NO metabolites concentration without changes of the expression NOS proteins. The renal functional parameters including urinary volume, sodium excretion, and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were significantly restored in rats co-treated with BFWE and L-NAME compared to the L-NAME-treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that BFWE prevents the increase of SBP in the L-NAME-induced hypertension that may have been caused by enhanced generation of vascular NO and amelioration of renal functions.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Viewing and naming objects: eye movements during noun phrase production.

Eye movements have been shown to reflect word recognition and language comprehension processes occurring during reading and auditory language comprehension. The present study examines whether the eye movements speakers make during object naming similarly reflect speech planning processes. In Experiment 1, speakers named object pairs saying, for instance, 'scooter and hat'. The objects were presented as ordinary line drawings or with partly deleted contours and had high or low frequency names. Contour type and frequency both significantly affected the mean naming latencies and the mean time spent looking at the objects. The frequency effects disappeared in Experiment 2, in which the participants categorized the objects instead of naming them. This suggests that the frequency effects of Experiment 1 arose during lexical retrieval. We conclude that eye movements during object naming indeed reflect linguistic planning processes and that the speakers' decision to move their eyes from one object to the next is contingent upon the retrieval of the phonological form of the object names.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Age-of-acquisition and frequency effects in speeded word naming.

An experiment was conducted to assess the importance of age-of-acquisition and frequency in a speeded word naming task, where participants were instructed to read aloud words before they disappeared from the computer screen. Under such speeded naming instructions, reading latencies were over 100ms (or 20%) faster than in "standard" (or immediate) word naming. There were clear effects of word frequency and age-of-acquisition under speeded naming. Compared to standard immediate naming, the age-of-acquisition effect was larger, with early-acquired words being speeded up more than late-acquired words, which is interpreted in terms of speeded naming reducing the contribution of sublexical processing to word naming times.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effect of a synesthete's photisms on name recall.

A multilingual, colored-letter synesthete professor (MLS), 9 nonsynesthete multilingual professors and 4 nonsynesthete art professors learned 30 names of individuals (first and last name pairs) in three trials. They recalled the names after each trial and six months later, as well as performed cued recall trials initially and after six months. As hypothesized, MLS recalled significantly more names than control groups on all free recall tests (except after the first trial) and on cued recall tests. In addition, MLS gave qualitatively different reasons for remembering names than any individual control participant. MLS gave mostly color reasons for remembering the names, whereas nonsynesthetes gave reasons based on familiarity or language or art knowledge. Results on standardized memory tests showed that MLS had average performance on non-language visual memory tests (the Benton Visual Retention Test-Revised--BURT-R, and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test--CFT), but had superior memory performance on a verbal test consisting of lists of nouns (Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test--RAVLT). MLS's synesthesia seems to aid memory for visually or auditorily presented language stimuli (names and nouns), but not for non-language visual stimuli (simple and complex figures).

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Personal name anomia: a single case study.

A case presenting an anomia specific for person proper names but no naming impairment either for other types of proper names or for common names is reported. The deficit was equally present both in face-naming and in naming upon definition and was not affected by the descriptiveness of the labels borne by the individuals. The patient had no semantic processing impairment either for faces or names. The results are discussed in terms of impaired access to intact phonological representations.

Anomia↗

PubMed1979

Naming to picture versus description in three aphasic subgroups.

Twenty-three male aphasics, classified as Broca's, Wernicke's and anomic, were tested on their ability to name objects to either visual confrontation or oral associative description. For the Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics, naming to visual confrontation was significantly better than to oral description. Broca's aphasics tended to produce more correct names than both other groups in both conditions, although significance was reached only in oral description. Differences were not significantly affected by the comprehension deficit or severity of aphasia. With picture naming, all groups tended to name immediately or not al all. For oral description, there was a greater proportion of long latency responses for the posterior patients. When given phonemic or visual cues to assist naming, Broca's aphasics benefited the most, the anomics performing most poorly. All these results suggest qualitative differences in naming ability in aphasic subgroups.

Anomia↗

PubMed2002

Category-specific naming deficits for objects and actions: semantic attribute and grammatical role hypotheses.

Research on category-specific naming deficits and on noun and verb naming has raised questions about how organization of knowledge in the brain impacts word retrieval. The semantic attribute hypothesis posits that lexical access is mediated by brain systems that process the most definitive attributes of specific concepts. For example, it has been suggested that the most definitive attribute of living things is their visual form, whereas the most definitive attribute of non-living things is their function. The competing grammatical role hypothesis posits that access to a word depends on the grammatical role it plays in a sentence. Since nouns and verbs have different roles, it is assumed that the brain uses different systems to process them. These two hypotheses were tested in experimental subjects who had undergone left anterior temporal lobectomy (LATL) or right anterior temporal lobectomy (RATL) by assessing confrontation naming of living things, tools/implements, non-human actions, and human actions. The names of living things and implements are nouns and the names of actions are verbs. Within each grammatical class, items were characterized either predominantly by visual attributes (living things and non-human actions) or by attributes related to human activity (implements and human actions). Our results support the semantic attribute hypothesis. Patients with LATL were worse at naming tools/implements and human actions than RATL patients. Dysfunction in or removal of the left anterior temporal lobe disrupts fronto-temporal connections from the uncinate fasciculus. These connections may mediate activation of action-related information (i.e. movement plan and/or motor use) that facilitates the retrieval of names for tools/implements and human actions.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Naming in semantic dementia--what matters?

One of the major symptoms of semantic dementia (or progressive fluent aphasia) is profound word-finding difficulties. We present here a cross-sectional study of the factors affecting picture naming in semantic dementia based on data obtained from eight patients, together with a longitudinal analysis of naming in another patient. Various properties and attributes of the objects were entered into a series of regression analyses in order to predict which items the patients could or could not name. The analyses showed that object familiarity, word frequency and age-of-acquisition predicted naming success for the group and, in most cases, for each individual patient, irrespective of lesion site or overall naming success. We propose that the pattern of naming in semantic dementia is best described in terms of reduced semantic activation within a cascading/interactive speech production system. We suggest that object familiarity, and possibly word frequency, reflect the inherent robustness of individual semantic representations to the decay process in terms of both quantity and quality of experience. Age-of-acquisition and word frequency (at a phonological-lexical level) predicts naming success, because frequent, early-acquired words are relatively easy to activate even with reduced semantic "input".

Adult↗