Experimental urolithiasis. IV. Prevention of magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi by reducing the magnesium intake or by feeding an aluminum gel.
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Aluminum↗
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Synergistic interaction of magnesium and vanadate on glucose metabolism in diabetic rats.
The effect of vanadate (V) alone, magnesium (Mg) alone, and the combination of Mg plus V (MgV) on insulin-mediated glucose disposal and glucose tolerance was investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MgV, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and sodium metavanadate (NaV) were added to the drinking water of normal or diabetic rats (approximately 300 g) for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks of V treatment (both MgV and NaV), diabetic rats demonstrated a normal meal tolerance test without any increase in the plasma insulin response. Rats also received a euglycemic insulin clamp (12 mU/kg x min for 120 minutes) with 3-3H-glucose infusion to quantify total body glucose disposal, glycolysis (3H2O production), and glycogen synthesis (total body glucose disposal minus glycolysis). Total glucose disposal was decreased in diabetic versus control rats (29 +/- 2 v 35 +/- 2 mg/kg x min, P < .01) and returned to levels greater than the nondiabetic control values after MgV (41 +/- 2, P < .01). Supersensitivity to insulin was not observed in diabetic rats treated with NaV (34 +/- 1). Glycogen synthesis was increased by both MgV and NaV treatment (23 +/- 21, P < .01 and 18 +/- 1, P < .05 v 14 +/- 2 mg/kg x min) in diabetic rats. A small increase in glycolysis was observed in MgSO4 and MgV rats (18 +/- 1 and 18 +/- 1 v 16 +/- 1, P < .05). NaV alone had no effect on glycolysis. Thus, Mg has a synergistic effect with V to increase muscle glycogen synthesis in diabetic rats. In normal rats, neither MgSO4 nor NaV had any effect on glucose utilization. However, MgV increased glucose disposal to rates that were significantly higher than the rate in untreated control rats (P < .05). Based on these results, MgV is superior to either V alone or Mg alone in improving insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthesis in diabetic rats.
Animals↗
Chemical composition and microstructure of uroliths and urinary sediment crystals associated with the feeding of high-level cottonseed meal diet to water buffalo calves.
The chemical composition and microstructure of seven uroliths and four urinary sediment samples associated with the feeding of high-level cottonseed meal diet to buffalo calves were examined by chemical qualitative analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Struvite was a major component of kidney stones and of some bladder stones. The kidney stone sample appeared cracked under low power under SEM, aggregated into tiny balls under high power, and as a blade-like structure under even higher power. The bladder stone samples appeared finely granular or granular with various forms of prismatic crystals. The urinary sediments were prismatic crystals, with granules. The newly found prismatic crystals, which were rich in potassium and similar to struvite in crystal structure, were identified as potassium magnesium phosphate (KMgPO4.6H2O) in some bladder stones and urinary sediments. However, crystals which contained Mg and P only, which had been used for struvite identification, were not found by EDS examination in urinary sediments from fresh urine samples of buffalo calves fed the high-level cottonseed meal diet.
Animals↗
Controlled struvite crystallisation for removing phosphorus from anaerobic digester sidestreams.
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal wastewater treatment plants that use anaerobic digesters for sludge treatment, have high phosphorus concentrations in the sidestreams from their sludge dewatering equipment. To remove phosphorus from such sidestreams controlled struvite crystallisation can be used. Struvite (or MAP) is a naturally occurring crystal of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. We present operational results obtained with a continuously operated pilot-scale MAP reactor. The pilot-scale reactor (143 l) was an air agitated column reactor with a reaction and a settling zone, based on the Phosnix process of Unitika Ltd., Japan. The influent to the MAP reactor was centrate from the centrifuge that dewaters anaerobically digested sludge at the Oxley Creek wastewater treatment plant in Brisbane. We used a 60% magnesium hydroxide slurry to add the required magnesium to the process and to obtain the alkaline pH value required. The pilot-scale MAP process achieved an ortho-P removal ratio of 94% from an average influent ortho-P concentration of 61 mg/l. The reactor was operated at a pH of around 8.5. Insufficient dosing of magnesium reduced the P removal performance. There was no influence of the hydraulic residence time on the process in the range of 1-8 h. The dry MAP product had cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations well below the legal limits for fertilisers in Queensland, Australia and can be reused as a valuable slow-release fertiliser.
Ammonia↗
Phosphorus removal from a real anaerobic supernatant by struvite crystallization.
In this paper the phosphorus removal from a real anaerobic supernatant through the crystallization of struvite and or hydroxyapatite was investigated. A comparison between experimental results on phosphorus crystallization carried out in a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) on a bench-scale and on a half-scale plant is presented, together with a double saturational model able to describe all experimental results, independent of the different geometry of the reactors, the distinct contact times and the unlike products obtained. Experimental results show that removal efficiencies are very satisfactory, and the maximum phosphorus removal is of 80%.
Anaerobiosis↗
Conditions influencing the precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate.
Struvite precipitation in wastewater treatment works has caused substantial operational problems since the early 1960s. Struvite, magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4 6H2O), is a white inorganic crystalline mineral that precipitates in places with increased turbulence such as pumps, aerators and pipe bends. Batch experiments were conducted to examine the influence of a number of physical and chemical parameters on struvite crystallisation. This was undertaken by dosing a medium of de-ionised water with varying concentrations of Mg2+, NH4+ and PO4(3-) ions. Preliminary experiments found that struvite could be precipitated out of solution at pH 10 and increasing the ion concentration stoichiometrically could increase crystal yield. Increasing the NH4+ concentration increased purity of the precipitate. As reaction time was increased from 1 to 180 min, crystal size was found to increase from 0.1 to 3mm.
Chemical Precipitation↗
Potential phosphorus recovery by struvite formation.
Formation of struvite (MgNH4PO4 x 6H2O) at sewage treatment works can cause operational problems and decrease efficiency. Struvite has a commercial value and the controlled formation and recovery of it would be beneficial. A mass balance was conducted at full scale across the whole sewage treatment plant in order to identify a stream to conduct bench-scale struvite crystallisation studies. The most suitable stream was identified as the centrifuge liquors. The average flow of the liquor stream was 393 m3 d(-1) and the composition was as follows: 167 mg L(-1) phosphorus, 44 mg L(-1) magnesium, 615 mg L(-1) ammonium, 56 mg L(-1) calcium and 2580 mg L(-1) of alkalinity. The pH averaged at 7.6 and the stream had a predicted struvite precipitation potential of 140 mg L(-1). Struvite crystallisation occurred quickly during the trials, by raising the pH of the centrifuge liquors to 9.0 and dosing with magnesium. Up to 97% phosphorus removal as struvite was achieved. Struvite formation occurred when the molar ratio of magnesium:phosphorus was at least 1.05:1. Below this ratio phosphorus removals of 72% were observed, but not exclusively as struvite. Annual yields of struvite were calculated to be 42-100 tonnes a year, depending on the dose regime. Revenue from the sale of produced struvite could be between Pound Sterling8400 and Pound Sterling20,000 a year.
Costs and Cost Analysis↗
P removal from anaerobic supernatants by struvite crystallization: long term validation and process modelling.
In this work, a model for phosphorus crystallization in a fluidized bed reactor, able to describe the experimental results obtained during a semiscale pilot plant, is presented. In particular, the validity of the model proposed has been evenly extended with respect to a previous experiment, even at a lower contact time, and the length of each experiment has been increased, in order to verify the behaviour of the process for long term applications and to evaluate the maximum crystal growth of the system. Moreover, the state of the art of the available processes for phosphorus removal from wastewater is presented, together with a detailed review of the several models so far developed to describe the phosphorus crystallization mechanisms.
Crystallization↗
Struvite formation, control and recovery.
Recent legislation on the removal of nutrients from wastewater has led to a number of operation problems with struvite scaling. Struvite is MgNH4PO4 x 6H2O and this paper reviews the formation, control and recovery of struvite from primarily municipal wastewater and other waste streams. Treatment options for control and technologies for recovery are discussed.
Chemical Precipitation↗
Struvite formation and the fouling propensity of different materials.
Struvite (MgNH4PO4 x 6H2O) fouling was investigated to identify the impact supersaturation and material had on scaling rates. Tests were undertaken at three supersaturation ratios and with three different materials: stainless steel, teflon and acrylic. Impellers consisting of a clasp unit and two corrosion coupons that could be attached were used to mix centrate liquor and precipitation was initiated by the change in pH caused by degassing. Increasing the supersaturation ratio from 1.7 to 5.3 led to a doubling in the scaling rate of stainless-steel coupons. Experiments with acrylic and teflon coupons showed the influence of surface roughness upon scaling propensity. Coarsely roughened coupons following 40 h of mixing had a mass of 413 mg of struvite attached compared to smooth coupons that had a mass of 240 mg attached. Material did have an influence upon struvite fouling but this influence diminished with increasing surface roughness.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
Urea hydrolysis and precipitation dynamics in a urine-collecting system.
Blockages caused by inorganic precipitates are a major problem of urine-collecting systems. The trigger of precipitation is the hydrolysis of urea by bacterial urease. While the maximum amount of precipitates, i.e. the precipitation potential, can be estimated with equilibrium calculations, little is known about the dynamics of ureolysis and precipitation. To gain insight in these processes, we performed batch experiments with precipitated solids and stored urine from a urine-collecting system and later simulated the results with a computer model. We found that urease-active bacteria mainly grow in the pipes and are flushed into the collection tank. Both, bacteria and free urease, hydrolyse urea. Only few days are necessary for complete urea depletion in the collection tank. Two experiments with precipitated solids from the pipes showed that precipitation sets in soon after ureolysis has started. At the end of the experiments, 11% and 24% of urea was hydrolysed while the mass concentration of newly formed precipitates already corresponded to 87% and 97% of the precipitation potential, respectively. We could simulate ureolysis and precipitation with a computer model based on the surface dislocation approach. The simulations showed that struvite and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) are the precipitating minerals. While struvite precipitates already at low supersaturation, OCP precipitation starts not until a high level of supersaturation is reached. Since measurements and computer simulations show that hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the final calcium phosphate mineral in urine solutions, OCP is only a precursor phase which slowly transforms into HAP.
Bacteria↗
Modelling multiple mineral precipitation in anaerobic digester liquor.
Mineral precipitation problems have been experienced with the conveyance and treatment of anaerobically digested primary and waste activated sludge blends. This paper describes an experimental investigation into mineral precipitation in anaerobic digester liquor (ADL) from the Cape Flats (CF) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) (Cape Town, South Africa), and application of the three-phase (aqueous/solid/gas) physical and chemical processes kinetic model developed by Musvoto et al. (Water Res. 34 (2000) 1857; Water Res. 34 (2000) 1868; Water SA 26(4) (2000) 417) to the experimental data. From the experimental investigation and theoretical modelling, it is concluded inter alia that: (i) there is a close correlation between experimental measured and theoretically predicted data, (ii) the dominating mineral that precipitates is struvite, with small amounts of amorphous calcium phosphate and negligible newberyite, calcite and magnesite, (iii) the precipitation of struvite is governed by the increase in pH when CO2 is lost from the ADL, (iv) the ADL is initially undersaturated with respect to struvite, but becomes supersaturated at pH > 7.3-7.7, (v) the rate and mass of struvite precipitation are controlled by the rate of pH increase and the initial Mg concentration and (vi) the three-phase kinetic model is able to simulate accurately the time dependent precipitation data for multiple minerals competing for the same species and allows determination of specific precipitation rates for a number of minerals simultaneously in an integrated manner from a single batch test. Some operational strategies to minimise struvite precipitation are proposed.
Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
Removal of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater by addition of bittern.
Removal of nitrogen and phosphate through crystallization of struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O) has gained increasing interest. Since wastewaters tend to be low in magnesium relative to ammonia and phosphates, addition of this mineral is usually required to effect the struvite crystallization process. The present study evaluated the feasibility of using bittern, a byproduct of salt manufacture, as a low-cost source of magnesium ions. High reaction rates were observed; the extent of nitrogen and phosphorus removals did not change beyond 10 min. Phosphorus removals from pure solutions with bittern added were equivalent to those obtained with MgCl(2) or seawater. Nitrogen removals with bittern were somewhat lower than with the alternate Mg(2+) sources, however. Application of bittern to biologically treated wastewater from a swine farm achieved high phosphate removal, but ammonia removals were limited by imbalance in the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio.
Magnesium Chloride↗
Effect of culture conditions on the formation of struvite by Myxococcus xanthus.
The amount of struvite (MgNH4PO4 x 6H2O) produced by Myxococcus xanthus as well as the culture parameter values (pH, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen) were dependent on the culture medium used. Struvite formation started during the exponential phase and the maximum concentration was observed at the beginning of stationary growth phase. The addition of each medium component to the liquid culture influenced the amount of crystal produced. This amount did not depend on the pH increase during the culture period. The moment of the bacterial growth phase, at which each medium component was added, influenced the struvite formation.
Bacteriological Techniques↗
Hounsfield unit density in the determination of urinary stone composition.
OBJECTIVES: Noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) has emerged as the diagnostic study of choice in the evaluation of acute flank pain. Recent in vitro studies have suggested that NCCT can be used to predict the composition of urinary stones on the basis of differences in radiodensity (measured in Hounsfield units, HUs). We sought to determine whether the analysis of in vivo urinary stones seen on NCCT could predict their composition. METHODS: Between March 1997 and August 1999, 100 pure stones from patients seen at the Wilford Hall Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas were submitted for analysis. All had been visualized by NCCT before stone passage or retrieval. A General Electric High-Speed Advantage CT scanner evaluated most of these patients by a "flank pain protocol" (ie, helical technique with breath-holding at 120 kV, 200 mA with 5 mm collimation). Each scan was interpreted by one of two staff radiologists who measured the HUs for each stone. A statistical comparison was made between the stone composition and radiodensity. To allow for subsequently observed increases in radiodensity with increasing stone size regardless of composition, the HU value was divided by each stone's largest transverse diameter in millimeters to give the HU density. A statistical comparison was then made between stone composition and HU density. RESULTS: No significant difference was noted between the HU values of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones, and thus they were analyzed collectively as "calcium stones." When the HU values of calcium (n = 87), uric acid (n = 7), struvite (n = 4), and cystine (n = 2) stones were compared, the overlap of ranges precluded accurate identification, and the mean HU values were not significantly different from one another. There was less overlap noted when comparing the HU densities of the stones studied, and no noncalcium stone had an HU density greater than 76 HU/mm. Using one-way analysis of variance, significant differences were noted between the mean HU density of calcium (105 +/- 43) and uric acid (50 +/- 24) stones (P = 0.006). A trend toward significance was found between the mean HU density of the calcium and struvite stones (53 +/- 28, P = 0.073). No significant differences were found among the other stones. CONCLUSIONS: HU density compared with the HU value alone better characterized differences in radiodensities among urinary stones; calcium stones can be distinguished from uric acid stones on the basis of this value. However, neither the HU density nor the mean HU value was able to identify urinary stones in vivo.
Analysis of Variance↗
Staghorn calculus endotoxin expression in sepsis.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Use of a nasogastric tube to evacuate stone debris after ureteroscopic holmium lithotripsy.
We report a case of bilateral struvite and matrix staghorn calculi in a quadriplegic man with severe upper and lower extremity contractures that prevented percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Bilateral ureteroscopic lithotripsy was performed but the "snowstorm" of particles and viscous matrix material prevented complete stone clearance with the ureteroscope alone. Irrigation and aspiration through a fluoroscopically positioned nasogastric tube allowed evacuation of stone debris, mucinous matrix, and completion of the procedure.
Humans↗
The physiologic approach to the medical management of stone disease.
The cause of urinary stone disease can now be detected in approximately 80% of patients. Effective treatment can substantially reduce the recurrence of urinary calculi. Proper therapy depends on a thorough understanding of the physiology of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, and struvite formation and the medication developed for prevention. This article reviews the physiologic basis of urinary stone management in a straightforward, understandable fashion.
Acetazolamide↗