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PubMed2004

Social chemosignals from breastfeeding women increase sexual motivation.

Human pheromones, a type of social chemosignal, modulate endocrine function by regulating the timing of ovulation. In animals, pheromones not only regulate ovulation but also female reproductive motivation and behavior. There is no extant evidence that humans produce social chemosignals that affect human sexual motivation or reproductive behavior as occurs in other mammals. Here, we demonstrate that natural compounds collected from lactating women and their breastfeeding infants increased the sexual motivation of other women, measured as sexual desire and fantasies. Moreover, the manifestation of increased sexual motivation was different in women with a regular sexual partner. Those with a partner experienced enhanced sexual desire, whereas those without one had more sexual fantasies. These results are consistent with previous pheromonal effects on endocrine function, and warrant further study of these social chemosignals as candidates for pheromonal processes, including their effects on other aspects of motivation and behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

SecDFyajC is not required for the maintenance of the proton motive force.

SecDFyajC of Escherichia coli is required for efficient export of proteins in vivo. However, the functional role of SecDFyajC in protein translocation is unclear. We evaluated the postulated function of SecDFyajC in the maintenance of the proton motive force. As previously reported, inner membrane vesicles (IMVs) lacking SecDFyajC are defective in the generation of a stable proton motive force when energized with succinate. This phenomenon is, however, not observed when NADH is used as an electron donor. Moreover, the proton motive force generated in SecDFyajC-depleted vesicles stimulated translocation to the same extent as seen with IMVs containing SecDFyajC. Further analysis demonstrates that the reduced proton motive force with succinate in IMVs lacking SecDFyajC is due to a lower amount of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. The expression of this enzyme complex is repressed by growth on glucose media, the condition used to deplete SecDFyajC. These results demonstrate that SecDFyajC is not required for proton motive force-driven protein translocation.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2002

Motivation, reward, and Parkinson's disease: influence of dopatherapy.

"Orbitofrontal" and "cingulate" striatofrontal loops and the mesolimbic dopaminergic system that modulates their function have been implicated in motivation and sensitivity to reinforcement in animals. Parkinson's disease (PD) provides a model to assess their implications in humans. The aims of the study were to investigate motivation and sensitivity to reinforcement in non-demented and -depressed PD patients and to evaluate the influence of dopaminergic therapy by comparing patients in "on" (with L-Dopa) and "off" (without L-Dopa) states. Twenty-three PD patients were compared, in both the "on" and "off" states, to 28 controls, using: (1) an Apathy Scale; (2) Stimulus-Reward Learning, Reversal, and Extinction tasks; and (3) a Gambling task. PD patients were found: (1) mildly apathetic; (2) impaired on Stimulus-Reward Learning and Reversal, but not on Extinction; and (3) able to progress in the Gambling task during the first, but not the second assessment. There was no significant correlation between these various deficits. L-Dopa treatment clearly improved motivation, but had more limited and contrasting effects on other variables, decreasing the number of omission errors in Reversal, but increasing the number of perseveration errors in Extinction. These results suggest: (1) an implication of striatofrontal loops in human motivation and explicit and implicit sensitivity to reinforcement; (2) a positive influence of L-Dopa treatment on the subjective evaluation of motivation, but contrasting effects on reward sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Motivation to serve in the military influences vulnerability to future posttraumatic stress disorder.

High motivation and belief in a cause have been reported to be protective against posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while below-average intellectual functioning and poor educational achievements have been reported to increase vulnerability to PTSD. The main goal of this study was to assess the effect of education, and intellectual and behavioral functioning on the risk for future PTSD. Data collected before exposure to trauma, on intellectual and behavioral functioning, and educational achievements of 901 male Israeli adolescents who had performed pre-induction screening tests by the Israeli Draft Board, and were later diagnosed with PTSD, were compared with a control group of adolescents who were not later diagnosed with PTSD. Future PTSD patients had significantly lower intelligence, fewer years of formal education and lower scores on a scale assessing motivation to serve in the military, in comparison with the control group, with effect sizes (ES) ranging from 0.14-0.34. In contrast, future PTSD patients scored significantly higher on a scale assessing social functioning, ES=0.13. However, when controlling for the differences in motivation to serve, all of these differences disappeared. In this cohort, although slightly below average intellectual functioning and formal education, and better social functioning, independently increased vulnerability to suffer from PTSD, these associations disappeared when the future PTSD patients' lower motivation to serve in the military was included in the analysis. This suggests that low motivation to serve in the military might increase vulnerability for PTSD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Midwives' motivation for continuing education.

This study examined midwives' motivations for continuing their education by conducting a survey amongst a sample population of midwives, employed in 4 Health Authorities in the North West of England. The survey was carried out using a questionnaire which asked midwives to indicate the 'importance' of a series of requirements of continuing education. Of 120 midwives who received the questionnaire, 83 (69%) replied. Motivational factors included: learning for professional and personal development; fulfilling legal or statutory practice requirement, or as a social activity. The results showed that motivation for continuing education was strongest in relation to professional competence and an innate desire for knowledge. Where personal development was achieved, the emphasis was to promote professional advancement rather than social interaction. Less emphasis was placed on fulfilling the legal requirements for practice. The strongest motivators were learning orientated, which suggests that the subjects were self-directed to fulfil their needs, based on a desire to learn, this being less dependent on external motivators, which may be activated by statutory or employer requirements. Social interaction was seen as the least important aspect, although subjects found it beneficial to meet colleagues from other areas and felt that they learnt from exchanging views about various clinical practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Motivation-dependent activity in the dorsolateral part of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey.

Field potentials were recorded on self-paced hand and mouth movements with implanted electrodes on the surface and at 2.0-3.0 mm depth in respective cortical areas in seven monkeys. Surface-negative (s-N), depth-positive (d-P) premovement slow potentials were recorded in the prefrontal cortex only when the movements were performed with an intense motivation for a reward. Such a motivation-dependent activity was mainly obtained in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus on both sides (except for the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus in the left hemisphere). Three of the seven monkeys were also tasked with visuo-initiated hand movements. As motivation for reward decreased, s-N, d-P potentials at a latency of about 80 ms after stimulus onset became gradually smaller in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus in the right hemisphere. These facts suggest that motivation-dependent activity is represented in the dorsolateral part of the prefrontal cortex in monkeys, and that the cortical part is involved in motivational functions as well as in cognitive functions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivational interviewing in a group setting with mandated clients: a pilot study.

Some clients who are court-ordered to undergo substance abuse treatment are not able or willing to identify treatment-related goals. This situation can cause difficulties in the therapeutic relationship and compromise treatment. To address this problem, we offered a group-based motivational enhancement program prior to standard treatment. Over 2 years, 73 clients attended the motivation group while 94 did not. Compared to those who did not, those who attended the motivation group were significantly less likely to meet criteria for substance abuse dependence, they attended a higher proportion of their treatment sessions, and they were more likely to have completed treatment. After controlling for diagnosis, employment, and age, attending the motivation group was still related to higher rates of attendance and treatment completion. A motivation group may promote better participation in substance abuse treatment programs among persons who do not identify treatment goals. Additional research is needed to draw firm conclusions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Factors affecting motivation during the first six weeks of treatment.

Since the new conceptualization of motivation as a product of interpersonal exchanges, clinicians and researchers have shown a growing interest in understanding the process of and identifying factors increasing motivation for treatment. Elaborated from the self-determination theory, a motivational model was tested among 140 participants (recruited in a public outpatient readaptation center for substance-related disorders) who persevered in treatment for at least 6 weeks. The results support the usefulness of the self-determination theory in the field of motivation for treatment of substance-related disorders, and suggest some recommendations to enhance motivation: therapists must pay attention to the progression toward goal attainment and foster the perception of competence of their clients; treatment centers should offer a context that supports autonomy and that involves significant others.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Choices and motivations of infertile couples.

When couples are confronted with infertility they may choose among several options: medical help, adoption, fostering, alternative medicine and focusing on other life goals. The frequency of choices and motivations for these options were investigated among 131 infertile couples. Husbands and wives answered a structured questionnaire. The medical option was chosen in more than 80% of the cases. Also, this choice is made very quickly. Other options were considered at a later time, and chosen much later than the medical option. The most frequently mentioned motive for seeking help is the desire to have a child. This motive is reported in all forms of help seeking Motives for medical consultation are often seeking information, understanding the cause of infertility and physical complaints. Altruistic motives are rather important when considering adoption, and very important when considering foster-care.

Adoption↗
PubMed2001

A pilot test of motivational interviewing groups for dually diagnosed inpatients.

Motivational interviewing is a brief treatment approach designed to produce rapid, internally motivated change in addictive behaviors. Motivational interviewing shows promise for engaging clients with dual psychiatric and psychoactive substance use diagnoses in treatment. While initially developed as an individual treatment approach, key motivational enhancement principles may be applied to structured group interventions to facilitate its introduction to inpatient dual-diagnosis treatment. We describe how we developed and pilot-tested a motivational interviewing group for dually diagnosed inpatients, and illustrate successes and pitfalls in clinical implementation. Group participants were readily engaged by the entertaining format and often provocative content, and appeared to benefit from exploration of their ambivalence regarding change. Directions for further development and evaluation are proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrating skills training and motivational therapies. Implications for the treatment of substance dependence.

Two well-articulated models of substance abuse treatment, skills training and motivational enhancement, have received considerable research attention in recent years. Skills training treatments operate on the underlying rationale of correcting skills deficits, whereas motivational strategies are based on affecting clients' willingness to use skills they already possess. Skills training and motivational enhancement are typically described as distinct treatments and have recently been constructed as different treatments within a large multisite trial in the United States (Project MATCH). This article explores how treatments for substance abuse can draw from and integrate skills training and motivational strategies. Recovery from addictive patterns of behavior often requires learning over time and typically involves slips, relapses, and multiple quit attempts. Therapeutic support for change in addictive behavior, in particular attempting to prevent and minimize relapse, requires assessment and support of both why one might pursue change (motivation) and how one can best be successful (skills).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Motivation to change substance use among offenders of domestic violence.

Substance use alone leads to increased rates of violence, reduction in adherence to treatment regimes, and other negative psychiatric sequelae. Given the high rates of co-occurring substance use and family violence-related problems, substance use was assessed among offenders of domestic violence who were mandated by court to attend anger management classes. Rates of substance dependence diagnoses ranged from 33 to 50%, while rates of substance abuse diagnoses ranged from 60 to 75%. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a motivational enhancement intervention on readiness to change substance use. Two anger management groups were targeted to assess substance use, violence, and motivation to change substance use behaviors. One group was randomly chosen to partake in a motivational enhancement intervention session. The comparison group was offered standard anger management classes. Forty-one clients were evaluated for substance abuse and dependence diagnosis using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. A brief motivation to change survey, adapted from the Readiness to Change subscale of the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale was administered pre- and postsession. Results indicate that a motivational enhancement intervention is feasible and effective in increasing readiness to change substance use among domestic violence offenders. The results illustrate the importance of assessing and treating substance use among offenders of domestic violence, as this may be an important indicator for higher dropout rates and reoffenses among this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cognitive disorders and negative symptoms as correlates of motivational deficits in psychotic patients.

The problem of a possible lack of motivation to perform cognitive tasks, which is often encountered in psychotic patients, has been approached from the perspective of the 'energetics' of cognition (Hockey et al. 1986) and from the broader clinical context of psychosis as an 'amotivational syndrome' and its related negative symptoms. The presence of motivational deficits was investigated in a group of psychotic in-patients (N = 73, and 40 had schizophrenia) compared with a control group of non-psychotic psychiatric in-patients (N = 23). The motivational deficit was operationalized in terms of Sanders's (1983) cognitive-energetic model as a large effect of 'time-on-task' during a simple, monotonous reaction test. Significantly more psychotic patients than control patients showed evidence of this type of motivational deficit. The deficit appeared to be related with negative but not with positive symptoms of psychosis. Furthermore, the deficit was shown to be related to the cognitive disorders of psychosis, which have been amply documented in the literature, i.e. disorders of vigilance, verbal memory and distractibility. These results suggest that the cognitive disorders of psychosis are not of a 'computational' but of an 'energetical', i.e. motivational nature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Motivated patients are more cost-effectively rehabilitated. A two-year prospective controlled study of patients with prolonged musculoskeletal disorders diagnosed in primary care.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program with traditional treatment within primary care in terms of the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with prolonged musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) on the one hand and the costs to society on the other. Predictors of total costs, such as motivation, socio-economic level, age, pain, and working environment, were investigated. METHODS: A prospective, matched, controlled 2-year follow-up study was designed. The main outcome measures were HRQOL using the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and patient-specific total costs due to society. The cost-effectiveness was expressed as a quotient of the total costs to society/NHP global score difference value. RESULTS: Patients with prolonged MSD generate substantial total costs to society, chiefly in the area of indirect costs. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation improved HRQOL more cost-effectively. Motivation was revealed as a predictor of total costs. The relationship in savings in terms of indirect costs between the highly-motivated and the less-motivated patients was calculated at 4:1. CONCLUSIONS: The large group of patients with prolonged MSD generate substantial total costs, and even small reductions in direct and indirect costs could be of importance to society. The multidisciplinary rehabilitation program applied here was more cost-effective as compared with conventional treatment within primary care when it came to improving the patients' perceived HRQOL. Motivation could be a predictor of total costs, which has to be addressed in the process of identifying the patient as a partner in the rehabilitation process.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rehabilitation benefits highly motivated patients: a six-year prospective cost-effectiveness study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the six-year outcome of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program with continued care within primary care in terms of health-related quality of life and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, predictors of total costs to society were examined. METHODS: A prospective, matched, controlled, six-year follow-up was designed. The study included 236 patients (42 men, 194 women) nineteen to sixty-one years of age with prolonged musculoskeletal disorders. The intervention comprised a four-week multidisciplinary rehabilitation and an active one-year follow-up based on a bio-psycho-social approach. The control group received continued care within primary care. The main outcome measures were quality of life measured using the Nottingham Health Profile, motivation identified by an interview and patient-specific total costs to society. Differences in mean costs between groups and cost-effectiveness were evaluated by applying nonparametric bootstrapping techniques. RESULTS: Total costs per treated patient in the rehabilitation group and the control group were pound 43,464 (SD = 31,093) and pound 44,123 (SD = 33,333), respectively (p = .896). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation improved quality of life somewhat more cost-effectively. Motivation was revealed as a predictor of total costs. CONCLUSION: In the long-run, the evaluated multidisciplinary rehabilitation improved the highly motivated patients' quality of life most cost-effectively. The latently motivated patients may require rehabilitation, which is less intensive and with a longer duration, to improve their health in a whole-person perspective. The burden of prolonged musculoskeletal disorders to society was reaffirmed. Motivation could be a predictor of total costs, a factor which has to be taken into account in the examination procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sexual motives, gender, and sexual behavior.

The roles of gender and the sexual motives of Love, Pleasure, Conformity, Recognition, Dominance, and Submission in numerous usual and unusual sexual behaviors were investigated. In a survey of 191 college undergraduates it was found that Love, Pleasure, Conformity, and Recognition motives, often in interaction with gender, were all important predictors of sexual behavior. Gender was the best predictor of initiating usual sexual behavior, whereas the Love motive was the best predictor of actually engaging in usual sexual behavior. Pleasure and Recognition in interaction with gender were the best predictors of engaging in unusual sexual behavior. None of the sexual motives predicted initiating unusual sexual behavior. Findings suggest that a variety of sexual motives may underlie sexual behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Examining the reciprocal relation between academic motivation and substance use: effects of family relationships, self-esteem, and general deviance.

The present study examined the reciprocal relation between academic motivation and cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use across four annual assessments during adolescence. Data were obtained from 435 adolescents, 13 to 17 years of age at the first assessment, and their mothers. The results of generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis suggested inverse reciprocal relations across time between academic motivation and both cigarette and marijuana use. Reciprocal relations between academic motivation and alcohol use were not found, possibly due to the normative use of this substance. The examination of mediational mechanisms, including general deviance, self-esteem and family relationships, suggested that the relation between marijuana use and, for younger adolescents, cigarette use and academic motivation is not direct but is indirect, mediated through the general deviance of the adolescent. Deviance, self-esteem, and, for the youngest adolescents, family relationships mediated the relation between academic motivation and subsequent marijuana use.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics and study motivation of Danish dental students in a longitudinal perspective.

This survey encompasses 3 comparable datasets of newly admitted dental students in 1972 (n=236), 1982 (n=197), and 1994 (n=108). The objectives of the survey were to describe selected socio-demographic characteristics of dental students and to analyze possible changes over time as well as possible changes in the reasons reported by the students for choosing dentistry as a career, their motivations and their expectations concerning the study and the profession of dentistry. The results showed that the ratio of women to men remained unchanged at 6:4 in all 3 cohorts of students and that the students were increasingly recruited from the 2 upper social classes. The motives for choosing dentistry mainly included altruistic motives, the desire for varied work with the opportunity to put theory into practice, economic rewards, and the implicit social status. Compared to the 1972 students, those in 1994 placed greater emphasis on social status as a motive, on the opportunity to work in the biological and scientific field, and on the ready availability of work outside Denmark. The students in all 3 years had strong altruistic motives for choosing dentistry, and it would seem that this stable continuity in the cohort of dental students would ensure the continuous controlled development of dentistry in the new millennium.

Adolescent↗