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PubMed1981

Colonic adenocarcinoma associated with chronic colitis in cotton top marmosets, Saguinus oedipus.

Colitis is a common disease of cotton top marmosets, Saguinus oedipus, characterized by crypt abscesses and inflammation of lamina propria. In more advanced colitis there is marked irregularity of mucosal surface, distortion of crypt architecture and epithelium, increased numbers of mitoses, and decreased numbers of goblet cells. Foci of pleomorphic cells arranged in poorly formed glands or sheets, interpreted as carcinoma in situ, also occur. Many such cases have invasive colonic adenocarcinoma with metastasis to colonic lymph nodes but not elsewhere. Analysis of necropsy data from a group of 210 marmosets in captivity for 3.5 yr revealed that the incidence of advanced colitis, adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma increased markedly over that period. A strong association between colitis and adenocarcinoma was suggested by both morphologic and epidemiologic data.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1980

Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis): a case report.

A juvenile male cynomolgus macaque was slightly depressed and had a rough haircoat. Cardiomegaly and pulmonary interstitial edema were found. A distinct fremitus was palpable over the right femoral canal. The only abnormal laboratory finding was an elevated total leukocyte count. A femoral arteriogram confirmed the diagnosis of femoral arteriovenous fistula. Surgical correction of the fistula was successful in reversing the heart failure. The history and anatomic location of the lesion suggested an iatrogenic cause.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Pseudotuberculosis in simians].

Pathologo-anatomic picture of the disease caused by Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis in 20 red monkeys and 2 green marmosets are described. An intestinal form of the infection was observed in the majority of the animals. The main manifestations of pseudotuberculosis in the monkeys were: lesions of the gastro-intestinal tract in the form of grave, occasionally ulcerative enterocolitis; enlargement of the spleen with the presence therein and in the liver of necroses and low granulomatous reaction; enlargement of the lymph nodes, mesenteric in particular, with the characteristic macrophagal reaction in them; impairment of the blood circulation in organs with haemorrhages and necroses, with colonies of microbes in tissues. In the course of bacteriological investigations the pathogen Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the perished animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Zoonotic intestinal parasites of hamadryas baboons Papio hamadryas in the western and northern regions of Saudi Arabia.

Six hundred and thirty-three faecal samples were randomly collected and examined for ova and cysts of intestinal parasites from five groups of hamadryas baboons of different population densities, with different human contact and in different ecological conditions (Al-Baha, Turabah and Al-Taif in south-western and Al-Rihat and Al-Akhal in north-western Saudi Arabia). Nine parasites were recorded (Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Escherichia coli, Balantidium coli, Enterobius sp., Trichuris sp., Hookworm, Hymenolepis nana and Schistosoma mansoni) in 274 samples (43.28%). The prevalence of parasites was high (36.0-58.5%) in areas of mild, cool climatic conditions, where baboons were at high density and had maximum human contact. However, in an area (Al-Akhal) of hot, dry climatic conditions, low baboon density and minimum human contact, the parasites' prevalence was very low (9.5%). The concentration of parasites (ova or cysts per g of faeces) was medium. Post-mortem examination of 24, 20, 19 and 13 baboons from Al-Baha, Al-Taif, Turabah and Al-Rihat revealed most of the parasites recorded in random faecal samples at prevalence rates of 37.5, 30.0, 36.0 and 23.0% respectively. The overall prevalence rate was 32.9%. Most of the parasites recorded in baboons were also recorded in humans in the areas of study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Gastric injury and invasion of parietal cells by spiral bacteria in rhesus monkeys. Are gastritis and hyperchlorhydria infectious diseases?

The possibility of using the rhesus monkey as a model for studying gastric function in the presence of infection with spiral bacteria was studied. Endoscopic evaluation of the gastric mucosa was performed under general anesthesia in 29 colony-bred rhesus monkeys, and gastric pinch biopsy specimens were obtained from each animal. On a separate day, gastric emptying and acid output were determined using a 99mTc dilution technique. Biopsy samples were fixed for light microscopy (H&E, Gram, and Warthin-Starry stains) and for transmission electron microscopy. The presence of spiral bacteria and gastritis was assessed and rated on coded slides. In 8 of 29 monkeys, Helicobacter pylori-like organisms were observed in close proximity to the mucosal epithelial cells or in the lumen of the gastric pits. In 14 other monkeys, "Gastrospirillum hominis"-like organisms were observed in the mucus covering the surface of epithelial cells, in the lumina of the gastric glands, and overlying parietal cells. Gastritis was present in 8 of 8 animals positive for H. pylori-like organisms, in 2 of 14 animals positive for "G. hominis"-like organisms, and in none of the uninfected monkeys, and the mean gastritis index was significantly greater in animals positive for H. pylori-like organisms. Moreover, acid output was significantly higher in monkeys positive for "G. hominis"-like organisms than in controls or animals positive for H. pylori-like organisms. Gastric emptying was not significantly different in the three groups. In conclusion, (a) H. pylori-like, but not "G. hominis"-like, organisms cause gastritis while not modifying acid output; (b) "G. hominis"-like, but not H. pylori-like organisms, invade and on occasion damage parietal cells while apparently causing hyperchlorhydria; and (c) the rhesus monkey appears to be a good model for the study of gastric infection with spiral bacteria.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monocyte/macrophage giant cell disease in SIV-infected cynomolgus monkeys.

A non-opportunistic, generalized giant cell disease (GCD) was found in 12 out of 25 (48%) cynomologus monkeys infected with SIVsm. Most organs were affected notably the lymph nodes (LN), spleen, gut, liver, lungs and CNS. The multinucleated GC varied considerably in cell size and in the number and cytoplasmic distribution of the nuclei. Immunohistochemically most GC expressed SIV antigens and markers of mononuclear phagocytes (CD68), CD4 and also occasionally the T-cell markers CD45RO, CD43 and CD2. Monkeys with GCD had more pronounced immunosuppression with lower CD4-cell counts, more often demonstrable SIV antigen in the blood and LN and had been infected for a longer time period, as compared to monkeys without GCD. These findings show that SIV infection in cynomolgus monkeys is frequently associated with extensive formation of multinucleated GC of macrophage origin, which appears to be related to the pathogenesis of the infection and the degree of immunosuppression.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Autoradiographic localization and density of [125I]ferrotransferrin binding sites in the basal ganglia of control subjects, patients with Parkinson's disease and MPTP-lesioned monkeys.

Degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons occurring in Parkinson's disease is associated with an increase in iron concentrations in the substantia nigra. As this metal catalyzes the production of free radicals, and oxidative stress may participate in the cascade of events ending in cell death, this increase in iron content may be involved in dopaminergic neuronal death. The localization and number of receptors for transferrin were investigated postmortem by quantitative autoradiography of iodinated-ferrotransferrin binding in the basal ganglia from controls, parkinsonian patients and MPTP-lesioned monkeys. In human controls, specific [125i] ferrotransferrin binding-site density was highest in the putamen and the caudate nucleus, and lowest in the globus pallidus. In parkinsonian patients, it was increased in the putamen and caudate nucleus, while in MPTP-intoxicated monkeys, there was a tendency for levels to decrease in these two regions. An inverse relationship between binding density and iron content reported in the studied regions supports the assumption of a possible capture of iron at the level of dopaminergic terminals and, in parkinsonian patients, on other cellular elements as well. These results suggest an involvement of transferrin receptors in iron uptake in the striatum of patients with Parkinson's disease, with differences between the 'acute' nigro-striatal MPTP-induced degeneration syndrome and the chronic long lasting human disease.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed2003

Age-related changes of Alzheimer's disease-associated proteins in cynomolgus monkey brains.

We characterized senile plaques (SPs) immunohistochemically in cynomolgus monkey brains and also examined age-related biochemical changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated proteins in these brains from monkeys of various ages. In the neocortex of aged monkeys (>20 years old), we found SPs but no neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Antibodies against beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) or apolipoprotein E (ApoE) stained SPs; however, the pattern of immunostaining was different for the two antigens. APP was present only in swollen neurites, but ApoE was present throughout all parts of SPs. Western blot analysis revealed that the pattern of APP expression changed with age. Although full-length APP695 protein was mainly expressed in brains from young monkeys (4-years-old), the expression of full-length APP751 protein was increased in brains from older monkeys (>20 years old). Biochemical analyses also showed that levels of various AD-associated proteins increased significantly with age in nerve ending fractions. Both SP-associated (APP) and NFT-associated proteins (tau, activated glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, cyclin dependent kinase 5, p35, and p25) accumulated in the nerve ending fraction with increasing age; however, we found no NFTs or paired helical filaments of tau in aged cynomolgus monkey brains. This age-related accumulation of these proteins in the nerve ending fraction was similar to that observed in our laboratory previously for presenilin-1 (PS-1). The accumulation of these SP-associated proteins in this fraction may be a causal event in the spontaneous formation of SPs; thus, SPs may be formed initially in nerve endings. Taken together, these results suggest that intensive investigation of age-related changes in the nerve ending and in axonal transport will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Clinical features of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) in rhesus monkeys.

A syndrome of acquired immunodeficiency has been identified in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) which died at the California Primate Research Center. Clinical evaluation of these animals revealed that 50% or more had lymphadenopathy, weight loss, and diarrhea. At least 30% had splenomegaly, fever, cutaneous abscesses and/or arthritis/myositis. Two animals had fibrosarcomas. Anemia was seen in 19 animals, lymphopenia in 14, granulocytopenia in four and thrombocytopenia in three. Hepatitis was diagnosed histopathologically in 13. Electrophoresis revealed hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypogammaglobulinemia. Numerous bacterial, protozoal, and viral agents were identified including cytomegalovirus and leukocyte-associated herpesvirus. Pathologic lesions included severe post-reactive depletion of lymphocytes in germinal centers and paracortical regions of lymph nodes. Clinical and pathologic changes indicate an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome which has some similarities to AIDS in humans. This disease in monkeys may provide a model for studying that disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

SHIV89.6P pathogenicity in cynomolgus monkeys and control of viral replication and disease onset by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat vaccine.

The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is produced very early after infection, plays a key role in the virus life cycle and in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis, is immunogenic and well conserved among all virus clades. Notably, a Tat-specific immune response correlates with non-progression to AIDS. Here, we show that a vaccine based on the Tat protein of HIV blocks primary infection with the simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)89.6P and prevents the CD4 T cell decline and disease onset in cynomolgus monkeys. No signs of virus replication were found in five out of seven vaccinated macaques for almost 1 year of follow-up. Since the inoculated virus (derived from rhesus or from cynomolgus macaques) is shown to be highly pathogenic in cynomolgus macaques, the results indicate efficacy of Tat vaccination in protection against highly pathogenic virus challenge. Finally, the studies of the Tat-specific immunological responses indicate a correlation of protection with a cytotoxic T cell response. Thus, a Tat-based vaccine is a promising candidate for preventive and therapeutic vaccination in humans.

AIDS Vaccines↗