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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

5-HT and carbohydrate suppression: effects of 5-HT antagonists on the action of d-fenfluramine and DOI.

The effects of several 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor antagonists on the anorectic effect of d-fenfluramine and the 5-HT2/5-HT1C agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) were examined in a dietary paradigm that appears to be sensitive to 5-HT-induced carbohydrate suppression. In this paradigm, deprived rats are provided with a nutritionally complete hydrated chow mash diet together with an optional carbohydrate supplement of powdered Polycose. Both d-fenfluramine and DOI produced a clear suppression of total energy intake and carbohydrate (Polycose) intake. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are different. The effect of d-fenfluramine in this paradigm was attenuated by the 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist metergoline and partially attenuated by the 5-HT1A/5-HT1B receptor antagonist (+/-)cyanopindolol. In contrast, d-fenfluramine's effect was not antagonised by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin, the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (3 alpha-tropanyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid ester (ICS-205,930), the 5-HT2/5-HT1C receptor antagonist ritanserin, or the peripheral 5-HT receptor antagonist xylamidine. However, the effect of DOI in this paradigm was significantly attenuated by ketanserin but was not antagonised by either ritanserin or (+/-)cyanopindolol. Therefore, the suppressive effect of these two 5-HT drugs on total and Polycose intake appears to be mediated, respectively, by 5-HT1B/5-HT1C receptors (d-fenfluramine) and 5-HT2 receptors (DOI).

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1996

Changes in energy metabolism and metabolite patterns of obese rats after application of dexfenfluramine.

Serotonergic neuronal networks are important for food intake and body weight regulation. Dexfenfluramine (dF), a serotonin releaser and reuptake inhibitor, was used to investigate changes in food intake, body weight development, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, and substrate oxidation rates for 12 days. Rats, which had been made obese by early postnatal overfeeding, received an energy-controlled mash diet and water ad lib and were intraperitoneally injected daily with either saline, 5 or 10 mg dF/kg. Compared to controls, food intake, body weight development, and energy expenditure were decreased in a dose-dependent manner, especially during the first 6 days. Lipid oxidation was increased while oxidation of carbohydrates was decreased. Pair-feeding experiments over 2 days revealed that this was not solely a result of diminished food intake but also an additional metabolic effect of dF, different from its anorectic effect. At the end of these experiments, plasma glucose and liver glycogen were unchanged after dF, but plasma free fatty acids were significantly decreased. Insulin-sensitivity was probably improved, indicated by decreased insulin levels and increases in muscle glycogen contents and activities of muscle pyruvate kinase. Liver-glutamine and contents of valine, leucine, and isoleucine in the muscle were significantly decreased after dF-treatment, the latter indicating a diminished proteolysis. The plasma tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio of the dF-rats was unchanged but that of the paired-fed rats was changed, despite similar changes in food intake. It is concluded that both increased oxidation of endogenous fat and reduced food intake could mediate the body weight reducing effect of dF.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Increased food intake following injection of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam into the IVth ventricle.

Despite a prolonged period of research with benzodiazepines, the central site(s) of action for the hyperphagic effects of these compounds remains to be determined. The aim of the present studies was to examine the effect of direct administration of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam into the IVth ventricle on ingestive behavior in nondeprived rats. In Experiment 1, microinjection of midazolam (3 and 30 micrograms/microliter) into the IVth ventricle was sufficient to increase consumption of a palatable mash. In Experiment 2, the hyperphagic effect was blocked by systemic administration of the selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil (20 mg/kg). The results indicate that a brainstem site of action may be important for the effects of benzodiazepine receptor agonists on ingestive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Sensitivity to sulfited foods among sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma.

Eight individuals with asthma who had been diagnosed as sulfite sensitive on the basis of double-blind capsule-beverage challenges were subjected to challenges with various sulfited foods, including lettuce, shrimp, dried apricots, white grape juice, dehydrated potatoes (as mashed potatoes), and mushrooms. Four of these patients failed to respond to challenges with any of the sulfited foods. The other four patients experienced a decrease in pulmonary function on double-blind challenges with sulfited lettuce. Two of three of these patients reacted to challenges with dried apricots and white grape juice; the fourth patient has not yet been challenged with these products. Only one of these four patients reacted to challenges with dehydrated potatoes and mushrooms, and, in this case, the response to double-blind challenges with dehydrated potatoes was not consistent. None of the sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma responded to challenges with sulfited shrimp. It is concluded that sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma will not necessarily react after ingestion of sulfited foods. The likelihood of a reaction is dependent on the nature of the food, the level of residual sulfite, the sensitivity of the patient, and perhaps on the form of residual sulfite and the mechanism of the sulfite-induced reaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effect of environmental conditions during soya-bean fermentation on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and production and thermal stability of enterotoxins A and B.

During tempe manufacture, Staphylococcus aureus was able to survive in newly started soya-bean soaks (final pH 4.7), whereas it died during soaks with accelerated souring (final pH 4.0). No S. aureus were detected after subsequent heat treatment of soaked beans. S. aureus strain S6 could produce enterotoxins A and B if inoculated on cooked soya-beans. Its growth and enterotoxin production were not influenced by inoculation rate nor by the presence of actively growing Rhizopus oligosporus, the fungus responsible for tempe formation. Enterotoxin levels were highest after 48 h fermentation. Presence of lactobacilli (L. brevis or L. plantarum) during the tempe fermentation did not influence staphylococcal growth, but enterotoxin levels were reduced. Reduced oxygen pressure did not affect staphylococcal growth, but resulted in lower enterotoxin levels after 48 h incubation. The thermal stability of enterotoxin A in tempe was significantly lower than in Brain Heart Infusion broth of comparable pH. Heating of enterotoxin-containing tempe mash reduced enterotoxin A by 99.7% as measured with ELISA and animal feeding methods.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bombesin-induced behavior in infant rats.

The behavioral effects of bombesin in 5-, 10- and 20-day-old rat pups have been investigated and the peptide was found to induce scratching (1, 10 mg/kg IP) and grooming (10 mg/kg IP) as early as 5 days after birth. Bombesin did not produce any other overt activities in the developing pups in doses of up to 10 mg/kg, however, lower doses of the peptide (0.1, 1 mg/kg IP) reduced intake of a wet mash diet in deprived 15-day-old rat pups resulting in significant decreases in body weight compared with control animals. These behavioral responses agree with the well-documented effects of bombesin in adult rats and are also in accordance with results from biochemical studies which have shown the existence of receptors for bombesin-like peptides in the rat central nervous system from an early age.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of the role of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors in the development of neural lineages in the mouse.

The development of neural lineages is a complex process which is being actively investigated in both vertebrate and invertebrate models. A detailed genetic analysis of sensory organ development in Drosophila has revealed the contribution of numerous genes which function to progressively to specify the fate of neural precursor cells. Many of these genes have mammalian homologs which are also expressed in the developing nervous system, among which two families of genes encoding transcription factors of the helix-loop-helix class. The two mouse Mash genes are homologs of the Drosophila achaete-scute genes, which are positive regulators of neural precursor development. The five mouse HES genes are homologs of the Drosophila hairy and Enhancer of split genes, which act as negative regulators in this process. We have generated a null mutation in the mouse Mash1 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Animals homozygous for this mutation die at birth, and show severe losses in olfactory and autonomic neurons. In both lineages, the mutation appears to affect the development of neuronal precursors. We have also started a genetic analysis of the mouse HES genes to study their function during neurogenesis and the possibility that they regulate the activity of Mash1 and other positive regulators.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Detoxification of cassava leaves by simple traditional methods.

Cassava leaves, which usually contain large quantities of cyanogenic glycosides, were processed into a Zairian traditional vegetable sauce "Mpondu" by simple methods which included blanching (10 min), mashing and then boiling for 20-80 min. These methods enhanced the detoxification of the leaves, with blanching alone resulting in the loss of 57% of the free (non-glycosidic) cyanide content and of 60% of the bound (glycosidic) cyanide. It is presumed that losses of cyanide during these processes would be accounted for in volatile HCN, its derivatives and in the boiling water.

Cyanides↗
PubMed1982

Teratogenic activity of pyrimethamine in Göttingen minipig.

Pyrimethamine (PY) was mixed with mashed feed and given to the Göttingen miniature pig (G-mini) during gestional days 11-35. Major malformations such as cleft palate, club-foot and micrognathia were observed in 11 out of 16 newborns from 3 pregnant sows which received 3.6 mg/kg/day. Two sows of a high-dose group (7.2 mg/kg) showed severe anemia and low appetite during the experiment and did not give birth. No malformation was found in 22 newborns of low-dose groups (0.9 and 1.8 mg/kg). Among 130 offspring which died before weaning out of 505 from 47 farrows in a breeding farm, major teratoses such as cleft palate were found in 8 newborns.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1986

Fluorescence test to identify deep smokers.

The lungs of deep smokers contain large numbers of alveolar macrophages with pigment granules in the cytoplasma that are demonstrable by means of fat stains and a distinct green-yellow inherent fluorescence at a wave length range of 350-450 nm. Systematic examinations to test the eluting effect of different solvents on the substances contained in the smoker cells revealed that only extraction in the polar solvent tetrahydrofurane and Folch's solution leads to a reduction of the inherent fluorescence of the pigment granules. Centrifugation of cell or tissue specimens of smoker lungs with Folch's solution results in the fluorescent substances passing into the chloroform phase of the extracting medium, which fluoresces milky-orange-green at a wave length of 366 nm under an ultraviolet lamp. As the fluorescence test is also independent of the degree of freshness of the corpse, extraction of the cell sediments of only a few milliliters of expressed lung tissue fluid or lung tissue mash allows to quickly establish a dead person's smoking habits to help identify the deceased.

Histocytochemistry↗
PubMed2005

Lecithinized brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the differentiation of embryonic stem cells in vitro and in vivo.

The addition of lecithin molecules to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been reported to markedly enhance its pharmacological effect in vivo. In the current study, we show that lecithinized BDNF (PC-BDNF) has a higher affinity than BDNF for neural precursor cells. Although BDNF only slightly increased the expression of the genes for Mash-1, p35, 68 kDa neurofilament, and TrkB receptor, PC-BDNF caused a significant increase in their expression. PC-BDNF also increased the level of neurofilament protein and dramatically increased TrkB mRNA gene expression, which was followed by a sustained activation of the p42/p44 extracellular-regulated kinases. Finally, transplantation of PC-BDNF-treated cells was more effective than BDNF-treated cells at improving impaired motor function caused by spinal cord injury. These findings showed that PC-BDNF has a better potential than BDNF for promoting neural differentiation, partly due to a higher cellular affinity. Furthermore, PC-BDNF-treated cells could be useful for transplantation therapy for central nervous system injuries.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Refeeding-induced expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat paraventricular nucleus.

We have previously reported that food deprivation decreases the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats, and this reduction is inhibited by blockade of glucocorticoid receptors. In this study, we examined whether the fasting-induced decrease in nNOS gene expression in the PVN is restored by refeeding. The number of nNOS immunopositive cells in the PVN, which was markedly decreased by 48 h of food deprivation, increased significantly after 6 h of refeeding and was fully restored by 24 h after refeeding. The plasma corticosterone level, which was markedly increased by food deprivation, decreased significantly within 30 min after refeeding and returned to the free fed control level by 6 h. Synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone blocked the refeeding-induced nNOS expression in the PVN without suppressing food intake. Refeeding with a non-caloric food mash for 5 h failed to restore the fasting-induced decrease in the PVN-nNOS but did, however, successfully restore the plasma corticosterone level. These results suggest that the refeeding-induced nNOS expression in the PVN is a nutrient-directed event and that plasma glucocorticoids may play an inhibitory role in the regulatory pathway. Additionally, glucocorticoid disinhibition alone does not appear to be sufficient to induce nNOS expression in the PVN; nNOS expression in the PVN upon refeeding may require both nutrient supplementation and glucocorticoid disinhibition.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Accumulation of heavy metals in Typha angustifolia (L.) and Potamogeton pectinatus (L.) living in Sultan Marsh (Kayseri, Turkey).

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu) were measured in bottom sediments, water and Typha angustifolia and Potamogeton pectinatus in Sultan Marsh. Sultan Marsh is one of the largest and most important wetlands in Turkey, Middle East and Europe, embodying saline and fresh water ecosystems and providing a shelter for 426 bird species. The organs of T. angustifolia have a larger quantity of the measured elements than the P. pectinatus. Considerably higher contents of Cd were found rather than in helophytes (P. pectinatus) in submerged plant (= emergent, T. angustifolia) species. The percentage of Cd in plant tissues points to a certain degree of water pollution in Sultan Mash. Analyses of water, bottom sediments and plant samples indicated that the Marsh were polluted with Pb, Cd, and partly with Cu and Zn. All sampling sites in the study area basin are generally more or less polluted when compared with the control values. Strong positive correlation was found between concentrations of Pb in water and in plants. Ni and Pb were accumulated by plants at a higher rate from bottom sediments than from water. Leaves of T. angustifolia accumulated less heavy metal than the corresponding roots. There was a significant relationship between Cd concentration in samples of plants and water pH value. It has been found that the tissues of T. angustifolia accumulate more heavy metals than the tissues of P. pectinatus. Therefore, all plants can be used as a biological indicator while determining environmental pressures; however, T. angustifolia is proved more appropriate for such studies.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2004

Effect of carbohydrate source on post-prandial blood glucose in subjects with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin lispro.

Our purpose was to determine if the glycemic index (GI) and proportion of carbohydrate absorbed as glucose (Pg) affected glycemic responses and occurrence of post-prandial hypoglycemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin lispro. Subjects (n=8) were studied on five separate occasions after 10-12 h overnight fasts following a standard dinner. After their morning insulin dose, subjects ate 50 g carbohydrate from a starchy food (Pg=1; mashed potato GI=83, white bread GI=71, spaghetti GI=41, barley GI=25) or pineapple juice (Pg=0.5; GI=46). Blood glucose was measured fasting and at 30 min intervals for 4 h. Glucose responses after different foods differed significantly from 30 to 180 min, with mean incremental area under the curve being closely related to GI (r=0.98, P<0.01). By multiple regression analysis, occurrence of post-prandial hypoglycemia was influenced (P<0.05) by subject and Pg. Time to hypoglycemia was affected by subject, fasting glucose, and GI. Thus, in subjects with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin lispro, GI predicts glycemic responses of carbohydrate foods. Pg may affect the occurrence of post-prandial hypoglycemia, while GI may affect its timing. Further studies using mixed meals are required to confirm how carbohydrate source affects glycemic responses and occurrence of hypoglycemia in normal meal setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Modelling effect of physical and chemical parameters on heat inactivation kinetics of hepatitis A virus in a fruit model system.

While thermal destruction of pathogenic bacteria has been thoroughly studied in food industry, heat inactivation of viruses in food has been poorly investigated. Experiments were carried out to characterize the effects of controlled physical and chemical characteristics of a food matrix upon heat resistance parameters (D and z values) of hepatitis A virus (HAV), taken as model because of its reported heat resistance. Sucrose content (28-52 degrees Brix), calcium concentration (90-1700 mg kg(-1)) and pH (3.3-4.3) were selected for possible influence on thermal inactivation of HAV in strawberry mashes and thus included in an experimental design according to a Doehlert matrix. Use of this design not only allowed to detect and quantify the direct influence of sucrose concentration upon the D85 degrees C value to be higher than the one of pH, but also to reveal a sucrose concentration/pH specific interaction, while no effect of calcium concentration was evidenced. Although the model cannot be directly used to predict heat resistance in real fruit systems, because of differences observed between predicted and measured D85 degrees C values, it is useful for predicting the trends and relative changes in D values due to sucrose concentration and pH variations. Results suggested possible effects of other constituents of strawberry products on heat resistance of HAV and confirmed the importance of experimental validation of any model-derived process. Nevertheless, such a modelling approach using response surface methodology provides a rapid answer to heat resistance evaluation of a food-borne virus as a function of specific physical and chemical parameters of specific food products.

Calcium↗
PubMed2026

Scorpion venom peptides: Novel therapeutic approaches for inflammatory and hepatic disorders.

Chronic hepatic disorders, such as metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), alcohol associated liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B virus [HBV]/Hepatitis C virus [HCV]), are primarily driven by persistent immune-mediated inflammation and hepatic stellate cell activation leading to fibrosis, yet conventional therapies lack tissue and molecular specificity. Scorpion venom peptides, refined through evolutionary selection, provide highly potent, target specific scaffolds capable of modulating intrahepatic inflammatory networks. Recent in vivo preclinical studies indicate that voltage gated potassium (Kv1.3) channel blocking peptides, such as BmKK2, significantly reduce macrophage activation and inhibit downstream cytokine production, effectively ameliorating diet-induced steatohepatitis and tissue scarring in murine models. Engineered hepatotropic candidates, such as Smp76 and Mucroporin-M1, demonstrate dual therapeutic functions: they neutralize extracellular Hepatitis C particles and suppress key host transcription factors necessary for Hepatitis B replication. This review systematically examines scorpion venom peptides organized by disease category, covering their historical development, structural classification into disulfide-bridged and non-disulfide-bridged families, ion channel specificity, hepatic anti-inflammatory and antiviral mechanisms, and translational challenges including nano-formulation delivery strategies and computational drug design. These target-specific peptides are ultimately positioned as promising molecular leads that may bridge targeted immunomodulation with the resolution of chronic, progressive liver injury.

Anti-inflammatory effects↗
PubMed2004

Haemato-biochemical and immuno-pathophysiological effects of chronic toxicity with synthetic pyrethroid, organophosphate and chlorinated pesticides in broiler chicks.

Haemato- biochemical and immuno-pathophysiological changes following feeding of broiler chicks with 20 ppm fenvalerate (synthetic pyrethroid, SP), 2 ppm monocrotophos (organophosphate, OP) and 2 ppm endosulfan (chlorinated hydrocarbon, CH) were studied. Four groups of broiler birds (30 each) were fed poultry mash without (control) or mixed with pesticides for 8 weeks. Blood glucose, serum globulin and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity level were decreased (P<0.01) in all treated groups compared to control, but not the serum albumin and BUN. The total ATPase activity was enhanced (P<0.01) in fenvalerate and monocrotophos than birds in control group. Body weight, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, eosinophil and monocyte count did not show any changes. Total leucocytes and T-lymphocyte count was lower (P<0.01) in all treated groups as compared to control group. B-cell count (P<0.01), mean 2-4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) dermal sensitivity score and splenic indices from graft vs. host reaction (P<0.05) were decreased in fenvalarate and endosulfan but the values for monocrotophos were intermediate between control and other treated groups. Pesticide intoxication reduced nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) positive cells (active splenic macrophages) (P<0.05) and spleen weight (P<0.01). Whereas bursal weight was reduced only with endosulfan, thymic weight was reduced on endosulfan and fenvalerate-treated feed. Microscopic examination of these organs further revealed atrophy/hypoplasia, decrease in the size of follicles with depletion of lymphocytes and haemorrhages in thymus. The study concludes that the chronic exposure of chicks to small amount of SP, OP and CH pesticide leads to deleterious effects on metabolism and immune system of birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Glycemic index of potatoes commonly consumed in North America.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of variety and cooking method on glycemic response and glycemic index of common North American potatoes. DESIGN: Study 1: subjects consumed 200 g Russet or white potatoes that were either (a) precooked, refrigerated, and reheated (precooked) or (b) cooked and consumed immediately (day-cooked). Incremental area under the curve was determined. Study 2: subjects consumed 50 g carbohydrate portions of white bread or potatoes (six different varieties and two different cooking methods). Glycemic index values were calculated. In both studies meals were consumed after a 10- to 12-hour overnight fast and finger-prick capillary-blood glucose was measured before and at intervals for 2 hours after consumption. SUBJECTS: The study groups were as follows: Study 1 comprised four men and six women, aged 20 to 44 and Study 2 comprised 11 men and one woman, aged 18 to 50. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Repeated measures analysis of variance with Newman-Kuels to protect for multiple comparisons (criterion of significance two-tailed P <.05). RESULTS: Study 1: Precooked Russet potatoes elicited lower area under the curve than day-cooked (P <.05), while precooking had no effect on boiled white potatoes. Study 2: The glycemic index values of potatoes varied significantly, depending on the variety and cooking method used (P =.003) ranging from intermediate (boiled red potatoes consumed cold: 56) to moderately high (roasted California white potatoes: 72; baked US Russet potatoes: 77) to high (instant mashed potatoes: 88; boiled red potatoes: 89). CONCLUSIONS: The glycemic index of potatoes is influenced by variety and method of cooking and US Russet potatoes have only a moderately high glycemic index. Individuals who wish to minimize dietary glycemic index can be advised to precook potatoes and consume them cold or reheated.

Adolescent↗