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PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional characteristics of persons in middle and old age in an area with a high life expectancy (the Abkhazian ASSR)].

Using questionnaires an investigation was made into the diet habits of 68 people aged 60-74 years, 64 people aged 75-89 years and 46 people of expectionally old age (90 years and older). This group of people lives in an agricultural region of the Abkhazian ASSR, a region with one of the highest life expectancy rates in the Soviet Union. It was found that the diet is characterized by a high lactovegetarian content, a well-balanced proportion of the most important nutrients, more or less perfect concurrence with the recommended diet for this age group and some particularities of the diet (amino acid composition, antioxidation protection) which possibly raise life expectancy, at least on experimental grounds. Alimentary risk factors could not be established.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Happiness, time consciousness, and subjective life expectancy.

84 men and 141 women enrolled at a university reported their sexes and ages, rated their happiness and their time consciousness, and estimated how many more years they expected to live. Men significantly overestimated their subjective life span compared to actuarial data. Women (but not men) who were happier tended to be younger, had greater subjective life expectancies, and felt that they had lived a smaller percentage of their total lives. Both older men and older women tended to be more time conscious.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Similar findings on different backgrounds: different effects of a longer life expectancy in Japan and Germany].

From October 27 to 29, 1983, a Japanese-German Colloquium on 'Time' took place in Kyoto. One of the main topics being discussed was 'Human Life Time'. The first section of this report deals with some common demographic findings - actual as well as historical ones - such as developments of life expectancy, aspects of life planning, attitudes towards different stages of life, grids of inheritance and transmission systems, etc. The second part concentrates upon the consequences of a standardized long life in both societies today against the background of two different cultures, above all in view of the religiously conditioned differences in attitudes towards a life/no life after death. In Japan, a 'good dying and death' traditionally means the transition into a state where there is neither life nor death (and thus no eternal life), whereas in Europe, dying and death meant during nearly two thousand years only a passage between an earthly and the eternal part of 'Life'. And even after 'dechristianization', most of us still know what we have lost--fully or partly--only very recently: our belief in eternity. As a result, many elderly people in Japan may prove 'only' economic or family and generational problems, whereas in the West, the deepest concern of the aged still more often may be a metaphysical one.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Life expectancy after endovascular versus open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: results of a decision analysis model on the basis of data from EUROSTAR.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (ENDO) has decreased operative morbidity risks compared with open AAA repair (OPEN), risks of rupture and reintervention are higher after ENDO. We used decision analysis to examine the effect of these competing risks on quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) after ENDO and OPEN. METHODS: We used a Markov decision-analysis model to simulate hypothetic cohorts of patients undergoing ENDO or OPEN. Patients moved through a multistate transition model according to probabilities derived from the literature, the EUROSTAR database (for ENDO) and Medicare claims data (for OPEN). Our primary outcome measure was QALE after surgery. We used sensitivity analysis to determine which factors most influenced this outcome. RESULTS: In the base-case analysis of 70-year-old men, life expectancy after ENDO was 7.09 quality-adjusted life years compared with 7.03 quality-adjusted life years for OPEN, a difference of 3 weeks. Sensitivity analysis showed that at less than age 64 years, OPEN results in greater QALE. However, the difference in QALE was small (<3 months) across the entire range of ages studied (60 to 85 years). The optimal strategy was sensitive to changes in ENDO and OPEN operative mortality rate, rupture rate after ENDO, late conversion to OPEN rate, ENDO revision rate, and OPEN reoperation rate. However, the difference between OPEN and ENDO strategies was small across the plausible range of most of these variables. CONCLUSION: For most patients who are candidates for AAA repair, ENDO and OPEN result in similar QALE. Decision analysis suggests that OPEN may be preferred for younger patients with low operative risk and ENDO may be preferred for older patients with higher operative risk. However, given the similarity in overall outcome, patient preference should be weighed heavily in decision making.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Life expectancy deficit (LED). A criterion for evaluating the course of malignant tumors. A statistical survey based on 70,231 malignant diseases with special reference to cases with spinal metastases].

The deficiency of life expectancy (DLE), calculated as the difference between the statistical life expectancy at a given age and the survival time with the tumor disease, is a useful measure to extend the concept of tumor malignancy. Both the evaluation of the success of the tumor treatment and the prognosis of the metastatic spread in the vertebral column can be determined with the DLE. For the 9 most frequent tumor localizations the DLE is calculated with the material of the register of cancer in the Saarland/W. Germany (N = 70,128). In an extra part, the DLE for 50 metastases of the spine is compared to the whole cases.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2003

Mass screening on abdominal aortic aneurysm in men aged 60 to 65 years in The Netherlands. Impact on life expectancy and cost-effectiveness using a Markov model.

OBJECTIVES: To predict the costs and effects on life expectancy of an AAA screening programme. METHODS: A Markov model was designed to compare the effects of a single screening for a cohort of men 60-65 years with the current no screening strategy. The following health states were distinguished: no AAA, unknown small AAA, follow-up small AAA, unknown large AAA, repaired AAA, rejected large AAA and death. Transition rates between the health states were simulated using cycle times of one year. Transition probabilities were derived from literature and a previous feasibility study. Incremental costs per life year saved were calculated. Sensitivity analyses and discounting for future effects were performed. RESULTS: The expected individual AAA costs for non-screening and AAA screening were euro; 196 and euro; 530 respectively. A difference of 3.5 months life expectancy was found in favour of screening leading to euro; 1176/life-year gained. Costs increased as compliance fell. With a discount rate of 4% the costs are euro; 2021/life-year gained. CONCLUSIONS: One-time ultrasonographic screening for AAA in men aged 60-65 years appears to be cost-effective.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

[The effect of smoking on mortality and life expectancy of the Swiss population].

The quantitative impact of smoking on mortality and longevity in Switzerland is investigated. The calculations are based on mortality ratios between smokers and nonsmokers reported in prospective epidemiologic studies, the prevalence of smoking in Switzerland, cause-specific mortality rates and the lifetable. The results imply that in 1976 roughly 3800 premature deaths were attributable to smoking, more than 90% involving males. Thus, smoking appears to be the leading preventable cause of death in Switzerland. The results of lifetable methods used to estimate the impact of smoking on longevity imply that smoking reduces male life expectancy by 12 to 16 months, and that eradication of smoking would increase life expectancy accordingly. Combining the above results suggests that, in 1976, between 52 000 and 54 000 life years were lost as a consequence of the smokers' premature mortality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Population doses, excess deaths and loss of life expectancy from mass chest x-ray examinations in Japan--1980.

The number of mass chest x-ray examinations in Japan in 1980 was 26.6 million and the average effective dose equivalent was 26 mrem per examination. The genetically significant dose was .017 mrem per person per year, the per caput mean marrow dose was 5.9 mrem, the leukemia significant dose was 5.2 mrem and the malignancy significant dose was 2.8 mrem. The excess deaths were calculated to be 70-280 depending on the risk model used. Those would be in excess to the 3.7 million cancer deaths normally expected among the examined population. The loss of life expectancy calculated with a relative risk model was 38 yr for males and 43 yr for females due to leukemia with a latent period of 2 yr and an expression period of 25 yr, and 12 yr for males and 14 yr for females due to other cancers with a latent period of 10 yr and an expression period of lifetime in the 20-24 age group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The effect of particulate air pollution on life expectancy.

Two recent US cohort studies suggest that current levels of particulate pollution in urban air are associated not only with short-term, but also with long-term increases in cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present analyses was to evaluate the change in life expectancy assuming the long-term increase in mortality rates as suggested by these studies. The method of competing causes of death was used and the effect of particulate air pollution on life expectancy was found to be notable in countries with high cardiovascular mortality like the US.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Disability free life expectancy in older Italians.

PURPOSE: To estimate Disability-Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) among a cohort of 3005 Italians aged 65-84 and evaluate geographical differences. METHOD: Sullivan method was used to estimate DFLE based on the Performance Test (PPTs), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) and Activities of Daily Living (ADLs); furthermore, a hierarchical scale of disability was defined to evaluate the pattern of DFLE and geographical differences. RESULTS: Men aged 65-69 will live 67% of their remaining life free of PPTs disability, 77% free of IADLs and 83% free of ADLs disability. Women aged 65-69 will live 44, 63 and 76%, respectively. In the hierarchical structure, mild DFLE for subjects aged 65-69, was of 12.8 years for both sexes; moderate DFLE was of 13.4 and 14.2 years and severe DFLE was of 13.5 and 15.3 years, for men and women, respectively. People living in Central Italy are those with the highest number of years lived free of mild disability; people living in Northern Italy are instead those expected to live more years free of moderate and severe disability. CONCLUSIONS: The hierarchical approach showed that women tend to live more years with some level of disability than men, although the moderate and severe disability occur almost simultaneously among men.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Long term mortality trends behind low life expectancy of Danish women.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the long time mortality trends of women in Denmark. DESIGN: Age-period-cohort analysis. SETTING: To search for possible causes we analysed mortality rates for all Danish women and men aged 40-84 during 1960-1999. Age-period-cohort modelling was used, handling the well known indeterminacy in a sensitivity analysis. MAIN RESULTS: The results indicate that the high risk of dying among Danish women is associated with being born between the two world wars. A similar pattern was not seen for men. CONCLUSION: The rather simple descriptive exploration in the framework of age-period-cohort modelling used, revealed a pattern not reflected by the commonly used life expectancy calculation. It is suggested that future studies on the low life expectancy of Danish women focus on the "between wars" generations identified with a high risk of dying in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Changes in the median life expectancy in free Saxony with reference to age-specific parameters].

When analysing an intensified mortality table of the population in Saxony (which is situated in central Germany) it became evident that by 1994 in contrast to 1988 there has been an overall positive development in respect of median life expectancy, but it also transpired that this development presented a highly differentiated pattern with regard to age-specific parameters among both the female and male populations. As far as the female population was concerned, social progress resulted in a systematic improvement of survival possibilities in childhood and at an advanced age. In the male population there were two age brackets (around the 18th year of life and between 32 and 50 years of age) where the survival probabilities had still not re-attained the 1988 level. In the pensioners' age bracket (starting around the 63rd year of age) the overall mortality rate did not attain a lower level compared to 1988. We are at present preparing an analysis of this life expectancy pattern with special reference to the causes of death.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The effects of constant and alternating temperatures on the reproductive potential, life span, and life expectancy of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Ovarian development, oviposition, larval eclosion, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, ovarian, testis and ejaculatory apodeme measurements (length, width, and area), and the number of spermatozoa of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) were analyzed at alternating (20 degrees/6 degrees C and 20 degrees/13 degrees C) and constant (6 degrees C; 25 degrees C) temperatures. Life span and life expectancy were also analyzed for both genders. All the results suggest that temperature, especially alternating temperatures, increase not only male and female reproductive potential but also their life span and life expectancy. These changes can be a powerful strategy triggered by A. fraterculus as a means to survive the stressful temperature conditions found in winter in the apple production region in Brazil, enabling this species to increase its population density and cause apple damage when spring begins.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[Life expectancy--the Japanese experience].

The author thinks that the rise in Japanese life expectancy since the end of world war I is due to the increase of fat and animal matter in Japanese diet by American influence. Even the "West" should consider a "paleolithization" of its diet as up to now all "field studies" failed to show a positive effect of a low cholesterol diet on total mortality; this the more the epidemiological relations between fat intake and coronary and cancer mortality can be explained by adaptation to carbohydrates since the neolithic.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Life expectancy of the residents of St. Petersburg].

The dynamics of the mean life expectancy (LE) were analyzed for the residents of Saint-Petersburg in 1979-2001. The trends of the above index were compared for Saint-Petersburg, Russia and a number of countries in the Eastern, Central and Western Europe. The influence of different age- and sex-groups on the mortality-intensity changes observed at crucial stage of the mentioned period were analyzed and evaluated. An LE increase at removing certain mortality causes from some age intervals were assessed. The specificity of mortality processes in Russia and Saint Petersburg was found to be essentially different from that observed in other countries. The conclusion was substantiated on that the social-and-economic situation in the country and in the city has a significant impact on the mortality level among population and, primarily, among the able-bodied population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Factors explaining the geographical differences in Disability Free Life Expectancy in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To study the geographical variations in Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) at birth (DFLEb) and at 65 years (DFLE65) in Spain and to identify the main factors that explain these variations. DESIGN: Ecological study with the 50 provinces of Spain as the units of analysis. Sullivan's method is used to calculate DFLE for each province based on information from the death registry and the survey on disabilities, impairments and handicaps. Information on the independent variables-socioeconomic level, factors related with the health system and risk factors-was taken from various sources. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Simple correlation coefficients were obtained between each dependent variable (DFLEb and DLFE65) and the independent variables. Two multiple linear regression models were fit to obtain the best set of factors that explain the geographical distribution of DFLEb and DLFE65. RESULTS: Both DFLEb and DLFE65 vary widely among provinces. The multiple linear regression analysis shows that the illiteracy rate, the percentage of the unemployed and the percentage of smokers in the population were the main factors associated with the geographical variation of DFLE. The models explained approximately 40% of the variance for DFLEb and 30% for DLFE65. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show the influence of education, the unemployment rate and smoking on the geographical differences of DFLE. The DFLE indicators are shown to be valid for use in health policy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Structured settlement annuities, part 2: mortality experience 1967--95 and the estimation of life expectancy in the presence of excess mortality.

BACKGROUND: the mortality experience for structured settlement (SS) annuitants issued both standard (Std) and substandard (SStd) has been reported twice previously by the Society of Actuaries (SOA), but the 1995 mortality described here has not previously been published. We describe in detail the 1995 SS mortality, and we also discuss the methodology of calculating life expectancy (e), contrasting three different life-table models. RESULTS: With SOA permission, we present in four tables the unpublished results of its 1995 SS mortality experience by Std and SStd issue, sex, and a combination of 8 age and 6 duration groups. Overall results on mortality expected from the 1983a Individual Annuity Table showed a mortality ratio (MR) of about 140% for Std cases and about 650% for all SStd cases. Life expectancy in a group with excess mortality may be computed by either adding the decimal excess death rate (EDR) to q' for each year of attained age to age 109 or multiplying q' by the decimal MR for each year to age 109. An example is given for men age 60 with localized prostate cancer; annual EDRs from a large published cancer study are used at duration 0-24 years, and the last EDR is assumed constant to age 109. This value of e is compared with e from constant initial values of EDR or MR after the first year. Interrelations of age, sex, e, and EDR and MR are discussed and illustrated with tabular data. CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that a constant MR for life-table calculation of e consistently overestimates projected annual mortality at older attained ages and underestimates e. The EDR method, approved for reserve calculations, is also recommended for use in underwriting conversion tables.

Compensation and Redress↗

PubMed1983

Active life expectancy.

This study was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of forecasting functional health for the elderly. Using life-table techniques, we analyzed the expected remaining years of functional well-being, in terms of the activities of daily living, for noninstitutionalized elderly people living in Massachusetts in 1974. The expected years, or active life expectancy, showed a decrease, from 10 years for those aged 65 to 70 years to 2.9 for those 85 or older. Active life expectancy was shorter for the poor than for others, and women had a longer average duration of expected dependence than men. The measure of active life expectancy provides important information about health at a given population level, in terms other than death. This information can be used for actuarial purposes in planning and policy making. It is also useful in identifying high-risk populations for which preventive health care and medical care can compress morbidity during the last years of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗