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PubMed1988

Abundance and degree of dispersion of genomic d(GA)n.d(TC)n sequences.

The abundance of d(GA)n.d(TC)n tracts was determined in genomes of rodents and primates. Dot blot hybridization assays revealed that such tracts constitute 0.40%, 0.30%, and 0.40%, respectively, of the rat, hamster, and mouse genomes, but only 0.07% and 0.05% of the human and monkey genomes. A plaque hybridization assay of rat and human genomic libraries showed that 37% and 16%, respectively, of the recombinant phages in these libraries contain d(GA)n.d(TC)n tracts. A survey of sequences stored in the GenBank data bank showed that a significant fraction of the stored rodent genes (about 2.0%) contain long d(GA)n.d(TC)n tracts (n greater than 30) with greater than 10% mismatching. The primate genes contain only shorter tracts (n less than 15) with less than 10% mismatching. In addition, the rodent and the primate genes contain tracts with larger degrees of mismatching. The chicken, which represents an entirely different branch of the evolutionary tree, was found to be as low in d(GA)n.d(TC)n tracts as the primates. It is suggested that a common ancestor of the rodents has acquired the ability to amplify d(GA)n.d(TC)n tracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A theory of the symmetries of filamentous bacteriophages.

A mathematical model is presented which explains the symmetries observed for the protein coats of filamentous bacterial viruses. Three viruses (Ff, IKe, and If1) all have five-start helices with rotation angles of 36 degrees and axial translations of 16 A (Type I symmetry), and three other viruses (Pf1, Xf, and Pf3) all have one-start helices with rotation angles of approximately equal to 67 degrees and translations of approximately 3 A (Type II symmetry). The coat protein subunits in each group diverge from each other in amino acid sequence, and Type II viruses differ dramatically in DNA structure. Regardless of the differences, both Type I and Type II symmetry can be understood as direct, natural consequences of the close-packing of alpha-helical protein subunits. In our treatment, an alpha-helical subunit is modeled as consisting of two interconnected, flexible tubular segments that follow helical paths around the DNA, one in an inner layer and the other in an outer layer. The mathematical model is a set of algebraic equations describing the disposition of the flexible segments. Solutions are described by newly introduced symmetry indices and other parameters. An exhaustive survey over the range of indices has produced a library of all structures that are geometrically feasible within our modeling scheme. Solutions which correspond in their rotation angles to Type I and Type II viruses occur over large ranges of the parameter space. A few solutions with other symmetries are also allowed, and viruses with these symmetries may exist in nature. One solution to the set of equations, obtained without any recourse to the x-ray data, yields a calculated x-ray diffraction pattern for Pf1 which compares reasonably with experimental patterns. The close-packing geometry we have used helps explain the near constant linear mass density of known filamentous phages. Helicoid, rigid cylinder, and maximum entropy structure models proposed by others for Pf1 are reconciled with the flexible tube models and with one another.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Performances of 27 MEDLINE systems tested by searches with clinical questions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performances of online and compact-disc (CD-ROM) versions of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) MEDLINE database. DESIGN: Analytic survey. INTERVENTION: Clinical questions were drawn from 18 searches originally conducted spontaneously by clinicians from wards and clinics who had used Grateful Med Version 4.0. Clinicians' search strategies were translated to meet the specific requirements of 13 online and 14 CD-ROM MEDLINE systems. A senior librarian and vendors' representatives constructed independent searches from the clinicians' questions. The librarian and clinician searches were run through each system, in command mode for the librarian and menu mode for clinicians, when available. Vendor searches were run through the vendors' own systems only. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Numbers of relevant and irrelevant citations retrieved, cost (for online systems only), and time. RESULTS: Systems varied substantially for all searches, and for librarian and clinician searches separately, with respect to the numbers of relevant and irrelevant citations retrieved (p < 0.001 for both) and the cost per relevant citation (p = 0.012), but not with respect to the time per search. Based on combined rankings for the highest number of relevant and the lowest number of irrelevant citations retrieved, the SilverPlatter CD-ROM MEDLINE clinical journal subset performed best for librarian searches, while the PaperChase online system worked best for clinician searches. For cost per relevant citation retrieved, Dialog's Knowledge Index performed best for both librarian and clinician searches. CONCLUSIONS: There were substantial differences in the performances of competing MEDLINE systems, and performance was affected by search strategy, which was conceived by a librarian or by clinicians.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence in East Africa: a review.

OBJECTIVES: Empirical data on malaria endemicity are rarely available for public domain use to guide effective malaria control. This paper describes the work carried in East Africa since 1997 as part of a pan-African collaboration to map the risk of malaria, Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa (MARA) aimed at redressing deficiency. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies of cross-sectional community estimates of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence among children aged 0-15 years were identified from a variety of sources including electronic searches of published material, manual review of pre-electronic peer reviewed journals and searches of libraries and archives in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Each survey source, infection prevalence, date, longitude and latitude and survey characteristics were recorded. DATA SYNTHESIS: All data were subjected to a number of selection criteria including minimum sample sizes, samples randomly selected, community-based surveys, age ranges of sampled communities within 0-15 years, and surveys that were spatially unique. Of the 2,003 survey data points identified since 1907 in East Africa, only 503 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis dating from 1927 to 2003. The spatial plots of the data demonstrate the paucity of information on malaria prevalence from a number of densely populated areas and highlight the concentration of empirical data in concert with research centres in the sub-region. CONCLUSIONS: Models are required to define malaria risk in areas of East Africa where no empirical data are available so that limited resources can be better targeted to those in greatest need.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Medical rare book provenance.

Provenance is defined as the record of a book's ownership history. Its value and uses are explored. A survey of provenance practices in medical school rare book libraries found that only 21% of the reporting libraries maintain this important file. Examples of the uses and value of a provenance file in a medical rare book collection are presented. Decisions necessary to institute and maintain such a file are outlined and discussed.

Documentation↗
PubMed1971

Small medical libraries can help also.

The Regional Medical Library program of the Dana Medical Library (Burlington, Vermont) is described. Practical problems of a regional program are discussed. A plea is made for providing regional service, however little or much, without waiting for surveys and large grants.

Information Services↗
PubMed1998

A study of hospital and medical libraries in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The study reported examined the status of hospital libraries, their sponsoring organizations, their staff, the academic qualifications of the head of the library, collection size, available space, buildings, and services. The study was limited to the hospitals with libraries for staff in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected through questionnaires sent to a sample of fifteen hospitals with medical libraries. Twelve libraries responded. This is the first study of its kind in Saudi Arabia, and it is hoped that similar surveys will be done covering the whole kingdom.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed2002

The genesis of a catalog of oral health-related surveys: locating oral health-related datasets.

The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), in collaboration with the Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DOH, CDC), has established a Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Data Resource Center (DRC). One element of the DRC is the Catalog of Surveys Related to Oral Health. The Catalog is a searchable electronic database that includes federal, state, international, and privately sponsored surveys and other datasets. Its purpose is to make researchers aware of surveys that have been conducted and to highlight features of complex surveys that relate to oral health. Other components of the DRC include an Archive of Procedures and Methods, Archive of Procedures and Methods Used in Oral Health Surveys, which is linked to the Catalog; an Annual Report, Oral Health U.S., 2002; and a data warehouse of acquired datasets. A Web-based statistical query system related to oral health is also under development. It is the intention of the DRC to meet the needs of NIDCR and DOH, CDC staff as well as other researchers interested in the status of oral health. The Catalog is available on CD-ROM at no cost and in the future will be made available through the NIDCR Web site.

Catalogs, Library↗
PubMed2006

Health check for Latvia: opportunities for information professionals in a new democracy.

BACKGROUND: This paper outlines developments in medical information in Latvia since independence from the former USSR in 1991, and analyses the health information gap faced by professionals. OBJECTIVES: To explore international initiatives and co-operation in health information provision in Latvia; to describe the activities of Latvian medical librarians at national, regional and international level; to look at health information provision by specialist information centres; and to discuss the role of librarians in health information provision in public libraries. METHODS: An extensive search was made of databases and medical library and health information centre staff were interviewed; a questionnaire survey of librarians was carried out. RESULTS: International initiatives and co-operation by medical librarians have extended their services at national, regional and international level. Health information portals exist, with online contacts and links to smaller health centres and organizations, but rarely employ qualified librarians or information professionals. Ninety-three per cent of public librarians had provided health information, with 79% using the Internet. The most popular sources of health information were magazines, books, local pharmacies and the Internet, but mostly for healthy lifestyle, not medical problems. CONCLUSIONS: E-health and medical informatics are high government priorities. Medical librarians are actively involved in these initiatives.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Molecular cloning and analysis of the Cryptosporidium parvum aminopeptidase N gene.

Cryptosporidium parvum proteases have been associated with release of infective sporozoites from oocysts, and their specific inhibition blocks parasite excystation in vitro. Additionally, proteases have been implicated in the processing of parasite adhesion molecules found on the surface of sporozoites and merozoites. In this study, we cloned and expressed the C. parvum aminopeptidase N gene by screening a large insert, P1 artificial chromosome library with a probe identified from a Cryptosporidium genome survey-sequencing project. Analysis of the predicted protein encoded by the 2.3 kb gene demonstrated a high degree of homology with prokaryotic and eukaryotic aminopeptidases. The 783 amino acid sequence predicted a M(r) of approximately 89,000. The active site sequence was found to be highly conserved when compared with other Apicomplexan aminopeptidases. Motifs commonly found in aminopeptidases of this class and a unique single Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide motif predictive of cell adhesion were identified. The aminopeptidase N mRNA was expressed in infective sporozoites and during the infection of human HCT-8 enterocytes as revealed by reverse transcription PCR.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

The information needs and behaviour of clinical researchers: a user-needs analysis.

AIMS: As part of the strategy to set up a new information service, including a physical Resource Centre, the analysis of information needs of clinical research professionals involved with clinical research and development in the UK and Europe was required. It also aimed to identify differences in requirements between the various roles of professionals and establish what information resources are currently used. METHODS: A user-needs survey online of the members of The Institute. Group discussions with specialist subcommittees of members. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety members responded to the online survey of 20 questions. This makes it a response rate of 7.9%. Members expressed a lack of information in their particular professional area, and lack the skills to retrieve and appraise information. DISCUSSION: The results of the survey are discussed in more detail, giving indications of what the information service should collect, what types of materials should be provided to members and what services should be on offer. RECOMMENDATION: These were developed from the results of the needs analysis and submitted to management for approval. Issues of concern, such as financial constraint and staff constraints are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: There is an opportunity to build a unique collection of clinical research material, which will promote The Institute not only to members, but also to the wider health sector. Members stated that the most physical medical libraries don't provide what they need, but the main finding through the survey and discussions is that it's pointless to set up 'yet another medical library'.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2001

Hospital patient libraries and information services in Australia.

In order to find out how many and what kind of Hospital Patient Libraries exist in Australia I placed a "Request for Information" on our national electronic discussion list entitled 'aliaHealth'. This discussion list has presently nearly 300 subscribers. Most of them are located in Australia, but they also come from Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. The e-mail address for 'aliaHealth' is: aliaHealth@alianet.alia.org.au. The result of my enquiry was rather poor: there are three Hospital Patient Libraries in Western Australia, one in Queensland and two in Victoria. The criterion was that the Library or Patient Information Service had to be located within the Hospital grounds. The six Libraries or Information Services are described in detail.

Australia↗
PubMed1997

Communication on a listserv for health information professionals: uses and users of MEDLIB-L.

BACKGROUND: Listservs offer the potential for participants to engage in a "virtual conference" with experts and colleagues from around the world. However, little research has been done to study the use and effectiveness of this means of communication. METHODS: In April 1995, an electronic survey of MEDLIB-L subscribers was conducted to determine demographic characteristics and uses of the listserv. RESULTS: Respondents worked predominately at academic institutions (45%) as members of large staffs (44%) in the United States (82%). The majority had worked as health information professionals for more than ten years. Nearly 90% of respondents read MEDLIB-L at work and most spent fewer than three hours per week doing this. More than half of the respondents read 41% to 100% of the messages distributed by the list, with fewer than 20% reading 91% to 100% of the messages. Respondents reported initiating and responding to reference questions and product information with greatest frequency. There was no relationship between years of experience in the profession and participation in listserv activities except in the category of posting information. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes communication activities on MEDLIB-L and the extent of subscriber participation in these activities.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1983

Health science libraries in the United States: III. Hospital health science libraries, 1969-1979.

Health sciences libraries in hospitals were examined from longitudinal data collected in 1969, 1973, and 1979, to derive parameters for the universe and for resources, services, and manpower. The surveys show that during this period, the number of hospitals decreased whereas the number of libraries increased. Growth in the number of community hospital libraries was counterbalanced by changes in federal, psychiatric, tuberculosis, and chronic illness hospitals.

Hospitals↗
PubMed2003

Gene discovery in oral squamous cell carcinoma through the Head and Neck Cancer Genome Anatomy Project: confirmation by microarray analysis.

The near completion of the human genome project and the recent development of novel, highly sensitive high-throughput techniques have now afforded the unique opportunity to perform a comprehensive molecular characterization of normal, precancerous, and malignant cells, including those derived from squamous carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC). As part of these efforts, representative cDNA libraries from patient sets, comprising of normal and malignant squamous epithelium, were generated and contributed to the Head and Neck Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (HN-CGAP). Initial analysis of the sequence information indicated the existence of many novel genes in these libraries [Oral Oncol 36 (2000) 474]. In this study, we surveyed the available sequence information using bioinformatic tools and identified a number of known genes that were differentially expressed in normal and malignant epithelium. Furthermore, this effort resulted in the identification of 168 novel genes. Comparison of these clones to the human genome identified clusters in loci that were not previously recognized as being altered in HNSCC. To begin addressing which of these novel genes are frequently expressed in HNSCC, their DNA was used to construct an oral-cancer-specific microarray, which was used to hybridize alpha-(33)P dCTP labeled cDNA derived from five HNSCC patient sets. Initial assessment demonstrated 10 clones to be highly expressed (>2-fold) in the normal squamous epithelium, while 14 were highly represented in the malignant counterpart, in three of the five patient sets, thus suggesting that a subset of these newly discovered transcripts might be highly expressed in this tumor type. These efforts, together with other multi-institutional genomic and proteomic initiatives are expected to contribute to the complete understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HNSCCs, thus helping to identify new markers for the early detection of preneoplastic lesions and novel targets for pharmacological intervention in this disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Book availability as a performance measure of a library: an analysis of the effectiveness of a health sciences library.

User satisfaction as a measure of library effectiveness has been studied by using Kantor's branching technique. Cleveland Health Sciences Library, Cleveland, Ohio, was used as the center of this study. The study measured independently the user bibliographic information performance, collection development policy performance, acquisition policy performance, user catalog performance, circulation performance, library operation/functioning performance, and the user search performance. Each of these categories represented one or more of the factors of library performance that could account for the possibility of users' failure. The sample size consisted of 1000 requests for book titles. The book availability rates were 59.60% without the help of the librarian and 63.50% with the help of the librarian. The results indicate that a dynamic study of library policies at regular intervals by using the Kantor's method, which is easily reproducible, can maximize library resources for the most effective fulfillment of user demand.

Consumer Behavior↗