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This article describes a study to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods (fact sheets and lectures) of providing investigational drug information.
Sarcoidosis wears many different faces, depending upon the viewer, who may be clinician, radiologist, pathologist or immunologist. This Thomé Villar Memorial lecture salutes the charismatic chest physician who pioneered studies of the disorder in Lisbon and transmitted this knowledge internationally. The four main themes of this Lisbon Conference are granuloma formation, granulomatous vasculitis, markers of activity and occupational granulomatous lung diseases; these four faces of sarcoidosis are delineated in the way that they are recognised today and as they might unfold tomorrow. Sarcoid granuloma formation is the result of a complex interplay of invading antigen, prolonged antigenaemia, macrophage presentation, T4 response, B cell overactivity, circulating immune complexes and a cascade of several biological mediators. This spider's web progresses to fibrosis which represents a process of reparation leaving a scarred hyalinised remains of the previous battlefield. Granulomatous vasculitis embraces a group of disorders which mimic sarcoidosis. Assessment must include markers of activity to decide whether sarcoidosis is active and progressive. Lisbon is an international centre for the study of occupational granulomatous lung disease and its differentiation from sarcoidosis. Finally four important remaining problems concerning sarcoidosis are faced. They are: 1. What is the aetiology? 2. Who develops it and why? 3. What are the best ways of assessing activity? 4. How is it best treated?
In this lecture the author reviews aspects of education in the care of traumatized patients, with particular attention to abdominal injuries. He notes the lack of education in this aspect of medical care during the medical school years and the variable quality of trauma care education during residency training. The author outlines an organized approach to the teaching of trauma care, focusing on cognitive, psychomotor and affective education and the establishment of a uniform core curriculum for residents with the ultimate goal of enhancing patient care.
Nursing education of the future will be characterized by diverse teaching methods. New modalities will be tested and used to meet constraints on both teachers and students. Parkinson and Parkinson report on the use of interactive television as a medium of education for nursing students studying pathophysiology. They compare this method to the more traditional teacher lecture method with interesting results. While students may prefer the human interaction, the learning results may be equivalent when the alternative medium is used.
On his retirement, George Entwisle MD, who served for eight years as Commissioner on the Maryland Commission on High Blood Pressure and Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors, was honored by the establishment of an annual lectureship at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. We present a summary of the second inaugural lecture, given in May 1988. Much of the material presented was derived from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program or from studies that followed. Both Drs. Entwisle and Langford were investigators in the HDFP.
1. This lecture defends the view that science, culture and wealth are linked and that, in the long run, the only way to maintain the spirit of excited intellectual enquiry leading to novel exploitable ideas is to attract the young by creating and maintaining a culture in which they respond to the intellectual challenge. 2. The pursuit of science is not independent of the culture in which it develops, nor is it a neutral activity. The objectivity of science neither requires nor entails its neutrality. 3. A comparison between American and British attitudes reveals a major cultural difference that leads otherwise similar political authorities to totally opposed views on the role of public funding of science. 4. The roots of this difference run deep in our culture and have a long history, stretching back at least to the early 19th century and Babbage's Decline of Science campaign. This seems to be a feature of the culture of the governing classes in Britain, at least in modern Britain. The general public perception (revealed by a recent opinion poll) is that more than 80% think that our national prosperity depends on science and technology and that it is important for Britain to be a leading nation in science. 5. The immediate cause of the present political malaise with regard to science funding is the perceived lack of correlation between science expenditure and industrial success in the 1960s. In fact, though, at the micro-economic level, there is a strong correlation between research investment and industrial competitiveness. Those industries that have invested have also succeeded. The general problem lies with a failure of major parts of industry to invest in research rather than in any major weakness or lack of exploitability in British science. 6. It will not solve that problem (which to compare with our main competitors requires an increased civil Research and Development expenditure of 3 pounds billion/annum by British government and industry combined) to try to squeeze funds from the much smaller fundamental science base, nor to impose expensive management structures on university science, which has fluorished in Britain precisely because the "young turks" have been given their head.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Aviation has opened new opportunities for both individual achievement and public service during the past 80 years. The author discusses his experiences during the second half of the modern era of powered flight, including combat activities during World War II, work as a test pilot developing flying techniques for the first jets, challenging the world altitude record, and assessing the performance capacities of different aircraft. The lecture devotes special attention to aerobatic flying, especially the properties of the spin. The author relates these personal experiences to the responsibilities of guiding modern aviation to improved public service in the coming years.
A prospective study was designed to assess the teaching effectiveness of active learning in problem-oriented small group sessions (POSGS) compared with passive learning in didactic lectures (DL). Third-year medical students participated in a POSGS on breast disease and a standardized DL on thyroid disease (N = 23) or participated in a POSGS on thyroid disease and a DL on breast disease (N = 19). Students were tested with a multiple-choice examination (MCQ) and a highly structured oral examination (OE) administered by faculty members blinded about student group. Results of a between-within analysis of variance performed separately for breast and thyroid disease yielded significant group differences because of instructional method for thyroid disease (p = 0.003) and approached significance for breast disease (p = 0.095). Although no significant interactions were detected with percentage scores, a significant interaction between group membership and test type was noted for thyroid disease when the percentage scores were transformed to Z scores. We conclude that regardless of topic or testing method, students in POSGS tended to perform better than students in a DL and that the POSGS offers significant advantages over the DL in teaching surgery to third-year medical students.
This lecture commences with a synopsis of the present activities and organization of the world-famous veterinary research institute in South Africa, colloquially and internationally known as Onderstepoort. Some of the major historic features which contributed to the origin, firm establishment and excellent reputation of Onderstepoort are subsequently outlined. Finally, the future of the institute is considered in terms of existing and expected scientific challenges.
Clinically different forms of amblyopia share as common denominators an inability to form well-defined and focused images in one or both eyes and, in the case of unilateral amblyopia, unequal visual input to the brain. This suggests two amblyopiogenic mechanisms which are effective, individually or in unison, in the various forms of amblyopia. The first is lack of adequate visual stimulation during infancy, causing visual deprivation. The second mechanism is based on abnormal binocular interaction. The clinical evidence and data from the animal laboratory will be reviewed in support of this dual etiological concept of amblyopia. An etiological classification of amblyopia suggested in 1972 on hypothetical grounds can be upheld on the basis of information that has accumulated since that time. Amblyopia is not a static condition but has a strong dynamic component since its severity can be modified by the type of stimulation received by the sound eye. Special emphases is placed in this lecture on this unique feature which is based on binocular interaction and is similar to the inhibition of afferent visual stimulation during suppression.
The results of previous studies reported in the literature have been inconclusive as regards the effectiveness of programmed instruction as compared to the lecture method. The results of this study demonstrate that the formats are, in the end, of similar effectiveness. Therefore, the choice of teaching format in a dental school can safely be based on considerations other than the amount of learning that will occur.
In this lecture, as a tribute to the late Samuel Prince, founder of the mental hygiene movement in the Maritime Provinces, the rapprochement between the clergy and mental health profession is discussed. A brief survey of the historical background of the churches' approaches to mental disorder leads to consideration of subjects of present mutual concern. Spiritual and emotional development, responsibility and guilt, law and freedom, psychic structure and sanctity, sexuality, and symbolic representation are among the areas which demand intellectual exploration in depth, jointly, by theologians and social scientists. The need is outlined for training parish clergy to carry out their role in ameliorating emotionally damaging social conditions and of educating and counselling parishioners.
The results of this study demonstrate that the programed text, slide-tape, and lecture do not differ greatly in effectiveness at any ability level. This fact eliminates the potential nightmare of having to assign dental students to different teaching formats according to academic ability. Future research should concentrate on the long-range effect of self-instructional materials, especially for the development of the effective study habits and self-reliance, which may be particularly important for low academic ability students. It is possible that academic ability is not the most important factor in matching students to teaching formats. Perhaps student personality characteristics will yield more useful guideposts for tailoring teaching to the student's best advantage.
1. Programed text and slide-tape presentations required significantly less study time than the lecture method. 2. Students of varying academic ability required approximately the same amount of study time. 3. Familiarity with self-paced study methods did not significantly affect study time.
Information displayed on a computer monitor can be easily photographed to produce attractive color slides for lectures. The authors describe a simple technique which emphasizes flexibility, convenience and expediency.
The Space Station is a means of furthering mankind's investigation of space and studying his responses to long-duration residency in the environs of space and weightlessness. The historical development of the NASA Space Station is reviewed from President Reagan's announcement of this as a new national commitment. The very tenuous history of the Space Station and it's course through technical/political reviews is the text of this Lecture.
This paper was presented as the Carel C. Koch Memorial Award Lecture at the American Academy of Optometry meeting in Houston on December 11, 1983. Dr. Koch's commitment to interprofessional affairs is recognized and examples of interaction between optometrists and medical, educational, and psychological personnel are highlighted. A challenge is presented to enhance interprofessional cooperation for the future.
This report describes the lecturer's visit to Murinia where he consulted with the leading geneticists, including Dr. Maxie Mouse CXIV. The mice are greatly interested in the field of radiation genetics, but they no longer wish the honor of the major responsibility for setting our genetic radiation standards.