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PubMed1997

Enteropathy in Zambians with HIV related diarrhoea: regression modelling of potential determinants of mucosal damage.

BACKGROUND: AIDS is characterised by small intestinal mucosal damage, but its aetiopathogenesis is poorly understood. Enteric infections in Africa differ from those in northern countries, where protozoan infections have been associated with severe enteropathy in AIDS patients. AIMS: To characterise enteropathy in Zambian AIDS patients compared with local controls, and to assess relative contributions of enteric infection, nutritional impairment, and immune dysfunction. METHODS: Computer aided mucosal morphometry of small intestinal biopsy specimens from 56 HIV infected Zambians with persistent diarrhoea and 26 diarrhoea free controls, followed by regression modelling. RESULTS: Patients with HIV related diarrhoea had reduced villous height and increased crypt depth compared with controls. There was no difference between HIV positive and negative controls. In regression models applied to AIDS mucosal measurements, villous height and crypt depth were related to nutritional parameters and to serum soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 concentration. Crypt depth was also related to lamina propria plasma cell count. Intestinal infection was found in 79%, which consisted predominantly of microsporidia in 34%, Isospora belli in 24%, and Cryptosporidium parvum in 21%, but detection of these enteropathogens was not related to severity of enteropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional and immune disturbances were associated with enteropathy, accounting for over one third of the variation in mucosal morphometric parameters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Endometrial coccidiosis.

This report describes a case of granulomatous endometritis caused by coccidiosis in an immunologically uncompromised 63 year old patient. The glandular epithelium of the endometrium contained numerous intracytoplasmic cysts, corresponding to periodic acid Schiff positive and methenamine silver negative sporoblasts. The endometrial glands revealed reactive phenomena, such as eosinophilic and squamous glandular metaplasia and intraluminal desquamation. Non-necrotising epithelioid granulomata, lacking the presence of parasites, were present in the stroma. Although not detected in the stool examination, the organisms were probably Isospora belli. There was no evidence of other foci of the disease. Coccidiosis should be differentiated from the more commonly occurring coccidiomycosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Diarrhoea in nursing piglets associated with coccidiosis: prevalence, microscopic lesions and coexisting microorganisms.

A retrospective study was made of natural infections with Isospora suis in nursing piglets, recorded from April 1994 to May 1997, to determine the prevalence, microscopical lesions and other microorganisms associated with coccidiosis. One hundred and five (17.3 per cent) of the 605 nursing piglets submitted from 304 pig farms were diagnosed positive for coccidiosis. The affected piglets were from seven to 20 days old, with a mean age of 11.1 days. Coccidiosis occurred in each year but the incidence peaked in July (15 cases, 14.3 per cent), September (15 cases, 14.3 per cent), October (16 cases, 15.2 per cent) and November (18 cases, 17.1 per cent) and was lowest in May (no cases), August (two cases, 1.9 per cent) and June (four cases, 3.8 per cent). Histopathologically, villous atrophy resulting from the necrosis and sloughing of epithelial cells was a prominent feature of infection with I suis. In 49.5 per cent of the nursing piglets, other enteropathogens were identified, Escherichia coli (47.6 per cent) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (3.8 per cent) being the most commonly diagnosed. Forty-five of 50 E coli isolates associated with coccidiosis tested negative by polymerase chain reaction for enterotoxigenic virulence factors, such as fimbriae and enterotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Detection of Cryptosporidium amongst diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Between the March and May of 2000, stool specimens were collected from children aged <5 in six pre-school crèches and clinics in the Jeddah area of Saudi Arabia. Sixty-three (25%) of the children had diarrhoeal disease but the other 190 were asymptomatic. When the stool samples were stained and examined for the oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. and other enteric protozoa, 20 (32%) of the symptomatic children but only nine (4.7%) of the asymptomatic were found to be excreting Cryptosporidium oocysts. Similarly, Cyclospora cayetanensis was found, always as a co-infection with Cryptosporidium sp., in seven (11%) of the children with diarrhoeal disease but only eight (4.2%) of the asymptomatics. One asymptomatic child was found to be co-infected with Isospora belli and Cryptosporidium. Giardia intestinalis and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar were detected in 18 (29%) and nine (14%) of the children with diarrhoeal disease and in eight (4.2%) and 13 (6.8%) of the asymptomatic children, respectively. This appears to be the first report of Cy. cayetanensis from Saudi Arabia and the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection ever described.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[High prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis among indigenous people in Bolivar State, Venezuela].

The intestinal coccidioses caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis are parasitoses of major medical importance, but many epidemiological aspects of these infections are still unknown in Bolívar State, Venezuela. To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and especially of intestinal coccidiosis, an indigenous population in San Antonio de Morichal was evaluated from July 2003 to April 2004. Stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation were preserved in potassium dichromate 2.5% and examined by the formalin-ether concentration method and Kinyoun staining. Of the 160 indigenous people examined, 92.5% (148 cases) were infected. Entamoeba coli (58.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (38.8%), and Giardia lamblia (18.8%) were the most prevalent intestinal parasites. Coccidiosis prevalence was 13.1%, and cyclosporiasis was the most prevalent with 11.9% (19 cases). One subject with C. parvum oocysts and another with I. belli oocysts were diagnosed. There was no difference according to sex (p > 0.05) and age (chi2 = 5.6; f.g. = 6) among individuals infected with C. cayetanensis. Of these, two cases had only diarrhea. In conclusion, a high prevalence of intestinal coccidiosis infection was found among indigenous people from this community, with C. cayetanensis as the most prevalent infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Observations on the life history and descriptions of coccidia (Apicomplexa) from the western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata triseriata, from eastern Nebraska.

Two hundred and twenty-four anurans of 6 species (47 adults and 16 tadpoles of Rana blairi, 35 R. catesbeiana, 31 Hyla chrysoscelis, 30 adults and 46 tadpoles of Pseudacris triseriata triseriata, 11 Bufo woodhousii, and 8 Acris crepitans) from Pawnee Lake, Lancaster County, Nebraska, were surveyed for coccidian parasites during March 2001 to May 2002. Of these, 23 of 30 (77%) adults and 4 of 46 (9%) tadpoles of P. t. triseriata shed oocysts of Isospora cogginsi n. sp. Oocysts of I. cogginsi were ovoid, 19.3 x 15.1 (18-23 x 11-20) microm, with a thin, smooth, colorless, single-layered wall, with no micropyle or oocyst residuum. Sporocysts were ovoid, 13.3 x 9.9 (11-15 x 9-13) microm, with a thin, colorless, smooth wall, and Stieda body absent. Sporocyst residuum was present, 5.5 x 5.3 (4-7 x 4-7) microm, consisting of numerous granules. Histological examination of frogs and tadpoles infected with the new species revealed endogenous stages including mature meronts, developing microgamonts, mature microgametes, mature macrogamonts, and young unsporulated oocysts located in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Concurrently, 2 adult P. t. triseriata shed oocysts of Eimeria streckeri. Oocysts of E. streckeri were spherical, 15.7 x 15.4 (14-17 x 14-19) microm, with a thin, smooth, single-layered, colorless wall with an oocyst residuum composed of numerous granules surrounding a large vacuolated area, with a previously undescribed globularlike body present within the vacuole, and no micropyle. Sporocysts were ovoid, 9.1 x 6.1 (7-10 x 5-7) microm, with a thin, colorless, smooth wall with a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum. Our results are the first to document infection of adult and tadpole stages of frogs of the same species with the same species of coccidian, indicating that adult frogs may contaminate breeding ponds with oocysts during their breeding season and infect tadpoles directly by the ingestion of sporulated oocysts.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[A case of fatal malabsorption syndrome caused by strongyloidiasis complicated with isosporiasis and human cytomegalovirus infection].

This 54-year-old Korean coal miner suffered from continuous watery diarrhea and weight loss after corticosteroid treatment (beta-methasone, 4 mg daily for 1 week) due to hip-bone fracture in January 1991. Except for the short therapy of steroid, no other histories were contributory. The malabsorption syndrome was aggravated while the case was treated under the impression of amebiasis or intestinal tuberculosis. AIDS antibody test by EIA was negative and quantitative analysis of serum immunoglobulins was in normal ranges. Nine months after the onset of symptoms, the case was diagnosed as malabsorption syndrome caused by complexed and aggravated infection by Strongyloides stercoralis, Isospora and cytomegalovirus in the small intestine, which were proved by stool examination and duodenal biopsy. His clinical course became worse even after high-dosed and prolonged albendazole treatment for strongyloidiasis with supportive fluid therapy. The patient was discharged in hopeless status in November, 1991 and died after one week at home.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A survey of blood and other tissue parasites of leopard frogs Rana pipiens in the United States.

In a survey of blood and other tissue parasites from 137 leopard frogs, Rana pipiens complex, purchased from 13 commercial vendors in 8 states in the United States, Trypanosoma pipientis was found in 2 R. p. berlandieri, Toxoplasma ranae in 1 R. pipiens, Isospora lieberkuehni in 1 leopard frog, Haemogregarina magna in 44, Lankesterella minima in 3, Leptotheca ohlmacheri in 3 and microfilariae of Foleyella sp. in 6. The report of I. lieberkuehni is presumably a new host record. Haemogregarina temporariae (Nöller,, 1920) nov. comb. is established as a new combination for Nematopsis temporariae.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Coccidia of whooping cranes.

Coccidial oocysts were observed in 6 of 19 fecal samples from free-ranging whooping cranes (Grus americana) and 4 of 16 samples from captive whooping cranes. Eimeria gruis occurred in four free-ranging whooping cranes and E. reichenowi in two free-ranging and two captive whooping cranes. Fecal samples from two captive cranes contained oocysts of Isospora lacazei which was considered a spurious parasite. Oocysts of both species of Eimeria were prevalent in fecal samples collected from three free-ranging Canadian sandhill cranes (G. canadensis rowani) from whooping crane wintering grounds in Texas. These coccidia were prevalent also in fecal samples from 14 sandhill cranes (of 4 subspecies) maintained in captivity at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The coccidia of quail in the United States.

Intestinal contents from 12 scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), 10 bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), 20 harlequin quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae), 35 California quail (Lophortyx californicus), 15 Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gambelii), and 29 mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) were examined for coccidian oocysts. Only 18 (14.9%) of 121 birds had coccidian oocysts in their feces at the time of collection; these included 9 L. californicus and 9 O. pictus. Four eimerians and an isosporan were found in the 18 infected birds. Eimeria lophortygis and E. okanaganensis had been previously described from L. californicus, but were also seen in O. pictus. Eimeria crusti sp. n. and Eimeria oreortygis sp. n. are described from O. pictus; E. oreortygis was also found in L. californicus. Broadly ellipsoid oocysts of E. crusti had a rough outer wall, were 26.0 X 21.2 (24-28 X 20-23) microns, and contained ovoid sporocysts 15.7 X 7.5 (14-18 X 7-8)microns. Micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent but a polar granule, sporocyst residuum, Stieda and substieda bodies were present. Slightly ovoid oocysts of E. oreortygis had a smooth outer wall, were 24.4 X 18.7 (21-28 X 17-23) microns, and contained ovoid sporocysts 14.1 X 7.21 (13-16 X 6-9) microns. Micropyle and polar granules were absent but a small oocyst residuum, large sporocyst residuum, Stieda and substieda bodies were present. Oocysts of an isosporan were found and compared to oocysts of Isospora lacazei isolated from sparrows in a previous study.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mortality in black siskins (Carduelis atrata) with systemic coccidiosis.

Ninety-five (97%) of 98 black siskins (Carduelis atrata) died within 2 months of arrival in Italy from South America with the following clinical sings: rapid weight loss, breast muscle atrophy, congested and distended abdomen, diarrhea, and lethargy. Macroscopically we observed hepato-splenomegaly, pulmonary congestion, and thickening of the interstinal wall. Histologically, lymphomonocytic transmural enteritis, interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates in the lungs and in the liver, as well as activation of splenic follicles were common features. Large numbers of protozoa belonging to Isospora sp. were observed in various stages of their life-cycle in the intestinal epithelium, and some zoites were found in the extra-intestinal cellular infiltrate as well. No viral or bacterial pathogens were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Two new species of coccidia (apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the bearded false chameleon Chamaeleolis barbatus (Sauria: polychridae) from cinco pesos, Pinar Del Río, Cuba.

Parasitological examination of bearded false chameleons Chamaeleolis barbatus freshly imported from Cuba revealed the presence of 2 species of coccidia that are described as new. Oocysts of Isospora chamaeleolidis n. sp. are spherical to slightly subspherical, 16.1 (13-21) x 15.6 (13-19) microm, with a brownish and bilayered wall approximately 1.0-1.5 microm thick; outer layer markedly pitted. 0.75-1.0 microm thick. One, rarely 2, globular polar granules, 1.5 in diameter are present in the sporulated oocysts. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 10.8 (10-13) x 7.8 (7-9) microm, with a smooth, colorless, and unilayered sporocyst wall. Stieda body and substieda bodies are present. A sporocyst residuum is present, consisting of small granules of irregular size scattered among the sporozoites. Oocysts of Eimeria chamaeleolidisbarbati n. sp. are broadly oval, 19.0 (17-21) x 15.7 (15-17) microm, with a bilayered, colorless oocyst wall approximately 0.75 thick; outer layer of oocyst wall is smooth, 0.5 microm thick. One or 2, rarely 4, globular, irregular polar granules, approximately 1.5 microm in diameter, are present in sporulated oocysts. Sporocysts are broadly oval, 7.4 (7-8.5) x 6.1 (5.5-7) microm, with a smooth, colorless, and unilayered sporocyst wall, composed of 2 valves joined by suture; Stieda body and substieda bodies are absent.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal spore-forming protozoa among patients suffering from chronic renal failure.

Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Microsporidia are four intestinal spore-forming protozoa that cause diarrhoea in immuno-competent individuals and immuno-suppressed patients. Fresh stool samples were obtained from 120 patients suffering from CRF and attending the Dialysis Unit of Zagazig University Hospital. Also, stool samples were obtained from 40 immuno-competent individuals complaining of diarrhoea (control group). The stool samples were examined by direct smear and formol-ether concentration methods then stained by Giemsa, Modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) and Aniline carbol methyl violet stains. The four intestinal spore-forming protozoa were detected in 40/120 (33.3%) of patients with CRF and in 2/40 (5.0%) of the control group with a statistically highly significant difference (P < 0.001). C. parvum, Microsporidia, C. cayetanensis and I. belli were detected in 18/120 (15%), 10/120 (8.3%), 9/120 (7.5%) and 3/120 (2.5%), respectively. The four protozoa were found as mixed infections with other pathogens or as single infections confirming their role alone as a cause of diarrhoea. MZN stain was the most efficient simple, and not expensive.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

A case of severe human coccidiosis in Israel.

A 51-year-old woman presented with intermittent diarrhea and marked loss of weight. Stool examination and duodenal intubation both yielded coccidian oocytes of Isospora belli. The patient responded to treatment with Septrin (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole), 2 g daily for three weeks. This is the first reported case of severe human coccidiosis in Israel.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Coccidian parasites as a cause of watery diarrhoea among protein energy malnourished and other immunocompromised Egyptian children.

The role of coccidian parasites in the pathogenesis of watery diarrhea was studied among children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM), immunocompromised due to causes other than PEM and immunocompetent diarrheic of matched age and sex, as controls. The results showed that the prevalence of infection was 15.48%, Cryptosporidium was the most prevalent and showed 14.19% (18.3%, 17.5% and 7.3% in PEM, immunocompromised and immunocompetent cases respectively). Cyclospora oocysts were detected only among 2 cases (1.29%) of PEM group. Isospora oocysts were not detected in any of the studied groups. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (Z.N.) technique was found to be the most reliable technique for identification of coccidian protozoa infection in stool. Giardia lamblia cysts were found in 10.97% and Entamoeba histolytica in 5.16% of cases. Mixed infection (G. lamblia and E. histolytica) was found in 2.58% of the cases. The duration of diarrhoea was more prolonged in Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora infections among PEM and immunocompromised cases. Cryptosporidium is one of the important casuses of watery diarrhoea in infants and children in PEM and immunocompromised patients. Therefore, it is indicated to use modified Z.N. technique as a routine test for stool examination and immunocompromised patients must avoid contaminated water.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of five stains in diagnosing human intestinal coccidiosis.

Three hundreds cases over the year 1998 complaining of diarrhoea were examined. The stools were examined by the traditional diagnostic methods and confirmed to be free from intestinal parasites. Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis were detected by using different types of faecal stains namely modified Ziehl-Neelsen, Kinyoun acid-fast, Auramine-rhodamine, Gomori's trichrome and Giemsa. The number of positive cases were 87 C. parvum (29%), 5 cases L. belli (1.7%) and 12 cases C. cayetanensis (4%). This study showed that the sensitivity of modified Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun Acid-fast were very high (100%) in comparison with the other stains.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Toxoplasma infection of stray cats in Egypt.

A seroepidemiological survey of cats for Toxoplasma antibody revealed a high infection rate. No significant difference was detected between males and females or between rural and urban areas, although acute infection seems to be more prevalent in males and in rural areas as revealed by the high titres of the dye test. Toxoplasmosis in cats, as revealed by serologic surveys, seems to prevail more during the warm rather than the hot season of the year being favoured by milder temperature and higher relative humidity and rainfall in the former season. Futhermore, it was concluded that infection rate with Toxoplasma increases with the age of the host. Toxoplasma antibody in the young age groups is to a great extent of maternal origin. Study of the relationship of Toxoplasma to Isospora showed no cross immunity. They follow a reversed pattern with increasing age of the host. Data also shows the high specificity of dye testing for detection of Toxoplasma antibody. Feeding experiments show that a relatively high percentage of cats shed oocysts in their faeces. Not only seropositive but also seronegative cats excrete oocysts, though at a lower rate in the latter case. The majority of cats shedding oocysts are those with either low positive titres or seronegative cats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Two new coccidian parasites from the slate-colored grosbeak (Pitylus grossus) of South America.

In July and August 1990, fecal samples from 2 slate-colored grosbeaks were collected from the rain forest of Ecuador. Upon examination, 2 new species of coccidia were discovered. Oocysts of Isospora pityli n. sp. are spheroid or subspheroid, 20.1 x 18.8 (20-20.5 x 17-20) microns, with a shape index of 1.07 (1.0-1.18) but lacking a micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granules. Sporocysts are ovoid, 14.7 x 9.4 (12-17 x 8-11) microns, with small nipplelike Stieda bodies, no substieda bodies, and residua composed of an amorphous cluster of coarse, nonuniform granules. Sporozoites each possess a large refractile body at 1 end and appear to be enclosed in a thin membrane within the sporocyst along with the residuum. Oocysts of L. formarum n. sp. are spheroid or subspheroid, 24.6 x 23.5 (21-27 x 20-25) microns, with a shape index of 1.05 (1.0-1.09) but with no micropyle, oocyst residuum, or polar granules. Sporocysts are ovoid, 15.7 x 11.3 (14-17 x 10-13) microns, with small, nipplelike Stieda bodies and large triangular or conical-shaped substieda bodies with irregular lower edges. Sporozoites each possess an oblong refractile body at 1 end and appear packed together randomly and enclosed in a membrane along with a spheroid residuum composed of fine, uniform granules.

Animals↗