The influence of age upon serum iron in normal subjects.
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Iron↗
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The micro estimation of serum iron and iron-binding capacity in normals and in disease.
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Hematologic Tests↗
Workplace exposures and oesophageal cancer.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the relation between oesophageal cancer and many occupational circumstances with data from a population based case-control study. METHODS: Cases were 99 histologically confirmed incident cases of cancer of the oesophagus, 63 of which were squamous cell carcinomas. Various control groups were available; for the present analysis a group was used that comprised 533 population controls and 533 patients with other types of cancer. Detailed job histories were elicited from all subjects and were translated by a team of chemists and hygienists for evidence of exposure to 294 occupational agents. Based on preliminary results and a review of literature, a set of 35 occupational agents and 19 occupations and industry titles were selected for this analysis. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, birthplace, education, respondent (self or proxy), smoking, alcohol, and beta-carotene intake. RESULTS: Sulphuric acid and carbon black showed the strongest evidence of an association with oesophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. Other substances showed excess risks, but the evidence was more equivocal-namely chrysotile asbestos, alumina, mineral spirits, toluene, synthetic adhesives, other paints and varnishes, iron compounds, and mild steel dust. There was considerable overlap in occupational exposure patterns and results for some of these substances may be mutually confounded. None of the occupations or industry titles showed a clear excess risk; the strongest hints were for warehouse workers, food services workers, and workers from the miscellaneous food industry. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide some support for an association between oesophageal cancer and a handful of occupational exposures, particularly sulphuric acid and carbon black. Many of the associations found have never been examined before and warrant further investigation.
Adult↗
Evidence of different profiles of side effects and drug-drug interactions among the quinolones--the pharmacokinetic standpoint.
Recent pharmacokinetic data, interaction profiles, and specific tolerance problems associated with the fluoroquinolones are reviewed. Oral absorption was highest for levofloxacin (99-100%), and 500 mg oral levofloxacin achieved a much higher initial concentration than either sparfloxacin (400 mg) or ciprofloxacin (500 mg, b.i.d.), with a slow drop in concentration over 24 h. The C(max) achieved after an oral 250-mg dose ranged from a low of 1.2 microg/ml/70 kg for ciprofloxacin, to 1.71 for gatifloxacin and 2.17 for moxifloxacin, to a high of 2.48 for levofloxacin (p < 0.01). Ciprofloxacin had the lowest AUC of 4.6 microg/ml/70 kg, gatifloxacin 15, levofloxacin 17.9, and moxifloxacin 19.7 microg/ml/70 kg (p < 0.01). All fluoroquinolones interact with multivalent cation-containing products and bioavailability is reduced by 50% when co-administered with iron compounds (ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin are more affected than levofloxacin or gemifloxacin). The interaction between theophylline and fluoroquinolones is most marked with enoxacin, pefloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, with no such interaction reported for levofloxacin. Sparfloxacin is associated with cardiac manifestations of QTc prolongation and has a high phototoxicity potential. Moxifloxacin is currently under observation concerning QTc effects. Levofloxacin has no QTc prolongation and a very low phototoxic potential, making it one of the safest new fluoroquinolones.
4-Quinolones↗
Dopamine action and disorders of neurotransmitter balance.
Disorders of neurotransmitter balance are observed in Parkinson's disease, pharmacotoxic psychosis and depression. The dopamine-serotonin ratio is reduced to about 20% in Parkinson and pharmacotoxic patients in the caudate nucleus and in the substantia nigra. The serotonin content in these brain areas is lowered only to about 50% in comparison to that of the control, whereas the dopamine level is reduced to 85% in Parkinson patients. This dopamine deficiency has been substituted by exogenous supply of L-dopa in combination with decarboxylase and monoaminooxydase inhibitors. First evidence is presented that L-dopa can be replaced, at least partially, by iron in form of a ferriascorbate complex. This iron compound improves the symptoms of Parkinson's disease to almost the same extent as L-dopa.
Brain↗
Vitamin E, LDL, and endothelium. Brief oral vitamin supplementation prevents oxidized LDL-mediated vascular injury in vitro.
In previously reported in vitro studies, we found that heme, a physiologically widespread hydrophobic iron compound, can rapidly generate oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which then becomes cytotoxic to cultured vascular endothelial cells; both LDL oxidation and endothelial cytotoxicity were inhibited by incubation with exogenous alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Seeking relevance to in vivo conditions, we performed a study in which 10 human volunteers were given daily antioxidant supplements of 800 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate alone or in combination with 1000 mg of ascorbic acid for 2 weeks. LDL resistance to heme oxidation ex vivo, as measured by the lag time for conjugated-diene formation, increased by as much as threefold from a mean +/- SD of 58 +/- 11 to 104 +/- 18 minutes (P < .001); LDL alpha-tocopherol increased from 11 +/- 2 to 26 +/- 6 molecules per LDL particle (P < .001); and most impressively, cytotoxicity to porcine aortic endothelial cells incubated with LDL conditioned with heme plus H2O2 or with copper was completely prevented (cytotoxicity before supplementation was 42 +/- 12%, decreasing after supplementation to 3 +/- 2%, P < .001). These measurements reverted to their presupplement levels within 2 weeks after participants stopped taking antioxidant supplements and were reproduced in 4 subjects taking 800 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplements alone but not in the same subjects taking 1000 mg ascorbic acid supplements alone. In conclusion, oral vitamin E supplementation increases LDL alpha-tocopherol content, increases LDL resistance to oxidation, and decreases the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL to cultured vascular endothelial cells.
Adult↗
Toxic hepatopathy in neonatal foals.
Six foals of three different breeds, born to healthy mares, appeared normal at birth, and died at two to five days of age with icterus, ataxia, head pressing, and terminal hepatic coma. Their livers were less than one-half normal weight. Most of the liver was dark red-brown and slightly rubbery. Histologically, these areas were characterized by severe bile ductule proliferation, mild portal tract fibrosis, and massive hepatocellular necrosis and lobular collapse. A small proportion of the liver, usually on the peripheral part of the lobes, was grossly light brown and slightly raised. Histologically, these areas had mild to severe bile stasis in canaliculi. In the thin marginal zone between the severely affected and mildly affected liver, there was mild bile ductule proliferation and periportal fatty change and necrosis. Alzheimer's type II cells, characteristic of hepatoencephalopathy, were numerous in the brains of all foals. Within two hours after birth, all the foals had been given an oral proprietary nutritional paste, the ingredients of which included a viable Aspergillus sp and an iron compound. Similar lesions were produced in an experimental foal.
Animals↗
Reduction of arsenic content in a complex galena concentrate by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.
BACKGROUND: Bioleaching is a process that has been used in the past in mineral pretreatment of refractory sulfides, mainly in the gold, copper and uranium benefit. This technology has been proved to be cheaper, more efficient and environmentally friendly than roasting and high pressure moisture heating processes. So far the most studied microorganism in bioleaching is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. There are a few studies about the benefit of metals of low value through bioleaching. From all of these, there are almost no studies dealing with complex minerals containing arsenopyrite (FeAsS). Reduction and/or elimination of arsenic in these ores increase their value and allows the exploitation of a vast variety of minerals that today are being underexploited. RESULTS: Arsenopyrite was totally oxidized. The sum of arsenic remaining in solution and removed by sampling represents from 22 to 33% in weight (yield) of the original content in the mineral. The rest of the biooxidized arsenic form amorphous compounds that precipitate. Galena (PbS) was totally oxidized too, anglesite (PbSO4) formed is virtually insoluble and remains in the solids. The influence of seven factors in a batch process was studied. The maximum rate of arsenic dissolution in the concentrate was found using the following levels of factors: small surface area of particle exposure, low pulp density, injecting air and adding 9 K medium to the system. It was also found that ferric chloride and carbon dioxide decreased the arsenic dissolution rate. Bioleaching kinetic data of arsenic solubilization were used to estimate the dilution rate for a continuous culture. Calculated dilution rates were relatively small (0.088-0.103 day(-1)). CONCLUSION: Proper conditions of solubilization of arsenic during bioleaching are key features to improve the percentage (22 to 33% in weight) of arsenic removal. Further studies are needed to determine other factors that influence specifically the solubilization of arsenic in the bioleaching system such as: pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, redox potentials, nature of concentrate and temperature among others. At. ferrooxidans was able to completely oxidize the minerals present during the arsenic bioleaching. Other elements present originally in the concentrate such as Zn, Sb, and Cu were also solubilized. The process of bioleaching is expected to be influenced by mechanisms that still need to be established due to the diversity of the minerals involved and by the presence of traces of metals in the concentrate. The increase in pulp density generates a decrease in the dissolved arsenic concentration. This decrease is greater in runs where air was not injected to the system. The maximum rate of arsenic dissolution in the concentrate was found using; small surface area of particle exposure, low pulp density, injecting air and adding 9 K medium to the system. The effect of addition of ferric chloride during the arsenic bioleaching resulted in a decrease of the solubilized arsenic in the system. The presence of CO2 is associated to the decrease in arsenic dissolution.
Acidithiobacillus↗
Oxidative stress in newborn erythrocytes.
Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) exposure is used to study in vitro red cell aging mechanisms dependent on Hb oxidation. The effect of PHZ on normal neonatal red blood cells was studied in unseparated blood and after separation into light and heavy cells. PHZ caused more extensive morphologic changes in neonatal than in adult red blood cells. PHZ exposure of neonatal cells caused less reduced glutathione depletion than in adult cells. Although we found the same total amount of oxidized Hb in both cells, a well-defined oxidation product of Hb was demonstrated by Mössbauer spectra only in neonatal cells. This oxidation product was not methemoglobin but a trivalent, high-spin iron compound. All neonatal cell populations were more sensitive to PHZ than were adult ones, as demonstrated by the presence of Heinz bodies at low PHZ concentration, which did not affect adult cells. These studies demonstrate greater sensitivity of neonatal cells to PHZ in all density-separated populations.
Adult↗
Iron deficiency: causes, consequences, and strategies to overcome this nutritional problem.
Iron deficiency and anemia affect a substantial portion of the world's population, provoking severe health problems to the people suffering these conditions, as well as important economic losses to the regions in which this nutritional deficiency is significant. In this work, the principal causes and consequences produced by this deficiency are discussed, as well as the different strategies that can be applied in order to prevent and solve this nutritional problem.
Adolescent↗
Poisoning hospitalizations and deaths from solids and liquids among children and teenagers.
Twenty-four deaths and 4,271 hospital admissions due to poisoning occurred in the 0-19 year age group in Maryland during 1979-82. Four-fifths of the deaths (83 per cent) and two-thirds of the admissions involved teenagers. Among teenagers, four out of five admissions and deaths were of suicidal or undetermined intent. Black males had the highest hospitalization rate among young children, and White females among teenagers. The most common poisons ingested by children aged 0-4 years were aspirin, solvents and petroleum products, tranquilizers, and iron compounds. Among teenagers, aspirin, tranquilizers, sedatives, and antidepressants were the most common substances ingested, with antidepressants and stimulants most common among the fatalities. Reducing the availability and toxicity of the most hazardous drugs is important if morbidity and mortality from poisoning are to be prevented.
Adolescent↗
Effect of excess iron in milk replacer on calf performance.
Milk replacers containing 100, 500, 1000, 2000, or 5000 ppm iron were fed to 3-d-old calves for 6 wk to estimate the lowest amount of dietary iron (added as ferrous sulfate) that would reduce calf performance. Calves tolerated all iron treatments except 5000 ppm. At this intake calves showed reduced weight gains, DM intake, feed efficiency, and digestibility of DM and protein. There were no other signs of iron toxicity and no gross abnormalities were found on postmortem examination. Percent of dietary iron in feces increased with higher dietary iron and ranged from 65 to 84%. Elevated iron intakes caused relatively small increases in iron concentration of blood plasma, bile, kidney, heart, and muscle but marked increased in spleen and liver iron, particularly in liver for the 2000 and 5000 ppm treatments. At 100 ppm iron intake, nonheme iron in liver, spleen, and kidney was composed of similar proportions of ferritin and hemosiderin, but at 5000 ppm iron intake, hemosiderin predominated in these tissues. Thus, the preruminant calf tolerated between 2000 and 5000 ppm iron in milk replacer. At toxic iron intake, calf performance and feed efficiency were reduced; there was a characteristic change to higher liver than spleen iron; and hemosiderin became the predominant iron storage compound in both tissues.
Animal Feed↗
[Model of meningococcal sepsis in mice].
The authors studied a possibility of obtaining experimental meningococcus sepsis model on mice. The use of cyclophosphane, iron compounds, yolk medium produced no significant organism. When 4--5% mucine was injected intraperitoneally together with meningococcus culture mice died with sepsis phenomena. Differences were revealed in the sensitivity of linear and mongrel mice to meningococcus infection--AKR mice proved to be more sensitive. At the same time it was found that mongrel mice weighing from 10 to 12 g could be used to induce meningococcus sepsis.
Animals↗
How iron should be administered.
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Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
Evaluation of groundwater pollution potential of sewage-irrigated vegetable growing areas of the eastern fringe of Calcutta city.
In recent years recycling in agriculture is a common method of disposal or utilisation of waste. However, recycling of wastes may cause contamination of groundwater by toxic elements like heavy metals, cationic and anionic contaminants and pathogens. Groundwater of shallow and deep tubewells was collected during 1991 to 1997 from raw sewage effluent irrigated garbage farming areas on the eastern fringe of Calcutta city. In general raw sewage effluents, sludges and sewage-irrigated soils contain very high amounts of cations, anions, organics and heavy metals. It is found that most of the groundwater contained undesirable pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, phenolic compounds, iron and manganese and the observed values or concentrations were much above the maximum desirable limits specified by World Health Organisation (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for use as drinking water. Groundwater of that area may be used for irrigation. Dispersion by leaching of the metals, cationic and anionic contaminants from irrigated soil and from settled bottom sludge in unlined sewage channels are the principal causes of groundwater contamination. Some management plans have been suggested to control further deterioration of groundwater quality.
Agriculture↗
[Iron metabolism: methods for the diagnosis of abnormalities. Current approaches for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Review of the literature and case histories].
The paper contains a concise summary of information now available concerning bodily iron metabolism in human beings. Consideration is given to mechanisms of formation of iron deficiency. An analysis of present-day methods of diagnosis of iron deficiency during different stages of its formation is given. A protocol-scheme for the drug aktiferrin to be employed in the patients has been developed, which fact permits normalizing indices for the peripheral red blood dispelling iron deficiency in those patients presenting with iron deficiency anemia. Pathogenetic mechanisms of disordered iron metabolism in the human organism are discussed together with correction thereof.
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
Cellular calcium homeostasis changes in lymphoma-induction by ATP iron complex.
An in vivo comparative study of 45Ca-uptake and lipid peroxidation in tissues of mice treated with ATP complex of iron and sodium salt of ATP shows that only the iron complex produces a sustained increase of intracellular calcium on the organs susceptibles to develop lymphomas. A paralled study of 59Fe-uptake from 59Fe-iron complex of ATP presents a coincidental increase of iron uptake in those organs. To prove the involvement of the calcium homeostasis change in lymphoma-induction we have studied it with the lanthanum complex of ATP. Lanthanum is a well known cellular calcium entry modifier. Based on the results, the increased and sustained entry of extracellular calcium ion appears as the cause of lymphoma-induction by the iron complex. The effects of the calcium-overload in proliferation and neoplastic transformation of lymphocytes, as well as in reducing the immuno-response induced by thymus is discussed.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
[The diagnostic value of the oral iron resorption test].
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Anemia↗