Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Inhalant Abuse”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Profile of the paediatric burn patient in a Canadian burn centre.

Five hundred and eighty-three children (0-18 years old), consisting of 33.4 per cent of all burn inpatients, were admitted to the University of Alberta Hospitals over an 11-year period (January 1978 to December 1988). Demographic and outcome variables, in addition to aetiological factors, were examined. 48.4 per cent of burns occurred in children less than 4 years of age, with males predominating in every age group (P less than 0.001). Children had smaller burns, a higher incidence of scalds, less inhalation injuries and a lower mortality compared to adult burn patients admitted over the same time period (P less than 0.05). There was a low incidence of confirmed child abuse by burns (1.4 per cent). High-risk environments identified were the home (74.6 per cent of burns) and recreational settings (12.4 per cent of burns), mainly occurring around campfires. Native children were overrepresented in the burn population compared to the general population by a factor of approximately 10:1. Scald prevention, high-risk environments (home and recreational), high-risk populations (male and natives) and unsafe practices with flammable liquids (petrol in particular) should be emphasized in paediatric burn prevention programmes.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed2005

Effects of repeated inhalation of toluene on ionotropic GABA A and glutamate receptor subunit levels in rat brain.

Toluene is a commonly abused solvent found in many industrial and commercial products. The neurobiological effects of toluene remain unclear, but many of them, like those of ethanol, may be mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate receptors. Chronic ethanol administration has been shown to alter levels of specific subunits for GABA type A (GABA(A)), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. However, little is known about the effects of toluene on subunit levels of these receptors. To examine this, rats were exposed to toluene vapors (8000 ppm) or air for 10 days (30 min/day), and afterwards GABA(A) alpha1, NR1 and NR2B (NMDA) and GluR1 and GluR2/3 (AMPA) receptor subunit levels were determined in discrete brain regions of these animals by Western blotting. Toluene increased GABA(A) alpha1, NR1, NR2B and GluR2/3 subunits in the medial prefrontal cortex and decreased GABA(A) alpha1 and NR1 subunits in the substantia nigra compacta. Toluene inhalation produced modest increases in GABA(A) alpha1 subunits in the striatum, as well as slight decreases in this subunit in the ventral tegmental area. NR2B subunit levels were also slightly increased within the nucleus accumbens by toluene. These studies show that toluene differentially alters the levels of specific GABAergic and glutamatergic receptor subunits in a regionally selective manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Respiratory distress in traumatized and burned children.

Incidence and significance of respiratory failure after trauma in children was the subject of this study. One thousand nine hundred eighty-nine pediatric trauma patients (aged 18 years or less) were treated at the authors' level I trauma center between 1985 and 1993. Of these, 364 (18%) were intubated. Their mechanisms of injury were: motor vehicle accidents in 93 (25%), pedestrians struck by vehicles in 93 (25%), motorcycle or bicycle accidents in 55 (15%), gunshot and stab wounds in 43 (12%), major burns (> 20% BSA) in 31 (9%), 14 of whom also had smoke inhalation, falls in 25 (7%), sport-related injuries in 9 (2%), and child abuse in 8 (2%). Average injury severity score of intubated patients was 27.0 +/- 21.4. Average trauma score was 11.7 +/- 4.1. Of the intubated patients, 248 (68%) had head injuries, 153 (42%) chest injuries, and 114 (31%) abdominal and pelvic injuries. Ninety-three (25%) of intubated patients died within 5 days of injury: 70 of head injury, 23 of multiple major organ injury. Intubation was required for more than 5 days in 77 patients (21%); 50 (14%) of these patients met criteria for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): 12 (24% of RDS patients) died. Two of the deaths were multiply traumatized patients, and 10 were patients with burns and smoke inhalation. The authors conclude that RDS is uncommonly the cause of death in pediatric trauma patients. Burned patients with RDS are an exceptional group, with significant mortality.

Burns↗
PubMed2004

Clinical features of nicotine dependence compared with those of alcohol, methamphetamine, and inhalant dependence.

A new clinical evaluation form was developed to compare the clinical features of nicotine dependence with those associated with other abused drugs. A new scoring system for clinical evaluation was developed. The form consisted of five scoring items: subjective effects, liking (of drug), withdrawal syndrome, acute psychic and physical disorders, and social disturbance. A preliminary clinical investigation was performed to test the validity of the evaluation form. Study subjects were those showing dependence on nicotine (cigarette smoking, n = 40), alcohol (n = 39), methamphetamine (n = 31), and inhalants (n = 30), who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria for drug dependence disregarding the state of "a maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress," and gave written informed consent for participation in the study. Nicotine caused a mild or the least degree of subjective effects, liking, and psychic and physical withdrawal symptoms, without any significant social disturbance or acute disorders. With alcohol, liking, withdrawal syndrome, and acute physical disorders were prominent. Methamphetamine produced the most serious acute psychic disorders, with intensive acute physical disorders and psychic withdrawal symptoms. Inhalants were characterized by an intensive degree of acute psychic disorders. As for social disturbance, alcohol, methamphetamine, and inhalants showed more significant influence than nicotine. Our study findings revealed that the clinical features of drug dependence could be evaluated by using the new clinical evaluation form. Further study is required to clarify the clinical features of nicotine dependence compared with those of other drugs of dependence.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1998

The effects of inhaled isoparaffins on locomotor activity and operant performance in mice.

Very little is known qualitatively or quantitatively about the acute central nervous system effects of isoparaffin solvents that are widely used in household and commercial applications. Four isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent products differing in predominant carbon number and volatility (ISOPAR-C, -E -G, -H) were tested for their acute effects on locomotor activity and operant performance after inhalation exposure in mice. For both measures, concentration-effect curves were obtained for 30-min exposures using a within-subject design. The more volatile products, ISOPAR-C and -E, were as easily vaporized under our conditions as vapors such as toluene and TCE, which have acute effects on human behavior and are abused. ISOPAR-G was slowly volatilized and ISOPAR-H could not be completely volatilized within our 30-min exposures, suggesting that acute human exposures may be less likely and that it may be more difficult to abuse them. ISOPAR-C, -E, and -G produced reversible increases in locomotor activity of mice at 4000 and 6000 ppm while ISOPAR-C and -E produced reversible concentration-dependent decreases in rates of schedule-controlled operant behavior in approximately the same concentration range as they affected locomotor activity. The fact that only locomotor activity increases were observed with these isoparaffins provides evidence that they produce a different pattern of effects than those reported for abused solvents such as toluene and TCE. Further research will be needed to determine if this different pattern of effects on animal behavior between isoparaffins and abused solvents is correlated with a different pattern of acute intoxication and abuse potential in humans.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2000

Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior.

General population survey data are used to disaggregate the associations of substance use disorders with suicide attempts in order to evaluate a number of hypotheses about the processes leading to these associations. Data are from the US National Comorbidity Survey (1990-1992). Discrete-time survival analysis is used to study the effects of retrospectively reported temporally prior substance use, abuse, and dependence in predicting first onset of suicidal behavior. Alcohol and drug use predict subsequent suicide attempts after controlling for sociodemographics and comorbid mental disorders. Previous use is not a significant predictor among current nonusers. Abuse and dependence are significant predictors among users for three of the 10 substances considered (alcohol, inhalants, and heroin). The number of substances used is more important than the types of substances used in predicting suicidal behavior. Disaggregation shows that the effects of use are largely on suicidal ideation and nonplanned attempts among ideators. In comparison, the effects of use on suicide plans and planned attempts among ideators are not significant. Clinicians need to be aware that current substance use, even in the absence of abuse or dependence, is a significant risk factor for unplanned suicide attempts among ideators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cocaine-induced acute renal failure, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Acute renal failure (ARF) can occur as a complication of cocaine abuse. We present a case of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, ARF, and thrombocytopenia after inhalation of crack cocaine in a 38-year-old woman. Her renal failure ultimately required dialysis. She underwent renal biopsy because of persistent renal failure, hematuria, and thrombocytopenia. The biopsy findings consisted of thrombotic microangiopathy and glomerular ischemia. After treatment with fresh frozen plasma, her platelet count and bleeding resolved. The possible mechanisms involved in cocaine-induced thrombotic microangiopathy include: (1) endothelial injury, (2) vasoconstriction and/or impairment of vasodilatation, (3) procoagulant activity, and (4) antiplatelet activity. Although our patient survived after hemodialysis and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, she continued to have residual renal insufficiency. One month later, the patient again used cocaine and presented with worsening ARF, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2006

Clinician validation of Poison Control Center (PCC) intentional exposure cases involving prescription opioids.

Poison Control Center (PCC) cases involving intentional ingestion, injection or inhalation of prescription opioids are a potentially valuable source of information on the abuse and misuse of these products. This study sought to validate PCC classifications of prescription opioid intentional exposure cases against clinical diagnostic criteria. 4,321 cases were reviewed. PCC-clinician concordance was good to excellent for Withdrawal, Abuse, and Suicide (kappa statistics: 0.73, 0.53, 0.48, respectively), but poor for Misuse and Intentional Unknown (Specific motive not known). Interrater reliability among clinicians was good (weighted kappa range: 0.56-0.68). Results demonstrate the degree of compatibility between PCC and standard nosologic classifications.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗
PubMed1993

Effects of smoked substance abuse on nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness.

Previous data suggest that regular tobacco smoking may lead to nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) independent of airway obstruction, possibly because of effects on bronchial inflammation or mucosal permeability. Little is known concerning the effects on AHR of other widely smoked substances besides tobacco such as marijuana or cocaine. The smoke of both marijuana and cocaine contains respiratory irritants that elicit cough and produce abnormalities in airway dynamics and bronchial mucosal histopathology in habitual smokers. Therefore, regular smoking of one or both of these illicit substances could cause AHR or augment the AHR associated with tobacco smoking. The present study examined the influence of habitual smoking of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco on nonspecific AHR in 542 (456 male) healthy participants (mean age, 34.8 +/- 6.8 SD yr) in an ongoing cohort study of the pulmonary effects of habitual smoking of illicit substances. Subjects with a history of intravenous drug abuse, significant occupational exposures, asthma, or recent upper respiratory tract infection were excluded. Inhalation challenge studies were performed using solutions of diluent and methacholine chloride (1.25 to 25 mg/ml) aerosolized by a DeVilbiss no. 646 nebulizer attached to a breath-activated dosimeter inhaled by three to five inspiratory capacity breaths. Positive responses to methacholine were defined by > or = 20% or > or = 10% declines in FEV1 from the postdiluent control value after inhalation of each concentration of methacholine. Participants were categorized by smoking status (nonsmoking and smoking of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco alone and in combination); most analyses were performed in men and women separately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Glue solvents: abuse and adverse effects on health].

In Brazil, glue sniffing has been of growing concern due to the increasing number of abusers, most of them children and teen-agers of low socio-economic level. This review article presents some aspects of this kind of abuse, with special emphasis on the deleterious effects of acute and/or chronic solvent inhalation (glue-sniffing).

Adhesives↗
PubMed1988

Enhancement of anesthetic effect of halothane by spiradoline, a selective kappa-agonist.

Reduction in the anesthetic requirement of halothane by narcotics has been studied extensively in humans and animals. Problems of respiratory depression, cardiovascular depression, muscle rigidity, and abuse potential make narcotics less than ideal as supplements to general anesthesia with inhalational agents. Spiradoline, a clinical candidate, is a highly potent and selective kappa-agonist. As such it was considered important to study the effects of spiradoline on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of halothane required to block responses to noxious stimulation. The results of these experiments in rats showed a dose and plasma concentration-dependent reduction in halothane MAC over a wide range of subcutaneous doses of spiradoline (0.03 to 300 mg/kg). A maximum MAC reduction of 70% was obtained. Plasma levels of spiradoline (6 to 1800 ng/ml) were linearly related to dose. Measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, and PCO2 determined over the course of each experiment showed minor variations which would be acceptable if observed in a clinical setting. It is concluded that spiradoline has promise as an anesthetic supplement.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1982

The use of suggestion techniques with adolescents in the treatment of glue sniffing and solvent abuse.

1 Various approaches to the treatment of adolescents who have developed long-term chronic dependency on the inhalation of solvent fumes are briefly outlined with regard to their effectiveness. 2 The importance of suggestion in the counselling relationship is emphasized as a feature which underlies the work of therapists from a wide range of systems of psychotherapy. 3 A method of treatment incorporating hypnosis is described and evaluated with reference to case reports. 4 The indications are that hypnotherapy has distinct advantages over other methods of treatment in the economy of time and effort needed to treat patients effectively in comparison with other methods; in reducing the observable and reported stress levels for patients undergoing treatment; and in improving the overall effectiveness of the therapy as measured by improvements in the patient's condition, e.g. severely reducing or ceasing the inhalation of solvent vapours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Fatal outcome following inhalation of Tipp-Ex.

Recent measures to combat glue sniffing have led to a decrease in the availability of toluene-based glues. As a result, abuse of other more accessible solvents appears to have increased. Of particular concern are the halogenated hydrocarbons which are more likely to cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias than toluene. We wish to report three cases presenting within a period of six months where death occurred following inhalation of Tipp-Ex, a seemingly innocuous preparation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane which is widely available in offices and schools.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Pulmonary hypertension associated with long-term inhalation of "crank" methamphetamine.

We present the case of a 33-year-old white male truck driver with a ten-year history of 3.5-g/wk "crank" and "peanut butter methamphetamine" inhalation (methamphetamine and propylhexedrine, respectively). This patient developed marked pulmonary hypertension as a probable consequence of abuse of these drugs. Proposed mechanisms of disease invoke toxic endothelial injury, hypoxic insult, direct spasm, vasculitis, and dysregulation of mediators of vascular tone. The possible role of genetics is discussed in reference to variability of human response to sympathomimetic challenge.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1995

The role of pharmacology and forensics in the death of an asthmatic.

Comprehensive investigation is necessary for determining the cause of death in cases with positive drug screens. We investigated the case of a male who reportedly expired from an acute asthma attack. He had limited access to both therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse because he was a state prisoner. His autopsy was remarkable because the weights of his right and left lungs were 690 and 760 g, respectively. His upper airway was clear of debris. There was an abundant amount of blood and frothy fluid in the pulmonary parenchyma. There were no focal lesions. The pulmonary vasculature was unremarkable. Microscopic evaluation of the lung tissue showed that the bronchi contained dense inflammatory infiltrates consisting mostly of eosinophils and a few lymphocytes and plasma cells. Basement membrane thickening was evident in the bronchi, and mucous plugs were identified in some of the bronchial lumina. A morphine concentration of 80 ng/mL was found in the blood. Theophylline and albuterol were detected in trace amounts. The opinion of the coroner was that the patient died of an acute asthma attack, and the presence of morphine may have contributed to his death. A careful review of his medical history and the mechanisms of drug-induced asthma revealed that the etiology of his death was more likely due to heroin abuse and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Episodic exacerbations of his chronic asthma were a contributing factor in his demise. However, in and of itself, asthma was not responsible for his death. Pertinent information associated with this case is presented, along with additional findings of toxicological screens and other evidence demonstrating that his asthma treatment did not contribute to his death. In addition, opiate-induced asthma, as well as other drug-induced diseases that can contribute to mortality in patients who abuse narcotics, is reviewed.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

[Perforation of the nasal septum in cocaine abusers].

Cocaine has been used for centuries for its stimulating and euphoric effects, but it also possesses vasoconstrictive and thrombotic properties. The cocaine-induced lesions depend mainly on the method of administration. In the present case, in which cocaine was nasally inhaled, the perforation of the cartilaginous nasal septum propably result from a combination of factors, including the topical effects and the complications linked to the use of the drug. This clinical observation corresponds to a high level of the progressive nasal pathology associated with cocaine abuse.

Administration, Inhalation↗